中国谷子种植历史演变及未来发展方向（网络首发、推荐阅读）

谷子是我国北方旱作农业起源的代表,在距今8 000年左右完成驯化并开始种植,在距今5 000年左右粟作栽培逐步占据粮食生产主导地位,距今2 000年左右达到史前时期的顶峰。夏商周是粟作原始生产技术向传统农业技术过渡时期,牛耕和铁农具出现以及精耕细作栽培技术使春秋战国时期粟作栽培取得突破进展,秦汉时期粟种植区域继续扩大,至魏晋南北朝时期,传统粟作也达到了繁盛阶段。进入隋唐时期,稻、麦地位逐步上升,逐步取代粟的传统地位,但在传统的黄河流域,谷子仍然占据主粮地位。元宋时期,小麦继续向南方传播,粮食生产地位逐步超过谷子。明清时期,为满足急剧增长的人口粮食需求,玉米、甘薯等高产作物种植面积快速扩大,但谷子仍是北方重要的粮食作物。建国以后我国谷子种植面积持续下降,经历了主粮时期、主粮向杂粮过渡时期和杂粮时期三个阶段,主要原因在于单产提升较慢、栽培繁琐、消费需求减少和政策缺失。新时期,谷子具有的营养、生态以及文化属性给谷子产业发展带来新机遇。未来,我国谷子种植面积将稳中有升,优质食用、营养保健、加工专用等特色品种需求成为趋势,加工产品类型将更加丰富,谷子产业逐步向功能化、品牌化、精品化和高端化方向发展。     

Impact of brown foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour on thermo-mechanical properties of flours from different rice varieties

The physical, functional and thermo-mechanical properties of rice flours prepared from long, round and medium rice grain and of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour were investigated. The impact of foxtail millet flour addition on the thermo-mechanical properties to the rice flours was also explored. Rice flour from long grain had higher amylose content (26.37%), while the rice flour from round grain had better hydration properties compared to the other rice flours. The dough from long grain rice flour exhibited higher starch gelatinisation temperature and cooking stability and lower starch retrogradation compared to the other investigated rice flours. Foxtail millet flour addition to the rice flours exerted a lower impact on the thermo-mechanical properties of the dough based on rice flour from long grain compared to the other investigated rice flours. These differences might be due to the differences in terms of starch properties and proximate composition of the flour samples.     

The functional properties of popped, flaked, extruded and roller-dried foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

Foxtail millet grains were decorticated in rice‐milling machinery and the decorticated millet was processed to prepare flaked, extrusion cooked and roller‐dried products, whereas the native grains were subjected to high‐temperature, short‐time treatment to prepare popped millet. The nutrient composition and some of the functional properties of the products were determined, principally solubility and swelling power in water, oil absorption capacity and pasting characteristics. Carbohydrate and lipid profiles of the products were also studied. The changes in the starch granular structure caused by heat treatment were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The degree of starch gelatinization was highest in the case of roller‐dried millet followed by popped, flaked and extruded products. It was concluded that the cereal processing technologies that were investigated could be successfully applied to foxtail millet to prepare ready‐to‐eat or use products, thereby increasing its utilization as a food.     

Evaluation of Antimicrobial,Antioxidant Activities,and Nutritional Values of Fermented Foxtail Millet Extracts by Lactobacillus paracasei Fn032

Solid-state bioprocessing of foxtail millet by Lactobacillus paracasei Fn032 is a biotechnological strategy to produce fermented foxtail millet meal with more beneficial components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and nutritional values of water extracts from fermented foxtail millet flour and its bran with and without protease. Fermented foxtail millet flour with added protease extract showed higher scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals as well as reducing power than fermented foxtail millet flour and fermented foxtail millet bran extracts. Both extracts, fermented foxtail millet flour and fermented foxtail millet flour with protease, showed significant (P < 0.05) effectiveness inhibition abilities on microbial growth when compared with fermented foxtail millet bran extracts. Amino acid profile revealed that fermented foxtail millet flour with protease, with relatively strongest antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, also had the highest total hydrophobic amino acids content (51.39%) and hydrophobic index (8.47 Kj/mol amino acid residue). Moreover, fermented foxtail millet flour with protease revealed the highest protein content, predicted protein efficiency ratio, and protein digestibility. Molecular weight of the whole extracts varied from 180–5000 Da. Based on the results obtained, fermented foxtail millet flour extracts were relatively effective in the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties assayed and might be potential biological values for application in food products.     

挤压和发酵对小米多肽ACE抑制活性及抗氧化作用的影响

以小米为原料,制备具有血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制作用的食源性活性多肽。采用挤压和发酵的方法对小米粉进行处理,研究其对小米蛋白消化率的影响,同时对在胃蛋白酶-胰酶水解条件下得到的小米多肽进行ACE抑制活性和抗氧化能力分析。结果表明,相比于原粉,挤压和发酵对小米多肽的ACE抑制活性和抗氧化能力都有显著的影响(P<0.01);挤压对小米蛋白消化率的影响较大(53.11%);挤压小米蛋白水解肽具有较强的ACE抑制活性(IC50=0.057 mg肽/mL)、DPPH自由基清除能力(10.99μmol/g肽)和铁离子还原能力(82.92μmol/g肽)。     

小米饲料干预对高脂膳食联合STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠肠道菌群的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

肠道菌群在Ⅱ型糖尿病的发生和发展过程中发挥重要作用,为了进一步全面探究小米饲料干预对糖尿病大鼠肠道菌群的影响,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分别从横（不同组别）、纵（干预前后）两个维度全面比较了高脂饲料联合链尿佐菌素（Streptozotocin,STZ）诱导糖尿病大鼠经小米饲料饲喂后肠道微生物结构、组成及相对丰度的变化。结果显示,小米饲料干预后,糖尿病大鼠肠道内拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门比值下降,瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus_2）和乳酸杆菌的相对丰度显著增加,布劳特氏菌属的相对丰度显著减少,并且均与生理指标具有一定相关性,表明小米饲料干预能够在一定程度上逆转Ⅱ型糖尿病对大鼠肠道菌群的影响,使大鼠肠道微生物组成向着更为健康的方向发展。     

谷子的生产概况及其保健功能与机理研究进展

谷子因其具有重要的农业工业价值、高营养价值和生物活性成分而备受关注.本文首先介绍了谷子的生产概况,进而综述了国内外有关谷子保健功能及其机理的研究进展.大量研究表明,谷子具有抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、降血压、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、保护肝脏等多种保健功能,这主要与其功能成分酚类物质、活性肽、膳食纤维、类胡萝卜素、脂肪酸等有关.全...     

谷糠多酚对酒精性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的：初步阐明谷糠多酚对酒精性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用以及具体分子机制,为谷糠多酚在饮酒人群胃黏膜损伤营养干预方面的应用提供科学依据。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠连续3 周每天灌胃50 mg/kg mb谷糠多酚,干预结束后通过灌胃体积分数75%乙醇溶液建立急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤模型;利用不同剂量（1～15 μg/mL）谷糠多酚对人胃黏膜上皮细胞（GES-1）处理24 h,继而通过1 000 mmol/L酒精继续作用12 h建立酒精性GES-1细胞损伤及干预模型;通过解剖观察大鼠胃组织形态学及病理结构,评价谷糠多酚对大鼠胃黏膜组织的保护作用;结合细胞形态变化及存活情况评价谷糠多酚对GES-1细胞的保护作用;通过测定氧化应激和细胞凋亡相关指标,评价谷糠多酚对急性酒精性胃黏膜损伤大鼠及GES-1细胞的抗氧化和抑制凋亡能力的影响。结果：谷糠多酚可以有效预防酒精引起的大鼠胃黏膜及GES-1细胞损伤,极显著缓解酒精引起的GES-1细胞活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平升高（P＜0.01）;同时极显著缓解大鼠胃黏膜组织和GES-1细胞中丙二醛（methane dicarboxylic aldehyde,MDA）水平升高（P＜0.01）,提高超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力,明显抑制酒精引起的细胞凋亡。结论：谷糠多酚能够通过缓解酒精引起的胃黏膜上皮细胞氧化损伤从而保护胃黏膜。     

基于GC-MS评估不同预处理对小米代谢物提取的影响

小米是一种药食同源的优质杂粮,其品种与产地越来越受到关注。非靶标代谢组学技术已经成为食品代谢指纹图谱分析,产地追溯以及品种鉴定的有效方法。然而,小米代谢物的提取尚缺乏相关研究。本研究利用晋谷59号小米作为研究对象,基于气相色谱质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,采用50%甲醇为提取溶剂,并探讨了不同预处理方法对小米代谢物分析的影响。结果发现不同预处理方法对于小米代谢物提取的覆盖度和信号强度有显著影响;从代谢物提取覆盖度和信号强度两方面分析,预处理方法1为小米小分子代谢物提取最优方案。鉴定出包括氨基酸、糖类、有机酸、脂肪酸、醇类、胺类、糖苷类7类小分子代谢物,共计57种。这些结果为小米等粟类农产品代谢指纹图谱分析、产品追溯以及品种鉴定等提供方法与数据支撑。     

小米食物的血糖反应

小米是亚非国家普遍食用的谷类食材,其对血糖的作用引起关注,且尚无科学共识。本文综述了与小米食物血糖反应有关的研究证据、影响因素及可能作用机理。小米的品种、加工和烹调方式都会对小米食物的血糖效应产生影响,从而可能影响到它对慢性疾病的预防效应。小米可能通过抑制消化酶活性、减缓胃排空、改善肠道菌群等途径改善血糖。目前的研究证据表明,小米不仅营养价值较高,而且对血糖控制具有一定的积极作用,但该作用必须建立在合理的加工烹调基础上。较低的碾磨度和维持较高慢消化淀粉的加工烹调方式值得研究和推广。     

谷子SSR分子标记的研究进展

谷子作为一种在中国杂粮作物中占据重要地位的粮食作物,其全基因组测序的完成极大地促进了谷子分子标记技术的发展。SSR作为第二代分子标记,具有操作简单、重复性好、结果可靠等优势,现已被广泛应用于作物遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱构建、数量性状分析、品种鉴定等研究。文章对SSR标记技术在谷子遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱等方面的研究进行综述,以期为中国谷子SSR标记技术发展提供参考与借鉴。     

Physico-chemical Properties of Native and Malted Finger Millet,Pearl Millet and Foxtail Millet Starches

The physico-chemical properties of starches isolated from native and malted finger millet, pearl millet and foxtail millet were studied. Malt starches, as compared with native starches, contained a majority of smaller granules, slightly more amylose, and exhibited higher gelatinisation temperature, lower swelling power, higher solubility in water as well as in dimethyl sulfoxide and lower intrinsic viscosity. The in-vitro digestibility of starches from native and malted millets was more or less similar but it was different for different starches: pearl millet starch was more susceptible whereas finger millet starch was slighly resistant for amylolysis.     

Relationships between amino acid composition and nitrogen of foxtail (Italian) millet (Setaria italica) grain of different varieties

The amino acid composition of 13 samples of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L) from six Chinese and one French varieties was determined as a function of their N content (N), which ranged from 1·82 to 3·65 g per 100 g of grain DM. The levels of amino acids in grain DM increased linearly with N with correlation coefficients close to 1 for most of them regardless of foxtail millet genotype or phenotype. Thus simply knowing N enables one to predict the amino acid composition of any foxtail millet grain sample. Amino acids in crude protein of grain (g 16 g^?1N)changed as quadratic functions of N, which decreased for glycine, cysteine, tysine, histidine and arginine, remained nearly constant for valine, threonine, tyrosine, methionine and aspartate plus asparagine, and increased for other amino acids. Foxtail millet appeared as the only cereal in which lysine is the only limiting essential amino acid. However, the lysine score was low and intermediate between that of maize and sorghum, falling from 48 to 31 % when N increased from 1·82 to 3·65 g per WO g DM. The N-to-protein conversion factor strongly increased with N and was the highest of all cereals within the N range studied. The results also showed that the composition of storage proteins accumulated in grains remained constant, with a prolamin to glutelin ratio close to three and independent of grain protein content.     

球磨改性对小米全粉理化特性及其面条品质特性的影响

小米兼具营养价值与药用价值,为提高小米的附加值和小米面条的加工品质,本实验利用球磨技术对小米全粉进行改性处理,探究不同球磨处理时间（0.5、1、2、4、6、8 h）对小米全粉营养成分、水合特性、糊化特性、流变特性、结晶结构及面条品质的影响,并分析部分理化性质与面条品质的相关性。结果表明,随着球磨时间延长,小米全粉的结晶结构破坏较明显,损伤淀粉质量分数显著增加,直链淀粉质量分数不断减少（除8 h外）,面粉亮度由77.27升至81.37。同时,球磨处理使小米全粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）,分别由1 478、665 Pa·s和1 384 Pa·s提升至3 271（球磨1 h）、982 Pa·s（球磨2 h）和2 199 Pa·s（球磨2 h）,同时使水合特性（持水力、膨润力）显著提升（P＜0.05）。当球磨时间为4 h时,面团的凝胶网状结构愈发均匀致密,制作的小米面条质构、蒸煮品质均最佳。相关性分析结果表明,面条质构特性（弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性）、感官品质（色泽、外观、黏性）与直链淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与损伤淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数整体上呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。面条的蒸煮品质（断条率）与直链淀粉质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与损伤淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;且糊化黏度与面条品质相关性也较强。综合分析,球磨技术对小米全粉的改性处理可用于生产较高品质的小米面条。     

不同粒径小米粉对面团流变特性及馒头质构特性的影响

为研究小米粉添加对面团流变特性和馒头制品质构特性的影响,分别选取不同粒径的粳性和糯性小米粉,利用损伤淀粉测定仪、快速黏度分析仪等对不同小米粉的损伤淀粉含量和糊化特性进行分析,通过流变仪测定小米面团的流变学特性,结合扫描电镜观察小米面团微观结构变化,并利用质构仪测定小米馒头的质构特性。结果表明：随着小米粉粒径的减小,多数品种小米粉（除冀谷39和汇华金米）损伤淀粉的碘吸收率增加;受直支比的影响,相同目数下,粳性小米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和回生值较糯性小米粉大。流变学研究表明,除汇华金米和冀谷39,储能模量与损耗模量随角频率增加总体上升。扫描电镜观察发现小米粉的添加使面团结构更加松散。小米粉的添加会对馒头质构性质中硬度、咀嚼性和弹性等有一定程度的负面影响。主成分分析表明馒头咀嚼性、损伤淀粉、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、崩解值和回生值可作为区分粳糯品种和馒头品质特征的指标。     

基于小米淀粉颗粒结构评价小米粥适口性

为探究小米淀粉颗粒结构与小米粥适口性之间的关系，本实验选取10个品种的小米煮制小米粥，首先以小米粥的适口性作为区分依据，分析相应小米淀粉的颗粒结构特点；然后依据相关性评价小米淀粉颗粒结构对小米粥适口性的影响程度；最后通过逐步回归分析建立小米粥适口性预测模型。结果表明，小米淀粉小粒占比多、极小粒占比少、累积吸附孔体积小，则糊化终止温度更低、糊化更快，小米粥适口性好。小米淀粉的直链淀粉含量、淀粉凝胶硬度以及糊化温度范围与小米粥的各项适口性得分呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），而淀粉凝胶黏性、弹性、黏聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性以及初始糊化温度与小米粥的各项适口性均呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05、P<0.01）。小米淀粉颗粒结构主要通过影响关键理化性质从而间接影响小米粥的适口性，其中，小米淀粉的小粒比例与糊化终止温度呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），与糊化温度范围呈显著负相关（P<0.05）；中粒比例与糊化终止温度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；大粒比例与小米淀粉的水分结合能力呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。小米粥适口性预测模型参数由小米淀粉的凝胶黏...     

不同储藏条件对小米风味的影响

脱壳的小米稳定性较差，不良储藏条件容易导致小米品质劣变，影响加工后的米粥风味。探索不同储藏温度和时间对小米风味的影响，明确适宜储藏条件具有重要意义。本实验以3个名优品牌小米为研究材料，在常温和4℃低温避光储藏一年，分别在储藏0，3，6，9，12个月时，利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用仪（HS-SPME-GC-MS）测定小米蒸煮挥发性物质。结果表明：在常温与4℃低温一年储藏期间内，醛类、醇类、杂环类及烷烃类物质相对含量变化整体呈“W”型；酸脂类呈“M”型。在4℃低温储藏条件下，醛类、醇类和酚类等物质相对含量较常温条件下更高，风味物质更丰富。正己醛、1-辛烯-3醇、正壬醇、2-正戊基呋喃和对二甲苯为储藏小米的关键香味物质。储藏小米最佳食用期限为4个月，低温储藏效果更好。该研究结果对小米储藏保鲜和品质育种提供理论基础。     

Determination of protein, fat, starch, and amino acids in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] by Fourier transform near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Quantitative detection of protein, fat, starch, and amino acids in foxtail millet using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated. Foxtail millet samples (n=259) were analyzed using NIRS. Spectral data were linearized with data from chemical analyses. Calibration models were established using a partial least-squares (PLS) algorithm with cross-validation. Optimized models were tested using external validation set samples with coefficients of determination in the external validation (R ² _val) of >0.90. Residual predictive deviation (RPD) values were nearly equal to or >2.5 for crude protein, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and serine. However, for glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tyrosine, and valine, the R ² _val values were >0.83 and RPD values were nearly equal to or >2.0. For crude fat, total starch, arginine, and lysine, the R ² _val values were >0.70 and RPD values were >1.5. NIRS is a rapid determination tool for foxtail millet breeding, and for quality control.     

Teff (Eragrostis tef) processing,utilization and future opportunities: a review

The demand for food production has been constantly increasing due to rising population. In developed countries, for example, the emergence of regional production of old grains that are rarely utilized, along with the production of commonly consumed grains, has gained importance in recent years. These grains, known collectively as ancient or heirloom grains, have offered both farmers and consumers novel ways of cultivation and products with interesting taste, characteristics and nutritional value. Among the 30 000 plant species known, only five cereals currently provide more than 50% of the world's energy intake – bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), millets (Panicum sp.) and maize (Zea mays). The excessive utilization of these selected species has a great potential to cause genetic losses and difficulty in bridging future agricultural demands. Teff (Eragrostis tef), an ancient grain extensively cultivated in countries like Eritrea and Ethiopia, provides promising alternatives for new food uses since its nutritional value is significantly higher than most others cereal grains. The absence of gluten allows flexibility in food utilization since it can be directly substituted to gluten-containing products. The grain also offers an excellent balance of essential amino acids and minerals, which can fulfil the recommended daily intake and eliminates the need for fortification and enrichment. This review provides a general overview of the physical properties and nutritional composition of teff grains related to processing and applications in the food and feed industries. The current status of teff utilization, as well as the challenges in production and commercialization, and future opportunities is presented and discussed.     

A novel antifungal peptide from foxtail millet seeds

BACKGROUND: Antifungal proteins (AFP) help plants to combat phytopathogenic fungi and thus protect plants from the devastating damage caused by fungal infections and prevent massive economic losses. To date, several proteins with antibacterial and/or antifungal properties have been isolated and characterized from different plant species and tissues; however, there are no reports concerning the antifungal peptide from foxtail millet seeds. RESULTS: An antifungal peptide with a molecular mass of 26.9 kDa was isolated from dry seeds of the foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), using a procedure that involved four chromatographic steps. The antifungal peptide was adsorbed on CM‐Sepharose, Affi‐gel blue gel and Superdex 75. It was further purified by C₁₈ reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and submitted for analysis of peptide mass fingerprint. The Mascot peptide mass fingerprint of the isolated protein hit no existing protein (score > 60), and it was proved to be a novel antifungal peptide. It inhibited mycelial growth in Alternaria alternate with an IC₅₀ of 1.3 µmol L^?1, and it also exhibited antifungal activity against Trichoderma viride, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. Transmission electron microscopy of mold forms of Alternaria alternate after incubation with 20 µg mL^?1 of the antifungal protein for 48 h revealed marked ultrastructural changes in the fungus. CONCLUSION: A novel antifungal peptide with high potency was isolated from foxtail millet seeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry