超载方式对疲劳裂纹扩展过程的影响

研究了不同方式超载,包括拉伸、压缩、拉伸-压缩和压缩-拉伸超载,对LY12铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展过程的影响。通过对不同超载前后裂纹尖端显微形貌及其附近塑性区尺寸与应变分布变化的研究和断口分析,指出:不同方式超载对裂纹扩展过程产生迥然不同的影响;拉伸超载引起的裂纹扩展速率递减延缓过程,是以闭合应力和残余压缩应力为主的多因素复合作用在裂纹尖端及其附近区域的结果。提出了拉伸超载对疲劳裂纹扩展过程影响的一般机制。     

EFFECT OF THE MODE OF OVERLOAD ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION

研究了不同方式超载,包括拉伸、压缩、拉伸-压缩和压缩-拉伸超载,对LY12铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展过程的影响。通过对不同超载前后裂纹尖端显微形貌及其附近塑性区尺寸与应变分布变化的研究和断口分析,指出:不同方式超载对裂纹扩展过程产生迥然不同的影响;拉伸超载引起的裂纹扩展速率递减延缓过程,是以闭合应力和残余压缩应力为主的多因素复合作用在裂纹尖端及其附近区域的结果。提出了拉伸超载对疲劳裂纹扩展过程影响的一般机制。     

AZ31B镁合金轧制板材室温动态拉伸的SEM观察

利用动态拉伸台和扫描电镜(SEM)对AZ31B镁合金轧制板材进行了动态拉伸的微观形貌观察。试验证明,材料宏观织构和显微组织都会对镁合金轧制板材的室温拉伸性能产生影响;在轧制镁合金拉伸变形时滑移和孪生同时存在;裂纹的产生和扩展具有明显的方向性。轧制组织中大量的变形孪晶与应力方向的位向关系,是轧向和横向上裂纹产生及扩展机制产生较大差异的主要原因。     

铸态全片层Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金的室温力学性能

对具有柱状晶组织的铸态全片层Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金纵向和横向试样进行了室温拉伸、室温压缩和三点弯曲试验,并对拉伸试样断口进行了分析。结果表明:铸态全片层Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金力学性能存在强烈的各向异性。横向试样的拉伸性能和弯曲性能远远优于纵向试样,但压缩屈服强度低。合金的力学性能取决于加载轴与片层界面的角度,而不是柱状晶轴的方向。横向拉伸试样的拉应力与片层界面平行,α2/γ片层相界面对裂纹的阻碍作用对提高拉伸性能起到了重要作用。纵向压缩试样的压应力与片层界面垂直,使片层间的微裂纹闭合不扩展,压缩屈服强度较横向试样高。     

轴向应变与Bi(2223)/Ag带的临界电流退降

Bi(2223)/Ag复合带由脆性的BSCCO纤维芯和柔软的塑性基底构成。由于带中结构单元不同的热膨胀收缩，绕线圈时产生的拉伸和弯曲，以及使用过程中线圈产生的电磁力等等，都会导致复合带的应变。因此，机械应变(主要是弯曲和拉伸)对Bi(2223)/Ag带传输临界电流特性的影响引起了广泛的关注和研究。已有的研究表明，在不可逆应变以前，临界电流退降不大，如果继续增大载荷，一旦超过不可逆应变，则由于超导芯，即电流通路被破坏，所以临界电流将很快降低。而不可逆应变的大小与芯丝数目、Ag(Ag合金)壳的机械强度、芯丝质量(密度)有关。斯洛伐…     

热轧Ni_(47)Ti_(44)Nb_9形状记忆合金板材的织构及其对拉伸和恢复性能的影响

采用XRD、SEM和拉伸试验机对热轧Ni47Ti44Nb9形状记忆合金板材的织构及其对拉伸和恢复性能的影响进行研究,以便为改善该合金的力学和记忆性能提供理论依据。热轧板材的织构主要为{001}uv0和{111}uvw丝,沿轧向(RD),{001}uv0丝织构中强组分向{001}010靠近,{111}uvw丝织构中的{111}112和{111}165组分较强;沿横向(TD),强织构组分为{001}010和{111}132;热轧板材经高于再结晶温度热处理后,沿轧向,应力诱发马氏体相变临界应力最高,与轧向成45°角方向的临界应力最低,且沿横向拉伸断口表面出现很多微裂纹;经850℃热处理后,临界应力随着冷速的加快而降低,且该温度下退火板材的织构对可恢复应变的影响不明显,基本在7.0%～7.4%。     

再制造件涂覆层内部裂纹扩展行为研究

目的研究再制造件涂层内部不同形状、尺寸的裂纹扩展行为。方法利用扩展有限元和内聚力单元结合的方法,通过设定断裂能G值作为控制裂纹扩展的参数,对三点弯曲试验以及拉伸试验下涂覆层内部的裂纹进行模拟,并通过实验进行验证。结果随着载荷的增加,涂层中的垂直裂纹和45°倾斜裂纹均沿着涂层厚度方向扩展,到达界面时裂纹发生偏转,沿着界面继续扩展而并没有越过涂层-基体界面向基体扩展。模拟得到三点弯曲试验下初始长度为0.2 mm的垂直裂纹和45°倾斜裂纹开裂的临界载荷分别为3.47 k N和4.49 k N,裂纹长度增加至0.3 mm时,临界载荷降低为3.29 k N和4.31 k N。裂纹越靠近试件中心,临界载荷越小,越易发生裂纹扩展现象。另一方面,在拉伸试验下,0.2 mm的垂直裂纹的临界开裂载荷(3.47 k N)小于投影长度相同的倾斜裂纹的临界载荷(5.21 k N),而与拉应力平行的裂纹并未扩展。实验得到0.2 mm的垂直裂纹在弯曲试验下的平均临界载荷为3.49 k N,而倾斜裂纹为4.46 k N。结论三点弯曲试验下,垂直裂纹比倾斜裂纹更危险,初始长度越长、越靠近试件中心的裂纹越易发生裂纹扩展现象。在拉伸试验下,与拉应力平行的裂纹并未扩展,最安全。模拟结果与实验相近,验证了模拟的正确性。     

铸态AlCoCrFeNi2.1共晶高熵合金的拉伸断裂机理

对铸态AlCoCrFeNi_2.1共晶高熵合金的拉伸强度、压缩强度以及折弯强度进行了测试和分析,同时通过原位拉伸实验对其断裂机理进行分析。结果表明：铸态AlCoCrFeNi_2.1共晶高熵合金表现出优异的力学性能,其拉伸强度为1005 MPa,断裂应变为15.4%。合金的拉伸断裂形式为脆性断裂加韧性断裂的混合断裂模式,体心立方相B2发生脆性穿晶断裂形成解理面,面心立方相产生塑性变形,微孔不断汇聚长大最终断裂从而形成塑性断裂的韧窝形貌。通过原位拉伸实验,发现在单轴拉应力作用下,面心立方相首先产生塑性变形,而体心立方相不发生塑性变形,仅仅储存大量内应力,之后在体心立方相薄弱区形成微裂纹释放应力;伴随载荷持续增大在裂纹尖端产生应力集中效应,促使该裂纹不断扩展,同时又有新的微裂纹在附近产生;继续增大载荷微裂纹逐渐融合,形成主裂纹,伴随主裂纹扩展同时形成新的微裂纹;形成“生成微裂纹-扩展-聚合-形成主裂纹-进一步扩展”的循环,直至最终断裂。     

AZ31镁合金变路径压缩的力学性能和孪晶机制

对AZ31镁合金轧制板材进行变形方向依次为轧向(RD)、横向(TD)、轧向和横向的变路径压缩实验,研究变形过程中的力学性能,并采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)观察上述变形过程中晶粒取向变化,分析孪晶变体的启动情况。结果表明:在变路径压缩过程中,各路径压缩过程依次对应拉伸孪晶、二次孪晶、解孪晶和拉伸孪晶的微观变形机制,首次变形所产生的预应变提高后续变形中孪晶形核启动力,使后续变形过程的屈服强度大幅增加。二次孪晶的启动遵循Schmid定律,孪晶变体启动的选择性倾向明显,由t1或t5变体来完成二次孪晶。     

热加工过程中微裂纹扩展的分子动力学模拟

通过在预制微裂纹的Fe板上下边界施加匀速拉力,用来等效模拟材料在热加工过程中由于非均匀温度场产生的热应力作用。利用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了微裂纹扩展过程中材料的形貌变化和与之对应的材料系统应力波动规律。仿真实验结果表明,在常温环境下Fe板的微裂纹扩展为韧性扩展,整个过程包括裂尖无序化、裂尖钝化、位错发射、微孔萌生和微裂纹汇聚等。当Fe板系统应力达到临界应力4 GPa时,裂纹开始横向扩展。扩展过程中由于材料性质引起不间断的位错发射和应力集中,反映在系统应力上为不间断的上升与下降波动。     

拉伸应变对Bi-2223银及银合金包套带材临界电流的影响

研究了Bi-2223带材的应力-应变特征，比较了包套材料、芯丝数目和Ag／超比例对Bi-2223带材不可逆拉伸应变的影响。实验发现，采用高强度的AgMn合金包套材料可提高芯丝的残余压应变，并通过提高Ag/超界面的平整性，减少因为界面不均匀而产生的应力集中，芯丝中微裂纹的出现和扩展将被延迟到更高的应变状态，因此可显著提高带材的不可逆拉应变。同时，通过增加芯丝数量和Ag／超比例也可增强带材抗拉伸应变能力。     

γ-TiAl中<110>倾斜晶界断裂行为的分子动力学模拟(英文)

采用分子动力学(MD)方法研究γ-Ti Al合金中<110>对称倾斜界面的断裂行为,模拟在不同温度与应变速率下垂直界面方向的拉伸变形。结果表明:晶粒的相对取向及晶界特定的原子结构是影响位错形核临界应力的两个主要因素。取向差角度大于90°的Σ3(111)109.5°、Σ9(221)141.1°和Σ27(552)148.4°界面,位错在晶界处形核和扩展;取向差角度小于90°的Σ27(115)31.6°和Σ11(113)50.5°界面,无位错在晶界处形核,当应力达到峰值后界面直接断裂。γ-Ti Al双晶的断裂机制为微裂纹在界面处的形核及沿界面扩展;不同取向差界面的区别在于裂纹前端有无塑性区增韧。     

Effect of the tensile strain rate on the texture of sheets of St1.0312 steel

Effect of the rate of tensile strain on the yield stress and texture of sheets of steel St1.0312 (0.06% C, to 0.35% Mn, to 0.40% Si, ??0.025% S and P) has been studied. It has been found that at small strain rates a quasi-axial ??011?? texture is formed in the sheets of the steel in the rolling direction. An increase in the strain rate leads to the formation of a plane upsetting texture and increases the yield stress of the sheets in the direction of tension. High rates of deformation decrease the yield stress of the sheets because of the increase in the coefficient of damage and lead to a tensile-type texture in the rolling direction and of a compression-type texture in the normal direction due to the activation of multiple twinning.     

Effect of temperature,strain rate and fibre orientation on the plastic flow behaviour and formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy

The sheet formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy has been widely investigated by means of uniaxial tensile and hemispherical punch tests, performed at different temperatures and strain rates, using samples with different fibre orientations. The results of the uniaxial tensile tests were analysed in terms of flow curves, ductility and microstructural evolution. They show that the flow stress decreases and ductility increases as temperature rises and strain rate reduces; the ductility is almost independent of the fibre orientation that, however, slightly affects the flow stress values. The formability, described by the forming limit curves (FLCs), improves with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Moreover, formability along the rolling direction (RD) is higher than that along the transversal one (TD), even if the FLCs obtained along the TD have a larger extension in the drawing side than the ones along the RD. Such behaviours were related to the constitutive parameters and microstructure developed during deformation.     

Magnetic Barkhausen measurements for evaluating the formation of Lüders bands in carbon steel

Localized inhomogeneous plastic deformation phenomenon was experimentally investigated in a structural steel by using the magnetic Barkhausen noise measurements. ANSI 1050 steel plates, throughout oriented in the rolling transversal direction, were selected additionally inducing different strains. Scanning of the magnetic Barkhausen energy (MBN_energy) shows the formation of Lüders bands as well as the displacements in the material deformation zone. The MBN_energy angular dependency on the applied stress and on the anisotropy coefficient were determined as well as the presence of Lüders bands in samples oriented according to the rolling direction.     

The high-speed deformation behavior of TRIP steels

The high-speed deformation behavior of TRIP steel was investigated at strain rates ranging from 10⁻² s⁻¹ to 10³ s⁻¹. The effects of metallurgical factors, such as the rolling direction, thickness, and gage length, on the tensile properties at various strain rates were evaluated. The ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, strain rate sensitivity, absorbed energy, and strain-hardening exponent are reported. In general, the strength increases and the ductility decreases as the strain rate increases. The samples with a high amount of retained austenite had two distinct regions of strain rate sensitivity, showing high strain rate sensitivity over a strain rate of 10² s⁻¹. The tensile properties were not affected by the gage length and thickness of the tensile samples; however, the rolling direction of the tensile samples affected the UTS values slightly. The absorbed energy of the TRIP steel greatly exceeded that of HSLA steel.     

Influence of rolling ways on microstructure and anisotropy of AZ31 alloy sheet

Two rolling ways,unidirectional rolling and cross rolling,were carried out on twin roll cast AZ31 alloy sheet to study the influence of strain path change on the evolution of the rolling microstructure and texture as well as the anisotropic properties of AZ31 alloy sheet with microscopy,X-ray diffraction technique and tensile tests.It is found that cross rolling gives rise to more uniform microstructure and stronger texture intensities compared with unidirectional rolling.The differences in the microstructure and texture intensities are reflected in the anisotropy characterized by the difference in the yield stress and the fracture elongation that were measured along directions in the rolling plane at angles of 0■,45■and 90■from the rolling direction.     

不同加载路径下的AZ31B镁合金的成形极限

为了分析实际成形过程中AZ31B镁合金产生破裂的原因,并为改善工艺条件提供实用可靠的判据,采用实验和有限元模拟相结合的方法研究AZ31B镁合金的成形极限.分别对沿轧制方向、垂直于轧制方向、与轧制方向成45°的3种方向的试件进行单向拉伸实验,获得AZ31B镁合金的工程应力-工程应变曲线,获得材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线和...     

多芯铋系超导材料轧制过程中的变形分布研究

塑性变形是铋系超导带材加工的必要手段,多芯超导体在成形过程中的变形分布对成形质量具有重要影响。文章对多芯超导带材在轧制过程中不同加工道次变形横截面的形貌进行处理,给出了超导带材多芯的变形形貌及其变化规律,涉及各超导芯在轧制过程中的轧制方向和横向的应变分布;并结合塑性加工的变形理论对分布规律进行分析。取得的研究结果可以为开展铋系高温超导带材的数值模拟提供实验基础,并为改进超导带材生产工艺、提高带材性能提供重要参考。     

Influences of the Texture Characteristic and Interdendritic LPSO Phase Distribution on the Tensile Properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr Sheets Through Hot Rolling

The Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy sheets with different texture characteristics and distribution of the interdendritic long periodstacking ordered(LPSO) phases were fabricated through altering the final rolling reduction(FRR). The results showed that the texture characteristic was closely related to FRR and affected the tensile properties of the resulted sheets to some extent. The Schmid factor(SF) of the basal 〈a〉 slip improved with further FRR, which was ascribed to that the dynamic recrystallization(DRX) grains expand into the deformed grains with basal texture. However, the improvement of the tensile yield strength(TYS) with further FRR indicates that the strengthening effect from DRX grains surpasses the weakening effect from the elevated SF. The formation of the line-distributed interdendritic 14 H-LPSO phases can also affect the tensile properties of the resulted sheets. The line-distributed interdendritic 14 H-LPSO phases along rolling direction(RD) can act as reinforcing fiber and contribute to the higher TYS along RD and 45° to some extent, which resulted in the higher TYS along 45° compared with that along transverse direction(TD) for each resulted sheet under the circumstance of approximate basal 〈a〉 and pyramid 〈c + a〉 friction stress. Thus, the tensile yield strength is not only related to the texture, but also depends on the grain size and line-distributed interdendritic LPSO phases. The micro-cracks spread perpendicular to the tension direction, and thus, the larger cracks form within the line-distributed 14 H-LPSO phases during tension along TD, which accounts for the lower fracture elongation along TD.