Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of probiotic Turkish fermented sausage

Microbiological attributes and biogenic amine content of Turkish fermented sausage manufactured by using probiotic starter cultures (Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus or their combination) were investigated before and after fermentation-drying period and during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 8 months at 2 month intervals. As results of the study, during fermentation and storage biogenic amine content (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine) of the samples were increased significantly. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform and fecal coliform microorganisms were not detected during fermentation and storage. Probiotic microorganism counts of all samples were higher than the lower limit of 6.0 log cfu/g which is requested for probiotic foods.     

发酵香肠中生物胺控制技术的研究进展

生物胺是一类具有生物活性的低分子量含氮有机化合物的总称,适量生物胺有助于人体正常的生理功能,但生物胺含量过高不仅会降低发酵香肠品质,而且会对机体健康造成不良反应。本文综述了发酵香肠中生物胺的种类和危害性并重点介绍了生物胺的物理、化学和生物控制方法,展望了发酵香肠中生物胺的控制技术的研究方向。      

发酵香肠中产生物胺的微生物及其检测方法研究

发酵香肠中过量的生物胺不仅会降低产品的品质,而且会对机体健康造成不良影响,具有氨基酸脱羧酶活性的微生物会导致生物胺的大量积累,准确全面地检测产生物胺的微生物对保障香肠的安全具有重要意义。本文综述了发酵香肠中生物胺的形成途径并重点介绍了产生物胺的微生物及其检测方法,以期为研发安全的发酵剂和保障发酵香肠的品质提供参考。     

发酵肉制品中生物胺研究进展

生物胺是一类含氮碱性有机化合物,食品中生物胺主要来源于游离氨基酸被微生物产生的脱羧酶脱羧形成。往往在食品腐烂或发酵过程中产生。由于其潜在的毒性和作为食品腐败变质的标志而被广泛研究。本文综述了发酵肉制品中产生物胺微生物种类及影响因素。目的是为了控制发酵肉中生物胺含量,确保发酵肉制品安全。     

休闲发酵色拉米中生物胺的测定与分析

人体摄入过多的生物胺时会出现许多不良反应,本实验对乳杆菌（米酒乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌）和片球菌（戊糖片球菌和小片球菌）在休闲发酵色拉米中生物胺的生成量进行了测定与分析。结果表明：供试乳杆菌和片球菌均能产生不等量的组胺、尸胺、腐胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺,但都不产生色胺,产品中的生物胺生成量表现出明显的菌株效应。采用复配菌种（片球菌＋葡萄球菌）发酵可以明显降低香肠中组胺、尸胺、腐胺和酪胺以及总生物胺的含量。     

Assessment of technological attributes of autochthonous starter cultures in Turkish dry fermented sausage (sucuk)

The study aims to evaluate the technological properties of autochthonous strains (Lactobacillus sakei S15, Lactobacillus plantarum S24, L. plantarum S91, Pediococcus pentosaceus S128b and Staphylococcus carnosus G109) in Turkish dry fermented sausage (sucuk). After 24 h of fermentaPtion, all lactic acid bacteria strains reduced the pH to below 5.0, while the pH in the control group was above 5.3. The number of lactic acid bacteria strains reached 10⁸–10⁹ cfu g⁻¹ during fermentation. Staphylococcus carnosus G109 remained at the inoculation level of 10⁶ cfu g⁻¹ during ripening. Lactobacillus sakei S15 as mono-culture showed higher TBARS values compared to other strains. The control group had the lowest L* value and autochthonous strains caused no significant difference for a* value. According to principal component analysis results, most volatile compounds were positively correlated with the group containing only L. sakei S15.     

发酵肉制品中生物胺研究进展

食品中生物胺主要来源于游离氨基酸被微生物产生的脱羧酶脱羧形成,往往在食品腐烂或发酵过程中产生.本文综述了发酵肉制品中产生物胺微生物种类及影响因素.目的是为了控制发酵肉中生物胺含量,确保发酵肉制品安全.     

Biogenic amine formation in Turkish dry fermented sausage (sucuk) as affected by nisin and nitrite

BACKGROUND: The effects of nitrite (0, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1) and nisin (0, 250, and 500 mg kg^?1) on biogenic amine formation in sucuk were investigated by utilising a central composite design of response surface methodology. RESULTS: The addition of nitrite led to decreased levels of tryptamine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and histamine, whereas nisin decreased the tryptamine level and counts of lactic acid bacteria. However, nisin increased putrescine, cadaverine, and spermidine levels. Their interactive effect was also found to be significant (P < 0.05) for putrescine values. CONCLUSION: The additional nitrite levels can be decreased by the addition of nisin, which will hinder biogenic amine formation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biogenic amine content of boza: A traditional cereal-based, fermented Turkish beverage

Boza is a fermented beverage made from millet, maize, wheat or rice. Biogenic amine contents of 10 boza samples from different manufacturers in Turkey were analysed for the first time, using HPLC after derivatisation with benzoyl chloride. Of the 11 biogenic amines under study, putrescine, spermidine and tyramine were detected in all boza samples. Tyramine was the prevailing biogenic amine. Tyramine concentrations of boza samples were between 13 and 65 mg/kg. Total biogenic amine contents of boza samples were between 25 and 69 mg/kg. Consequently, consumption of boza might represent a health risk for patients being treated with drugs containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The pH values of boza samples were in the range from 3.16 to 4.02; total dry matters were from 15.3% to 31.1% (w/w); protein contents were from 0.50% to 0.99% (w/w). No significant correlations were detected between biogenic amine concentrations and pH, protein content and total dry matter content.     

The effect of different starter cultures and ripening temperatures on formation of biogenic amine in Turkish fermented sausages

Different starter culture added groups (Group I: Lactobacillus sake, Staphylococcus xylosus; Group II: Lactobacillus plantarum, Staphylococcus carnosus; Group III: Lactobacillus curvatus, Staphylococcus carnosus, and Staphylococcus xylosus) and control group sausage samples were produced experimentally at two different temperatures (22 and 26 °C). In raw materials and all groups, by the 0th, 2nd, 5th and 7th days of the ripening period, the analysis of HPLC and biogenic amine (tyramine, histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, spermine, and spermidine) amounts, microbiological (Lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., and moulds–yeasts) and chemical (pH, dry matter, and salt) have been done. During the ripening period, there is no statistical discrepancy (P > 0.05) in terms of biogenic amine amounts, microbiological, and chemical values detected from the sausage samples produced at 26 and 22 °C. However, in both levels of temperature, there is statistical discrepancy (P < 0.001) detected in terms of tyramine, putrescine values and the count of Enterococcus spp. between the starter culture added samples and control group samples. By this study, it has been stated that the ripening temperature does not make any statistical discrepancy (P > 0.05) for all values but the use of starter culture prevents the formation of biogenic amine in Turkish fermented sausages.     

Strategies to reduce biogenic amine accumulation in traditional sausage manufacturing

Different strategies in the reduction of biogenic amine accumulation during the manufacture of five European traditional fermented sausages were studied concerning sausage formulation, the increase of sugar in the Italian salame abruzzese reduced the accumulation of cadaverine up to 43%. However, the addition of sugar in the French saucisson did not show a significant amine reduction. The inoculation of a decarboxylase-negative autochthonous starter culture reduced the biogenic amine accumulation in a different manner depending on the species and strain(s). The highest reduction was achieved by Lactobacillus sakei used in the Greek aeros thasou, resulting in a total putrescine reduction and a significant decrease in tyramine (62%) and histamine (71%). In Portuguese chouriços cadaverine reduction was only of 45% when a single strain of Staphylococcus equorum was inoculated, whereas a single strain of L. sakei or a mixture of S. equorum yielded a 75% and 89% of reduction, respectively. In Spanish fuet, a combination of L. sakei CTC6626 plus S. xylosus CTC6013 had only a very slight effect on tyramine reduction (19%) in Spanish fuet, whereas L. sakei CTC494 plus S. xylosus CTC6013 was capable to reduce tyraminogenesis by nearly 50%, suggesting that L. sakei CTC494 was the strain responsible for the additional tyramine reduction.     

市售四川香肠中生物胺含量比较分析

利用高效液相色谱,以丹磺酰氯为衍生试剂,分析了四川地区30种市售四川香肠中色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺的含量。结果表明:30种市售四川香肠中7种生物胺的检出率均为100%,其中组胺含量最高,平均为182.69 mg/kg;酪胺、尸胺和腐胺次之,平均含量分别为176.93、163.40和60.88 mg/kg;亚精胺平均含量最低,为7.68 mg/kg。30种四川香肠中生物胺的总含量为335.76~1 267.13 mg/kg,1号样品的生物胺总量最高,1、2、5、13、14、15和16号样品中尸胺、组胺和酪胺含量均超过100 mg/kg,存在一定的安全隐患。     

Role of surface-inoculated Debaryomyces hansenii and Yarrowia lipolytica strains in dried fermented sausage manufacture. Part 2: Evaluation of their effects on sensory quality and biogenic amine content

The aim was to study the effects of Debaryomyces hansenii and Yarrowia lipolytica strains, used with lactic acid starter cultures (Lactobacillus plantarum), in the manufacture of dried fermented sausages in order to understand their effects on volatile profile, biogenic amine content and sensory properties. The experimental data showed that every yeast strain produced a specific profile of volatile metabolic products. The yeasts also gave sausages with distinctive sensory properties. The degree of mincing also influenced these properties, but none of these factors had significant influence upon the accumulation of biogenic amines.     

Relationship between biogenic amine contents and the size of dry fermented sausages

Three trials were carried out to study the influence of the diameter on biogenic amine contents and related parameters (pH, humidity and proteolysis) in fermented sausages. The first trial was done on three groups of Spanish dry fermented sausages with different diameter. In the second, two sections (centre and edge) of salchichón sausages were examined. The last trial consisted in the study of the ripening of two batches of sausages fermented under the same conditions but with two different diameters. Biogenic amine contents varied among the different type of products as well as among the same type of samples. Generally, amine levels in the biggest diameter sausages were higher than in the thinnest sausages. Amine contents were higher in the central part of the sausages than in the edge. During the ripening, larger tyramine amounts were formed in sausages with the biggest diameter. Statistical correlations were found among the diameter, the pH, the proteolysis and some amines. The results of the three trials agree with the hypothesis that the diameter is a factor that may affect the formation of biogenic amines during sausage fermentation.     

不同碳源对传统酸肉中微生物菌群和生物胺的影响

为了研究添加小米饭、糯米饭、籼米饭、再接种籼米饭以及加入葡萄糖酸内酯对传统酸肉制品中肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌、生物胺含量及产品品质的影响,对预腌和发酵期间产品的水分含量、水分活性、pH及菌相的变化进行了分析。结果表明,传统酸肉制品的水分含量介于65.21%～70.44%之间,添加不同的米饭并未促进初期pH的下降;各组均未检出肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌,且大肠菌群经发酵2d后便低于4个对数单位,经发酵5d后低于1个对数单位;除了微球菌科和真菌类增殖较慢外,耐盐性细菌、乳酸菌和乳酸菌群等微生物均生长良好,发酵5d后菌数均维持在7～8个对数单位。添加GDL组在发酵初期有降低pH和水分含量,且能抑制微球菌生长的效果,添加GDL组挥发性盐基氮和生物胺含量较低,能提高传统酸肉的贮藏品质。     

不同碳源对传统酸肉中微生物菌群生物胺的影响

为了研究添加小米饭、糯米饭、籼米饭、再接种籼米饭以及加入葡萄糖酸内酯对传统酸肉制品中肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌、生物胺含量及产品品质的影响,对预腌和发酵期间产品的水分含量、水分活性、pH及菌相的变化进行了分析.结果表明,传统酸肉制品的水分含量介于65.21%～7044%之间,添加不同的米饭并未促进初期pH的下降;各组均未检出肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌,且大肠菌群经发酵2d后便低于4个对数单位,经发酵5d后低于1个对数单位;除了微球菌科和真菌类增殖较慢外,耐盐性细菌、乳酸菌和乳酸菌群等微生物均生长良好,发酵5d后菌数均维持在7～8个对数单位.添加GDL组在发酵初期有降低pH和水分含量,且能抑制微球菌生长的效果,添加GDL组挥发性盐基氮和生物胺含量较低,能提高传统酸肉的贮藏品质.     

Effect of starter culture, spice mix and storage time and temperature on biogenic amine content of dry fermented sausages

Two types of dry fermented sausage differing in spicing mixture and the diameter (low content of red pepper + diameter 80 mm, H-sausage; high content of red pepper + diameter 55 mm, P-sausage, respectively) were produced in parallel with two different starter cultures (Pediococcus pentosaceus + Staphylococcus carnosus, B-samples and S. carnosus + Staphylococcus xylosus + Lactobacillus farciminis, F-samples, respectively). The sausages were ripened 21 days and subsequently stored 91 days at the room temperature. Concentration of both most abundant amines, putrescine and tyramine (y; mg/kg DM) increased significantly (P<0.01) in HB-sausage during ripening (x; days): y=2.5+18.13x−0.3144x² (R²=0.99) and y=0.7+8.17x−0.1130x² (R²=0.99), and also during storage: y=127.3+5.123x (R²=0.79) and y=26.0+3.211x (R²=0.74), respectively. At the end of ripening, putrescine (247 mg/kg DM) and tyramine (123 mg/kg DM) content in the HB-sausage was higher (P<0.05) than in the PB-sausage (12 and 9 mg/kg DM, respectively), concentration of either of these amines was negligible (1 mg/kg DM) in either type of F-inoculated sausage. Both starter culture and sausage type influenced significantly (P<0.001) both putrescine and tyramine content in the sausage; starter accounted for 57% and 55% of total variability in putrescine and tyramine content, respectively. Due to the significant (P<0.05) increase of total aerobic counts in the HB-sausage between the end of ripening and the 7th day of storage, followed by the significant (P<0.01) increase of the sum of total biogenic amines between the end of ripening (425 mg/kg DM) and the end of storage (1029 mg/kg DM), the storage of the dry fermented sausages at the room temperature should not be recommended.     

Hygienic status and biogenic amine content of mung bean sprouts

 Microbiological analyses of commercial mung bean sprouts showed the total, viable microbiological population to exceed 10⁸ cfu/g. Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter agglomerans were found to be the dominant and most frequently isolated microbial species. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were detected in all samples investigated. Formation of biogenic amines by pure culture isolates was studied in a modified decarboxylase medium at different temperatures, pH values and atmospheres. Highest activities were found under aerobic conditions at 20  °C. K. pneumoniae 861 produced 1.2 mg cadaverine/ml after an incubation period of 24 h and E. cloacae 862 produced 2 mg putrescine/ml after 48 h of incubation. For E. agglomerans 863, no biogenic amines were detected under these conditions. Production of cadaverine by E. cloacae 862 and K. pneumoniae 861 under aerobic conditions is presumably related to lysine decarboxylase activities. Although highest decarboxylase activities have usually been found at acidic pH values, amine production reached a maximum at pH 7. Under anaerobic conditions, E. cloacae 862 produced only about half the amount of putrescine as under aerobic conditions, whilst K. pneumoniae 861 produced significantly less cadaverine but was able to produce putrescine. Received: 10 October 1997 / Revised version: 21 January 1998