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大涡模拟水环境中污染物团的运动规律 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
本文采用大涡模拟方法封闭引入浮力特性并经空间平均后的Navier-Stokes紊流方程,对水环境中污染物的运动规律进行研究。在用有限差分法对控制方程进行求解时,用破开算子法将控制方程分为对流、扩散和源项三部分,其中对流项用QUICKET程式求解,扩散项用中心差分求解,源项用Gauss-Seidel迭代法求解。数值计算结合物理模型结果表明,污染物团在水环境中运动除有时均定量关系之外,还有三大定性规律:第一,污染物团在时间和空间上具有不规则性;第二,污染物团后部是空的;第三,在同一条件下进行多次试验(数学和物理),污染物团的运动是不一样的。计算表明大涡模拟要优于通常的 κ-ε 紊流模型,它不但能够象 κ-ε 紊流模型那样计算出污染物在水环境中的时均运动规律,而且能够计算出其在空间上的不对称发展过程,能够准确地再现其在物理模型中的不对称运动特性。计算结果无论从定性还是从定量关系上都与试验结果吻合一致。 相似文献
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平面二维溃坝水沙输移动床数学模型研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形,建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程,考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对动量的影响;泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙对流扩散方程描述。模型数值计算格式采用有限体积法,单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算,扩散通量采用中心格式,不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验,水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合。在上述检验的基础上,分别采用动床及定床模型对浙江省某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明动床下的溃坝洪水的传播速度快于定床,动床与定床的水位、流速差异很大,这说明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用,采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。 相似文献
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为研究河口的泥沙输移规律和最大浑浊带与盐水入侵、咸淡水混合等的关系,本文提出了具有二阶精度、建立在9结点有限单元上的三维水动力及泥沙输移模型,该模型考虑了由水平密度梯度引起的斜压项、引用2.5阶Mellor-Yamada紊流模型耦合计算水流的涡动黏滞性系数与物质的紊动扩散系数。本模型采用破开算子法求解控制方程:用欧拉-拉格朗日法求解水平对流项;用有限元法求解水平扩散项;有限差分法求解垂向扩散项。模型应用于模拟珠江口的泥沙运动,计算域包括整个河口的八大口门,用1998年7月的洪季大潮实测资料进行了潮位、流速及流向、盐度及含沙量等的验证,模型计算结果与实测结果吻合良好。在模型验证的基础上,文中简要讨论了珠江河口的泥沙输移、盐水入侵及最大浑浊带等物理现象。 相似文献
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结合国内外最新研究动态,从明渠紊流与床面形态相互作用的研究方法、明渠紊流特点、紊流对沙波形态的影响、床面形态对紊流的反作用等方面对明渠紊流与床面形态相互作用进行了综述。当前明渠紊流特性、二维沙波床面水沙运动特性等方面的研究已经取得丰富成果,但尚不能很好地解释天然河流中的水沙输移机理;由于试验测量方法的限制,复杂床面条件下的水沙相互作用研究在相当长时间内没有取得突破性的成果,亟需探索和引入无干扰、高精度的三维瞬态全场测量技术;床面几何形态、沙波发展演变方面的研究相对成熟,但床面的稳定机理尚存在分歧,理论模型和数学模型均不够完善,尤其沙波内部渗流与明渠紊流综合作用下的床面稳定性和泥沙运动特性研究还比较少,是今后进一步探索的方向,其成果可为揭示三维沙波床面紊流与泥沙相互作用机理提供必要的前提。 相似文献
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该文采用基于水沙两相紊流的数值模型对波浪作用下的悬移质泥沙运动进行研究。基本方程中将水相和颗粒相通过相间作用力进行耦合,合理地考虑了相间相对运动的影响。数值计算方法为有限体积法,对流项处理利用了三阶精度的QUICK格式,离散方程组求解采用的是TDMA迭代方法。计算得到的悬移质泥沙垂线时均计算值与不同尺度的水槽实验数据吻合很好,表明数学模型及其计算方法对于低浓度水沙两相问题是合理的。该研究还探讨了悬沙浓度、泥沙沉降速度以及各种相间作用力随时间的分布规律。 相似文献
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利用已建立的分段输沙率公式和实验数据,基于一维非线性浅水方程和床面变形方程,考虑两类共6种输沙率公式,增加床面剪切应力和渗流源项,建立适用于冲泻区水沙动力特性的岸滩形态动力学耦合模型。采用典型算例对模型可靠性进行了数值验证,结果表明,耦合模型中采用TVD-WAF格式和分段输沙率公式在计算形态变化时取得了较好的数值精度。进一步模拟了冲泻区内岸滩形态的变化特征,计算得到的水深、岸线轨迹和岸滩剖面变化结果与实验结果吻合较好,并讨论了不同摩阻系数和有无渗流对岸滩形态的影响规律,结果表明冲泻区形态动力学模型不能忽略床面摩阻和渗流的影响,本研究提出的分段输沙率公式适应于冲泻区的泥沙输运研究。 相似文献
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为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形,建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程,考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对水流动量的影响;泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙输移模式。模型数值计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法,单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算,扩散通量采用中心格式,不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验,水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合,分析了动床与定床水面及洪水传播速度的差异。在上述检验的基础上,采用动床模型对某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用,采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。 相似文献
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根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。 相似文献
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The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects. 相似文献
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In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment. 相似文献
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V. K. Konovalov O. V. Yashkin V. V. Ermakov 《Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction)》2008,42(2):105-109
A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed
in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash
and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers
of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional
components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect
dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system,
configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants
of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered.
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Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008). 相似文献
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Peter B. Bayley 《河流研究与利用》1991,6(2):75-86
The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed. 相似文献
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简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式,分析其原因,提出了相应的处理方法及措施,并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。 相似文献