Design and study of a compact planar ultra-wideband antenna

In this paper, a novel, small, and compact planar antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is proposed. The antenna is an extension of microstrip slot antenna technology. To achieve ultra-wideband characteristics, a tapered microstrip fork-shaped stub has been employed. A symmetric polygon wide slot has been placed on the antenna ground. The design was investigated numerically to obtain proper dimensions for the antenna and a prototype was constructed. The return loss, pattern and gain of the prototype antenna have been measured. The transient pulse signal fidelity has also been investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Experimental results show that the proposed antenna design has promising characteristics for UWB applications. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2006, 21(4): 582–585 [译自: 电波科学学报]     

Ferroelectric lens phased array antenna: An update

Abstract

The ferroelectric lens is a new type of phased array antenna. It uniquely incorporates bulk phase shifting using bulk ferroelectric ceramics to reduce the cost of the phased array. This paper presents the latest X band (8-12 GHz) results with improved ferroelectrics; the loss due to these ferroelectrics is less than 2 dB for obtaining 360° differential phase shift at 10 GHz. The antenna pattern of an interferometer built with ferroelectrics and demonstrating electronic scanning at 10 GHz is presented. A brief review of the ferroelectric lens concept is also included.     

A computer-aided design of EMC microstrip dipole arrays using nonlinear optimization techniques

This paper describes a method for designing electromagnetically coupled (EMC) printed dipole arrays. The advantages of EMC dipoles include greater bandwidth, higher efficiency, and an easier match to the feed lines, when compared to classically fed printed antennae. The excitation mechanism is provided by a strip transmission line embedded inside the substrate which couples energy parasitically to the microstrip antenna. Electromagnetically coupled microstrip dipoles have been investigated by empirical or approximate analysis techniques. As a result an approximate model has been derived for microstrip dipoles. The method is based on the method of moments solution to an integral equation derived from the approximate Green function for a grounded dielectric slab. The element lengths and offsets and the stub length of the EMC dipole array are determined by the direct search optimization method of Hooke and Jeeves. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, a mathematical formulation and numerical results are presented for Chebyshev arrays. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 125(4): 60–66, 1998     

Design of a log-periodic aperture-fed microstrip antenna array

The narrow bandwidth of a microstrip antenna is one of the important features that restricts its wide usage, although it possesses many advantages such as low profile, light weight, etc. Various techniques have been used to enhance the bandwidth of this kind of antenna. This paper presents a planar microstrip array designed by the log-periodic technique for wideband operation in the frequency range of 1.7-5.5 GHz. The elements of the array are orthogonal patches, aperture coupled fed by a microstrip line. The far-field pattern of the array, for a number of frequencies in the above range, has been computed by a simulation procedure.     

Controlling the input impedance of a microstrip patch antenna without additional matching elements

Two known methods of controlling the input impedance of a microstrip end-fed patch antenna are investigated and their results are compared. Using a 4 GHz reference antenna, the variations of input impedance and radiation patterns are compared, for (a) changing the feed positions to the non-radiating edge against (b) changing the width of a normal fed patch antenna. An expression for finding the necessary width for the last case is given using the results of the analysis.     

Gain enhancement and broadband RCS reduction of a circularly polarized aperture-coupled annular-slot antenna using metasurface

A circularly polarized microstrip slot antenna with low radar cross-section (RCS) and high gain was designed using a metasurface composed of a \(6 \times 6\) array of corner-truncated square patches placed on top of the upper substrate. By optimizing the geometry of the metasurface patches and L-shaped feed of the proposed antenna, broadband RCS reduction and improved overall antenna performance were achieved. A prototype antenna was fabricated, and the results showed that the proposed antenna exhibited an impedance bandwidth of 29.08 % in the frequency band of 4.29–5.75 GHz. The designed antenna achieved good 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of about 30.18 % with center frequency of 5.3 GHz, and gain in the broadside direction of 9.9 dBi. Using the designed metasurface, remarkable monostatic RCS reduction was obtained in the frequency range from 4 to 13 GHz.     

宽频带的微带等角螺旋天线设计

为了实现宽频带天线指定方向的高性能辐射，设计了一种宽频带的微带等角螺旋天线。为实现阻抗匹配，天线馈电部分设计了一种指数渐变式微带巴伦结构。经过实物测试参数，结果表明加入了指数渐变巴伦结构后天线实现了良好的阻抗匹配并具有良好的宽频带特性，其工作带宽为1.74～4.82 GHz，回波损耗最低达- 30 dB。同时设计了一个平底型金属反射腔用于反射背向电磁波，在保持宽频带工作特性的同时，使天线具有了良好的单向辐射特性，天线在整个工作频段内的增益均大于6 dB，与传统的螺旋天线相比，具有宽频、定向、高增益的特点，具有一定应用前景。     

Effect of unit-cells of the frequency selective surface as superstrate on the directivity of rectangular microstrip antenna

In this paper, the relationship between the number of unit-cells used in the design of a frequency selective surface (FSS) and its expected directivity is established. The relationship between the number of FSS unit-cells and the directivity is based on the planer microstrip patch array antenna design concept where the unit-cell is treated as the superstrate illuminated by the source. To validate the proposed technique, the analytical value of the directivity has been compared with that of ray-tracing method. The directivity of antenna is calculated for two different planar array configurations at 600 GHz. The results of numerical analysis are compared to that of the full-wave electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio and results are comparable. Further, the directivity computed by this proposed technique has also been compared with that of the reported in literatures.     

一种提高全向水平极化天线带宽的设计

设计了一种新型带微扰的宽带全向水平极化天线,通过天线正面的弧形偶极子的阶梯状边缘和背面的正方形微扰提升天线带宽.利用CST仿真得到最优的参数解,并制作实物进一步验证天线带宽.四对弧形偶极子组成一个圆环,每对弧形偶极子对应一个方向,并通过宽带巴伦均匀同相馈电,模拟载有均匀同相电流的圆环以实现全向水平极化.天线相对带宽50％(1.71～2.85GHz),并且在1.71～2.55GHz间拥有较高增益(2～4dBi).该天线结构简单、紧凑、低剖面,特别适合于室内基站建设.     

Analysis and design of rectangular microstrip antenna on two-layer substrate materials at terahertz frequency

In this paper, an effective permittivity of the two-layer dielectric substrate material has been analyzed to enhance the electrical performance of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna at terahertz frequency. The frequency dependent effective dielectric permittivity of the substrate materials has been evaluated and result has been compared with finite integral technique based CST Microwave Studio a commercially available simulator. The input impedance characteristic with electrical performance of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna on two-layer substrate materials has also been analyzed at 600 GHz. Manipulation in the input impedance characteristic of the antenna has led to a slow wave structure. This slow wave structure has been examined at 542 GHz, and improvement in the performance has been observed without increasing the overall dimension of the proposed antenna.     

A miniaturized slotted multiband antenna for wireless applications

A novel miniaturized slotted multiband antenna is presented in this article. The antenna consists of a kite-shaped slot in the radiating patch to obtain miniaturization, C- and G-shaped slots in the ground plane to incorporate multiband operation and a microstrip feedline to obtain an impedance matching. The aforementioned miniaturization method results in about 50% reduction in active patch area and about 36% reduction in volume of the proposed design, as compared to the conventional antenna. G-shaped slot is used to obtain operations at 3.6 and 5.8 GHz, while C-Shaped slot is used to obtain operations at 6.9 and 9.5 GHz. The antenna has an active patch area of only 384 \(\hbox {mm}^{2} (24\times 16\,\hbox {mm}^{2})\), and the entire performance analysis of the antenna are carried out using HFSS v.13.0 simulation software. The proposed design operates at about 3.58 (WiMAX), 5.9 (WLAN), 6.72 (Satellite TV), 8.51 and 9.76 GHz (X-band) with \({S}_{11}<-\,10\,\hbox {dB}\) bandwidth of about 1.95% (3.54–3.61 GHz), 3.5% (5.88–6.09 GHz), 1.7% (6.68–6.80 GHz), 4.4% (8.36–8.74 GHz) and 3.96% (9.4–9.78 GHz), respectively. The proposed structure is compact in size, simple in construction, low profile, easy to fabricate, exhibits good impedance matching, moderate gain and stable radiation characteristics across the operational bandwidths.     

一种小型化频率可重构微带天线的设计

提出一种新型的小型化频率可重构微带天线.天线由1个倒L形的微带馈线、5个长宽不等的矩形贴片及1个阶梯型的接地面构成,天线整体尺寸为30 mm× 35 mm×1.6 mm.通过控制开关的状态选择相应的辐射单元,可改变表面电流分布,获得不同的工作频段,实现各个状态间的切换.该天线的10个有效工作状态可以等效覆盖1.89～1.92 GHz、2.16～2.32 GHz、2.39～2.91GHz、3.30～3.69 GHz、5.05～5.85 GHz5个不同的频段,各个状态下天线具有良好的全向特性.该天线在WLAN、Wimax、ZigBee、Bluetooth等无线通信系统中具有一定的应用价值.     

应用于ISM频段的小型双频微带天线

针对现代无线通信系统小型化、便携式的发展趋势,提出了一种新型的应用于ISM频段的小型双频微带天线,该天线成功覆盖了部分ISM频段(433.05~434.79MHz、2.4~2.5GHz)。蜿蜒的曲流结构,使得电流分布长度增加,从而使天线尺寸成功缩小到30mm×25mm内。加载技术的应用,实现了天线的双频特征。根据天线尺寸,做出了实物并与仿真结果进行比对。测得实际带宽:低频部分(428~440.6 MHz)、高频部分(2.39~2.51GHz);实际增益:低频部分为-4.11dBi、高频部分为1.57dBi,与仿真结果基本吻合。     

低成本宽带高效率堆叠贴片天线

为克服合成孔径雷达中现有微带天线带宽窄、效率低、成本高的缺陷,提出了一种在低成本FR4基板上实现的X波段宽带高效堆叠微带贴片天线。天线通过多层FR4基板堆叠方式构成,通过空气腔的引入,天线的有效介电常数和介质损耗得到降低,天线的效率和带宽得到提升。利用寄生贴片在带内增加了谐振点,使得天线的带宽得到进一步增大。同时为补偿馈电探针的寄生电感,利用微带匹配器对天线的输入阻抗进行匹配。实测表明,天线输入驻波低于2.0的频率范围为7.7~11.7GHz,相对带宽大于40%。天线的增益为7.6dBi,效率为83%。与传统微带贴片天线相比,具有宽带、高效、低成本的特点,具有一定应用前景。     

紧凑型超宽带 MIMO 天线的研究

针对当前超宽带多输入多输出(UWB-MIMO)天线存在尺寸大、隔离度低等缺陷,设计了一款紧凑型UWB-MIMO天线,天线尺寸仅有41 mm×25 mm×1.6 mm。通过扳手形微带馈线扩宽天线的带宽,在天线的接地平面上引入锯齿形和梳状电磁带隙结构以获得较高的隔离度;加载C形枝节形成陷波以抑制X波段的下行频段对超宽带系统的干扰。实验结果表明,所设计的UWB-MIMO天线的阻抗带宽为3.1～12.0 GHz,陷波频带为7.0～7.9 GHz;在整个工作带宽内,隔离度大于20 dB。设计的UWB-MIMO天线具有良好的辐射特性、稳定的增益和较低的包络相关系数(ECC<0.006),适用于UWB-MIMO系统应用。     

Effects of moisture on the dielectric properties of polyoxymethylene (POM)

The effects of absorbed water on the gamma-relaxation process of polyoxymethylene (POM) were studied using dielectric spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The spectra were measured isothermally over the frequency range of 10 MHz to 2 GHz, and the water content was varied from dried to 1.65 wt% (saturated). The strength and rate of the gamma-relaxation process increased with increasing water content, contradicting earlier studies that found this process to be relatively insensitive to changes in the molecular environment. Two different formalisms that express the fraction of contributing water dipoles to the measured spectra were compared using the experimental data. The results of the two expressions differed by approximately 20% in their estimation of unbound, participative water and both suggest that the water relaxation process is slowed for the absorbed water in comparison to free, or bulk, water. The shift in the measured spectra for the water/POM system is attributed to the steric hindrances imposed on the water molecules by the hydrogen bonds formed with the polymer molecules. The effects of water sorption by POM were used to derive the associative effects on antenna performance for a hypothetical microstrip antenna comprised of a dielectric layer of POM. It was found that the resonant frequency decreased by 7.5% for a water uptake of 1.65 weight percent     

Monopulse time‐modulated antenna array using iterative Fourier technique

The iterative Fourier technique (IFT) is applied to design monopulse radar tracking system using time‐modulated linear antenna array (TMLA). IFT is used to modify the time sequences of the radio‐frequency switches connected to the antennas to generate sum and difference patterns with suppressed interference‐plus‐noise signal while constraining the power losses associated with side‐band radiation (SBR). The time modulation allows quick and precise control of the excitation distribution, which increases the tracking accuracy. To obtain best angle sensitivity, the article computes the tradeoff among side‐lobe level (SLL), half power beam width, directivity, and dynamic efficiency. The approach is proved successful to handle several design constraints through adaption in radiation domain as well as in aperture domain. Authors illustrate additional representative TMLA examples where the time sequences of the selected elements are prefixed to enhance the dynamic efficiency and directivity for different SLL and side‐band level (SBL). Application of IFT saves the computational cost significantly with respect to existing state‐of‐the‐art optimization techniques. Introduction of the symmetric switching sequences simplifies the feed network greatly. The proposed design solution is validated with a fabricated TMLA prototype consisting of two time‐switched printed dipoles with microstrip via‐hole balun at 2.45 GHz. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

表面开槽的宽带遥测微带天线设计

微带天线由于体积小、易共形、适用于金属环境等优点而被广泛地应用于旋转件遥测系统中。针对传统微带遥测天线带宽较窄的问题,本文提出了一种通过在天线贴片和地板上开槽来扩展带宽的设计方法,并进行了仿真和测试验证,二者结果吻合良好。高频电磁结构仿真软件HFSS的仿真结果表明,通过在适当位置开槽,可使得天线的相对阻抗带宽(S11<-10dB)达到5.6%(2.409~2.545GHz),基本覆盖ISM频段,最高增益可达4dBi。测试结果表明其相对阻抗带宽为6%(2.41~2.56GHz),在收发天线间距10毫米的情况下,传输系数S21达到-22dB,可以满足遥测系统的需求。     

The design of linear and circular polarization for dual band microstrip slot antenna

This paper presents a lightweight antenna for wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna has been designed to be a dual‐band and dual‐polarized antenna by using a right‐angled slot structure fed a by microstrip line. The designed antenna is composed of three right‐angled slot radiators on the ground plane. The first two radiators are right‐angled slots of similar scale which are added to generate circular polarization at 4.95 GHz, while the last one has been designed for linear polarization at 2.45 GHz. Furthermore, in order to achieve dual‐band operation and dual polarization with good matching, a special arrangement is proposed. The results of simulation and measurements such as return loss, axial ratio, and radiation patterns are shown at the resonant frequencies of 2.45 and 4.95 GHz. Details of the experimental results are presented and discussed. In addition, the presented antenna can operate and cover the applications of a wireless local area network (WLAN IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/j/n). © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

高增益改进型短背射天线的研究

为提高天线的增益和带宽,对传统的短背射天线进行了改进,采用抛物面代替主反射面底部的平面,用水滴型的宽带振子作为馈源进行馈电,通过CST微波工作室仿真软件仿真调整天线的结构参数实现较高的增益和带宽。仿真结果表明,该天线在中心频率处增益可达到18.65dB,在3.0～3.8GHz范围内VSWR小于2。天线效率可达83%,根据仿真结果制作实物的测试结果与仿真结果基本吻合。