蜗壳进口宽度对离心泵非定常性能的影响研究

为分析蜗壳进口宽度对离心泵非定常性能的影响,以一台比转速为126的离心泵为研究对象,采用ANSYS CFX软件的标准k-ε湍流模型对同一叶轮、不同蜗壳进口宽度(56、63、66.5和70 mm)时,不同流量工况(0.8～1.2设计流量)条件下泵的外特性、内部流场以及压力脉动进行研究。结果表明:在设计流量下,适当改变蜗壳进口宽度对离心泵的扬程、效率影响不大;但随着蜗壳进口宽度的增大,蜗壳隔舌处的湍动能增大并向扩散段延伸;同时,蜗壳隔舌处压力脉动的压力值增大了4.2%,压力脉动幅值增大了3.4倍。设计时为提高中比转速离心泵的综合性能,应取蜗壳进口宽度为叶轮出口直径的1.8倍。     

颗粒直径及浓度对高速离心泵非定常特性的影响

为探究不同颗粒直径、颗粒浓度对高速离心泵非定常特性的影响,以一台比转速为67的高速离心泵作为研究对象,利用ANSYS CFX软件建立的Mixture混合多相流模型进行了数值模拟计算,分析了高速泵的外特性、内部流场以及压力脉动变化规律。计算结果表明:随着颗粒体积分数的增加,效率最优工况点在向小流量处偏移,并且叶轮进口越偏向大流量工况,效率下降得越快,适当增加颗粒直径,对固液两相流的输送有积极作用;在不同颗粒浓度下,叶轮流道内的压力脉动主频均出现在叶频及倍频处,在颗粒体积分数为0.65%、颗粒直径为D=0.15 mm时,随着进口流量的增加,固相体积在叶轮流道处占比逐渐减小,在叶轮进口处颗粒占比逐渐增大;随着颗粒浓度的增大,叶轮流道内及隔舌处的压力均减小,叶轮流道内、隔舌处的压力和叶轮的径向力增减速度快慢的分界点在颗粒直径D=0.1 mm附近。     

叶轮出口直径对离心泵流动诱导噪声影响的数值模拟

针对离心泵内部非定常流动及其诱导的辐射噪声,本研究采用带滑移网格的大涡模拟技术计算了泵壳内部的压力脉动和叶轮上的径向力,并结合有限元声振耦合方法研究了叶轮出口直径对离心泵水力性能、压力脉动、非定常力和流动诱导噪声辐射的影响。计算结果表明:叶轮出口直径从170 mm增大到174 mm,扬程提高了4.57%,而效率下降了2.08%;径向力也随着叶轮出口直径的增加而增大了41.4%;叶轮出口直径的增加也致使叶频及其谐频下的压力脉动幅值增加。泵体外部声场声压级在二阶叶频下明显高于其它频率;随着叶轮出口直径的增加,外部辐射声场指向性不变,但声压级会随之增大。     

粒径对高比转速离心泵瞬态流动特性的影响

基于RNGk-ε湍流模型,利用ANSYS软件对一高比转速离心泵进行固液两相流非定常数值模拟,分析颗粒粒径变化对压力脉动、瞬时湍动能以及径向力的影响.结果 表明:随着粒径增大,在小流量工况下离心泵效率逐渐降低,而在大流量工况下离心泵效率先增加后降低;在叶轮流道内靠近进口处其压力值先减小后增大,在流道中段及出口段处其压力值...     

混流泵内压力脉动测量与分析

以比转速为336的某导叶式混流泵为例,沿流体流动方向在泵进口、叶轮出口、导叶出口、泵出口4个位置设置监测点,对比了0.6Q_d、0.8Q_d、Q_d、1.2Q_d、1.4Q_d(Q_d为设计流量)5种工况下的压力脉动情况。结果表明,泵进口和泵出口压力脉动幅值较低,导叶进口处脉动幅值最高,且小流量工况较大流量工况脉动剧烈,小流量工况下,泵内运行不稳定,出现回流、漩涡等,引起复杂、无规律的压力脉动;各工况下,泵进口处在叶频到7倍轴频范围内均出现了较为紊乱的脉动;与设计工况相比,非设计工况的脉动情况更为复杂。     

低比转速离心泵叶片加厚非定常特性分析

本研究以一台低比转速n_s=58的离心泵为研究对象,通过改变离心泵叶轮出口叶片真实厚度,并采用CFD(流体力学的计算软件)研究叶片厚度对泵性能及其非定常特性的影响。得到其定常和非定常特性的性能曲线,结果表明:出口真实叶片厚度增加会提高离心泵关死点的扬程;叶片厚度增加在一定程度上能提高泵的效率;叶轮和蜗壳的径向力呈周期性分布,δ_2=10 mm方案中蜗壳径向力整体分布和峰值都比较理想,优于其它两个方案;δ_2=5 mm方案中叶轮径向力在3个工况下整体分布和峰值都优于其它两个方案。叶片出口真实厚度增加会使叶轮出口处的卡门涡街的影响增强,使监测点压力脉动和蜗壳、叶轮的径向力都出现明显的次波动。     

粗糙度对离心泵进口回流非定常特性影响的研究

为研究粗糙度对离心泵进口回流非定常特性的影响,采用ANSYS CFX软件,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset方程的均相流空化模型,对某离心泵在5种不同的表面粗糙度(0、6.30、12.50、27.22和36.27μm)下进行非定常计算,并分析小流量工况0.4Q_d下回流旋涡的发展和不同断面压力脉动、进口和叶轮所受径向力。结果表明:随着流量的降低,效率受粗糙度影响越复杂;在Ra=6.30μm时,各监测点的压力脉动幅值有一定的提高,在其他4个粗糙度下均有降低,且Ra=27.22μm时,各监测点的压力脉动幅值降低程度最大;随着粗糙度的增大,进水管所受径向力先增大后缓慢增加,且受力中心偏心分布;叶轮受到的径向力与进水管壁面粗糙度有一定关联并分布复杂,在Ra=6.30μm时,叶轮径向力趋于均匀分布。     

多工况条件下斜流泵叶轮的强度分析

本研究通过选取0.4Q_d、0.6Q_d、0.8Q_d、1.0Q_d、1.2Q_d、1.4Q_d、1.6Q_d七个不同流量工况点,分别对斜流泵内部流场进行CFD(计算流体力学)仿真分析,结果显示叶轮承受的总压沿径向呈梯度分布,在叶轮进口处压力较小,出口处压力较大。通过流固耦合方法进行叶轮强度的数值计算,分析结果显示:不同流量工况下,叶轮变形量沿径向呈梯度增加,其最大变形量位于叶轮前盖板出口边缘,且等效应力集中点均主要集中于叶轮进口叶片与后盖板连接处。研究结果可为斜流泵叶轮结构设计和强度优化提供参考。     

类球形压水室的混流式核主泵压力脉动特性

在对带球形压水室的核主泵进行全流道三维非定常流场数值模拟的基础上,通过对5个典型工况下其主要过流部件中的压力脉动时域与频域特性进行深入分析,寻找引起压力脉动的因素和探讨运行工况对压力脉动特性的影响。结果表明:叶轮与空间导叶的动静干涉是引起压力脉动的主要因素,叶轮、空间导叶和球形压水室的几何参数决定其压力脉动的主要特征;压力脉动主频为叶频,其幅值取决于运行的体积流量,设计工况下的幅值最低;压力脉动幅值沿叶轮进口向出口逐步增大并在叶轮出口达到最大值,然后沿空间导叶的进口向出口逐步减小;在小体积流量工况时,流道中的不稳定流动会产生更为复杂的压力脉动;在同一圆周上,叶轮进口区域的压力脉动特性并不一致,叶片背面脉动幅值大于叶片正面,而在不同工况下叶轮出口区域叶片正、背面的压力脉动特性差别不大;随着运行体积流量的减小,因球形压水室中产生的涡流和回流影响,叶轮内的中高频脉动幅值增大,若运行体积流量过小,整个流道中的脉动幅值都将明显加大;球形压水室对设计工况及大体积流量工况的压力脉动影响很小,但对小体积流量工况下的脉动影响较大,使得脉动的频率特性更为复杂。     

动叶可调轴流风机瞬态流动及压力脉动特性

以OB-84型动叶可调轴流风机为研究对象,将定常计算所得流场作为非定常计算的初场,模拟了风机内部各监测点处的压力脉动及瞬态流场特性.结果表明:不同监测点的压力信号均呈周期或类周期波动,其压力脉动强度随体积流量增大呈减小趋势,最大压力脉动强度位于叶顶间隙处;各监测点均在叶片通过频率处出现最高时频分布幅值,改变体积流量仅影响时频分布数值;随体积流量增大,10%叶高截面上的平均湍动能水平提高,而叶轮出口截面上的高压区向轮毂方向移动;随时间延长,叶片尾缘处和相邻叶片间的湍动能增强;叶轮旋转过程中,叶轮出口截面上的高压区在机壳与轮毂间呈现往复运动的现象.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.