Mineral nutrient interaction: Improving bioavailability of calcium and iron

Insufficient uptake of essential metals leads to serious malnutrition, which is a worldwide problem. Low bioavailability of iron and calcium may lead to anemia and osteoporosis, respectively, even in individuals with a high dietary intake. For iron, fractionation of meat proteins was studied in order to increase iron bioavailability from other meal components, and uptake of iron was found to increase with minimal risk of increasing oxidative damage. Calcium binding to peptides was found to prevent formation of insoluble calcium salts otherwise hampering absorption particularly in combination with calcium hydroxycarboxylates, entailing spontaneous supersaturation. Based on a review of results from different strategies available for increasing bioavailability, safe iron fortification is suggested to be supported by calcium, with modulation of iron as a prooxidant.     

浅谈钙盐和铁盐的生物利用性

<正> 过去几年问,食品和饮料工业界中新产品层出不穷,配料的生产技术也不断得到改进,并推出许多营养强化食品和饮料产品。目前采用矿物质来强化食品和饮料趋势的形成,是由于可以让消费者选择的食品种类始终有限,未能满足人体各项所需,从而影响个人的健康状况,长此以往对人体的各项功     

Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods: An Update

Deficiencies of iron, zinc, iodine and vitamin A are widespread in the developing countries, poor bioavailability of these micronutrients from plant-based foods being the major reason for their wide prevalence. Diets predominantly vegetarian are composed of components that enhance as well as inhibit mineral bioavailability, the latter being predominant. However, prudent cooking practices and use of ideal combinations of food components can significantly improve micronutrient bioavailability. Household processing such as heat treatment, sprouting, fermentation and malting have been evidenced to enhance the bioavailability of iron and β-carotene from plant foods. Food acidulants amchur and lime are also shown to enhance the bioavailability of not only iron and zinc, but also of β-carotene. Recently indentified newer enhancers of micronutrient bioaccessibility include sulphur compound-rich Allium spices—onion and garlic, which also possess antioxidant properties, β-carotene-rich vegetables—carrot and amaranth, and pungent spices—pepper (both red and black) as well as ginger. Information on the beneficial effect of these dietary compounds on micronutrient bioaccessibility is novel. These food components evidenced to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients are common ingredients of Indian culinary, and probably of other tropical countries. Fruits such as mango and papaya, when consumed in combination with milk, provide significantly higher amounts of bioavailable β-carotene. Awareness of the beneficial influence of these common dietary ingredients on the bioavailability of micronutrients would help in devising dietary strategies to improve the bioavailability of these vital nutrients.     

Mineral substance in human nutrition. Manganese: absorbtion and bioavailability

The review is presented data on absorption and bioavailability of manganese in humans and laboratory animals, as well as the food factors that affect on these processes. There are described the mechanisms of control homeostase of manganese by two main paths: gastrointestinal absorption and excretion via bile. Presented findings define the absorption of manganese as a complex physiological process. The role is discussed of a series of the food factors, first of all iron, as well as fibers, phytates, calcium and some other components of food in absorption and bioavailability of manganese.     

Iron bioavailability in iron-fortified cereal foods: The contribution of in vitro studies

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in humans. Not all dietary ingested iron, heme or nonheme, will be available to absorption and negative imbalance between iron requirements and absorption leads to iron deficiency and/or anemia. The recommended iron values usually are based on the genetic and on diet iron-bioavailability, which can be considered as the principal factor that change among the cultures and influences the distinct levels of recommendation among countries. Dietary changes present practical limitations due to be difficult to change food habits. The iron food fortification is considered more cost effective and economically more attractive than iron supplementation. There are many iron compounds available to be used in iron fortification. Cereals represent a target food group to iron fortification programs due to high consumption and the in vitro studies can be useful to estimate the relative iron bioavailability in large number of products in short time and with a low cost. Wheat flour baked into bread or not was the main product tested in in vitro bioavailability studies and ferrous sulfate was the principal iron compound used in the fortification studies. However, iron bioavailability from ferrous sulfate is lower than from other compounds, such FeNaEDTA or ferric pyrophosphate. The variables level of fortification, storage, level of extraction, baking and also the association or not with other chemical compound seems to influence the results obtained.     

FOOD PREFERENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS

SUMMARY— The food preferences of approximately 50,000 college students representing 1% of the college enrollment in the United Stares during the 1966-1967 school year were analyzed. The responses were collected on a regional basis, subdivided as to sex and were reported as national and regional totals. Two hundred and seven food items were surveyed. Foods were ranked in terms of percent Liked, Disliked and Do Not Know. Median and percentile groupings for each food class, as well as for all foods, were calculated. The relationships between food preferences and nutritional values of foods were examined. The percent of the recommended dietary allowance provided by one serving of a given food item was calculated for vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron. The results indicated that if food preferences were the sole determinant of food intake, then the dietary intake would be low in vitamin A. In fact, the best sources of vitamin A were among the most disliked foods in the entire survey. The relationship between food preferences and possible vitamin C and calcium deficiencies was not clear-cut Except for liver, one of the best sources of dietary iron, there was little evidence that food preferences discriminated against foods containing significant amounts of iron.     

The impact of processing on phytic acid,in vitro soluble iron and Phy/Fe molar ratio of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

BACKGROUND: Faba bean is one of the important legumes in Asian countries. It is also a major source of micronutrients in many rural areas. Unfortunately, the bioavailability of iron from faba bean is low because it is present as an insoluble complex with food components such as phytic acid. The influence of soaking, germination and fermentation with the expectation of increasing the bioavailability of iron was investigated. RESULTS: Fermentation treatments were most effective in decreasing phytic acid (48–84%), followed by soaking at 10 °C after preheating (36–51%). Steeping faba beans for 24 h at 25 °C had the least effect on the removal of phytic acid (9–24%). With increased germination time at 30 °C, phytic acid progressively decreased from 9 to 69%. Most wet processing procedures, except soaking after wet preheating, caused losses of dry matter and iron (8–15%). In vitro iron solubility, as a percentage of total iron in soaked faba bean after dry preheating, was significantly higher than in raw faba bean (P < 0.05). Fermentation and germination did not have significant effects on the solubility of iron. CONCLUSION: The expected improvement of iron bioavailability levels due to lower phytic acid was not confirmed by increasing levels of in vitro soluble iron. Soaking, germination and fermentation can decrease phytic acid in faba bean. However, results from in vitro solubility measurement of iron showed little improvement of iron bioavailability in fermented and germinated faba beans over untreated raw faba beans (P < 0.05). It seems that componets of dietary fibre other than phytic acid are more important in binding iron. Probably, a complex association between dietary fibre and iron is the reason for the poor bioavailability of iron in faba bean. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

The impact of germination and dehulling on nutrients, antinutrients, in vitro iron and calcium bioavailability and in vitro starch and protein digestibility of some legume seeds

The content of nutrients (protein, starch, ash, calcium, iron, phosphorous and thiamin) and antinutritional components (dietary fiber fractions, phytic acid and tannin), and in vitro bioavailability of calcium and iron and in vitro digestibility of protein and starch were determined in control, germinated and dehulled green gram, cowpea, lentil and chickpea. Germination caused significant (P<0.05) increase in protein, thiamin, in vitro iron and calcium bioavailability and in vitro starch and protein digestibility contents of all the legume samples. Further increase in mentioned parameters was observed after dehulling the germinated legumes. Phytic acid and tannin were reduced by 18-21% and 20-38%, respectively, on germination and more reduction was observed in dehulled over germinated samples. There were negative correlations between nutrients bioavailability and digestibility with antinutritional factors.     

钙的生物利用度与多肽螯合钙研究进展

钙是人体内十分重要的营养元素,对维持人体健康起到了至关重要的作用。小肠是钙吸收的主要部位,食物中的钙经胃酸溶解为离子形式后在微碱性的肠道环境内可能会形成沉淀,导致钙的吸收下降和生物利用度降低。而长期钙摄入不足则会导致佝偻病、骨质疏松症等一系列骨代谢疾病。因此,选择能够提供高可溶性和生物利用度的钙的食物或补充剂十分重要。部分有机钙盐如葡萄糖酸钙、柠檬酸钙等可以在肠道中形成过饱和溶液从而增强钙的吸收。此外,多肽螯合钙也被证实有非常好的钙吸收率和生物利用度,可以作为新型的钙补充剂。本文综述了食物基质成分对钙吸收和生物利用度的影响,并对部分有机钙盐和多肽螯合钙的促钙吸收机理进行了总结,旨在为钙的吸收与钙补充剂的研发提供新的思路。

     

Effects of legume processing on calcium,iron and zinc contents and dialysabilities

Legumes are a good source of calcium, iron and zinc, but are also a source of phytates and dietary fibre components that can negatively affect the bioavailability of these minerals. To estimate the latter, an in vitro dialysis method can be applied that gives the dialysability of a mineral as an estimate of its availability for absorption. Calcium, iron and zinc contents and dialysabilities in three legumes (beans, chickpeas and lentils) and the effects of cooking treatments and industrial processing on these parameters were studied. Beans had the highest calcium content (1.54 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM)) and chickpeas the lowest iron content (46.9 mg kg^?1 DM), whilst the zinc contents were similar in all three raw legumes (33.7–36.9 mg kg^?1 DM). Traditional and microwave cooking reduced the mineral contents by 9.7–36.4% for calcium, 14.2–31% for iron and 11.1–28.9% for zinc. The dialysabilities of calcium with respect to the values for the raw products were also reduced by these cooking techniques. Industrially processed legumes had higher dialysabilities of calcium, iron and zinc than traditionally or microwave cooked legumes. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bioactivities of hen's egg yolk phosvitin and its functional phosphopeptides in food industry and health

Phosvitin, one of the most noteworthy bioactive components of hen egg yolk, is an amphiphilic protein that stands out with its unique composition and functionality in the food industry and health. Phosvitin consists of 4% of egg yolk dry matter and 11% of egg yolk proteins. It is considered as the most phosphorylated protein with 10% phosphorus. Besides, some potential novel phosphopeptides containing clusters of phosphoserines can be derived from hen's egg yolk phosvitin. Phosvitin, which has many functional features thanks to its unique structure, is known primarily for its metal bonds binding (iron, calcium, etc.) feature. On the other hand, its phosphopeptides may increase the bioavailability of metals compared to phosvitin. Although this feature of phosvitin may partially decrease the bioavailability of especially iron in the egg, it allows the phosvitin to have many bioactivities in the food industry and health. Lipid oxidation, which is a serious problem in the food industry, can be inhibited by adding phosvitin and its derived phosphopeptides to the food production chain via inhibiting bivalent iron. Because phosvitin is an amphiphilic protein capable of chelating, it also shows potential antibacterial effects against the Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the literature has recently been attempting to define the promising relationship between phosvitin and its phosphopeptides and plenty of health-promoting activities such as immune-enhancing, melanogenesis inhibitor, anti-ageing, and anticancer. In this review, current information on the hen's egg yolk phosvitin and its phosphopeptides and their bioactivities in the food industry and health are discussed and some future directions are given.     

新型铁营养强化剂——超微细元素铁粉

摄食铁强化食品通常被认为是预防和治疗缺铁性贫血的有效措施。元素铁粉在国外是一种被广泛应用的食品铁强化剂。随着钠米材料制备技术的提高 ,可将元素铁粉制成超微细粉末 ,以期进一步提高铁粉的相对生物利用率 ,并改善铁粉的其他应用性能。还对这一新型铁营养强化剂的性能及相关问题进行了探讨     

Effects of roasting and boiling of quinoa,kiwicha and kañiwa on composition and availability of minerals in vitro

BACKGOUND: Andean indigenous crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) seeds are good sources of minerals (calcium and iron). Little is known, however, about mineral bioavailability in these grains. Thus the aim of the present study was to determine the iron, calcium and zinc potential availability in raw, roasted and boiled quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha seeds. Potential availability was estimated by dialyzability. RESULTS: These seeds are good sources of phenolic compounds and kañiwa of dietary fiber. Their calcium, zinc and iron content is higher than in common cereals. In general, roasting did not significantly affect mineral dialyzability. Conversely, in boiled grains there was an increase in dialyzability of zinc and, in the case of kañiwa, also in iron and calcium dialyzability. CONCLUSION: Taking into account the high content of minerals in Andean grains, the potential contribution of these minerals would not differ considerably from that of wheat flour. Further studies are required to research the effect of extrusion on mineral availability in Andean grains. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bioavailability of nutrients in rats fed on edible seaweeds,Nori (Porphyra tenera) and Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), as a source of dietary fibre

A comparative study of the influence of two edible seaweeds, Nori (Porphyra tenera) and Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), on dietary nutritive utilization was performed. Male adult Wistar rats were fed, for 2 weeks, diets containing Nori, Wakame or cellulose as source of dietary fibre. All diets contained similar amounts of dietary fibre (5%), protein (14%) and ash (5%). Intake, body weight gain, food efficiency (weight gain/food intake), apparent digestibility and retention coefficients for protein, fat, and minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, sodium, and potassium) were evaluated. The addition of Wakame or Nori did not affect the gain in body weight of rats or food efficiency. Fresh and dry stool weights were higher in rats fed seaweeds than in the control group. Seaweed-fed animals showed significantly lower apparent digestibilities of protein and fat but absorbed nitrogen was more effectively used by animals. Apparent digestibility and retention coefficients for calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassium were lower for seaweed-fed rats, and showed lower values for Wakame than Nori. The seaweeds could be a good source of dietary fibre in diet but they may modify digestibility of dietary protein and minerals.     

Consumption of raw and fried sardine (Clupea pilchardus) as protein source of diets: effects on iron metabolism in rats

The influence of fried fish consumption on dietary iron bioavailability in rats was studied. Sardines (Clupea pilchardus), raw and fried in olive oil, were used whole or defatted to prepare the samples. Five diets containing casein and the different samples as protein source were prepared. After in vitro digestion of the diets a greater proportion of soluble iron was found in the casein diet compared with the sardine diets. Five groups of rats were fed the diets over 28 days. Body weight and food intake were monitored weekly, and during days 21–28 an iron balance study was carried out. No significant differences were observed in food intake, body weight and protein efficiency ratio between groups. Absorbed and retained iron and apparent iron digestibility were higher in rats fed the sardine diets with respect to the control group, except in the whole fried sardine group. Metabolic efficiency and retention efficiency were increased in the four sardine groups. The frying process led to significant changes in the overall digestive and nutritive efficiency of dietary iron, which were different depending on whether the diets contained whole sardine or its protein. It was concluded that the consumption of sardines, whether raw or fried in olive oil, enhances dietary iron availability. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

邵阳市学龄儿童营养状况与午餐膳食调查与分析

目的了解邵阳市学龄儿童的营养状况和在校午餐膳食情况,以指导学校和家庭合理安排膳食,保证学龄儿童的营养供应。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法,在该市抽取了2119名中小学生进行营养状况调查,采用全血元素分析仪检测人体血液中钙、铁、锌、铜、铅的含量,膳食中的能量和蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物采用卡路里热量分析仪检测,食物中的钙、铁、锌的含量采用原子吸收光谱法进行检测。结果邵阳市6~15岁的学龄儿童中消瘦、超重、肥胖的人群分别有5.29%、5.24%、2.69%,钙、铁、锌元素缺乏的人群分别为8.31%、9.57%和4.26%。午餐膳食有3种模式,模式A是牛奶+点心,3种产能营养素的比例与平衡膳食模式相符,但能量和营养素供给量远低于膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs);模式B是牛奶+膳食,供给食物的数量较多,能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和钙、铁、锌的含量分别为769.54 kcal、27.98 g、38.70 g、75.22 g、211.22 mg、8.25 mg、2.03 mg;模式C为纯膳食,能量和主要营养素的含量介于午餐模式A和B中间,但和模式B均存在碳水化合物比例低、脂肪比例高的问题。3种午餐模式均以谷物为主,但膳食结构不合理,全谷物及杂豆、薯类、水果、坚果等食物摄入的频率和数量都很低,乳制品的摄入量均低于国家推荐的300g·人~(-1)·d~(-1)的标准。结论该市学龄儿童的营养状况待改善,午餐膳食结构不合理,应进行营养教育和干预,促进均衡营养。     

Nutritional status affects the absorption and whole-body and organ retention of cadmium in rats fed rice-based diets

Staple grains such as rice, wheat and maize consumed by different societal groups differ greatly in their concentrations and bioavailability of the cadmium (Cd) antagonists, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca). We hypothesized thatthe low nutritional status of rice consumers, which results from an inadequate supply of these minerals from rice, could contribute significantly to a higher apparent susceptibility to soil Cd contamination from rice than the higher nutritional status of those who consume other grains with higher mineral content. To test this hypothesis, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial study was conducted. Rats were fed diets with adequate or marginal amounts of dietary Zn, Fe, or Ca. The basal diets contained 40% unenriched, milled rice fortified with 0.62 mg of Cd/kg as CdCl2 (0.25 mg of Cd/kg diet). Rat consumed the diets for 5 weeks and then were fed 1 g of a similar diet containing 10(9)Cd-labeled rice. After 2 weeks, whole-body (WB) retention of 109Cd was determine. Rats then were killed, and the organs were removed for total Cd determinations. Rats fed marginal concentrations of dietary Zn had slightly but significantly more WB retention of 109Cd than controls; however, rats fed marginal Fe or Ca had as much as 3-fold higher retention of the label. Rats fed marginal amounts of Zn, Fe, and Ca combined retained as much as 8 times more 109Cd than rats fed adequate minerals. The effects on Cd concentrations in liver and kidney were similar to the effects on 109Cd retention. These results support the hypothesis that populations exposed to dietary sources of Cd and subsisting on marginal mineral intakes could be at greater risk than well-nourished populations exposed to similar amounts of dietary Cd. Thus, different food crops can cause unequal Cd risk at equal Cd concentration if diets containing the food are not balanced to provide adequate interacting mineral concentrations.     

In vitro bioavailability of calcium and iron from selected green leafy vegetables

The objective of the present investigation was to analyze the relative influence of oxalic acid, phytic acid, tannin and dietary fiber on in vitro availability of iron and calcium from green leafy vegetables (GLV). Thirteen GLV were selected and analyzed for iron, calcium, oxalic acid, phytic acid, tannin and dietary fiber contents using standard methods. The bioavailability of calcium and iron in the GLV was estimated by equilibrium dialysis. Oxalic acid content was less than 1 g kg^?1 in four greens and ranged between 1.22 to 11.98 g kg^?1 in the remaining. Dietary fiber ranged from 19.5 to 113.7 g kg^?1. Tannin content ranged between 0.6138 and 2.1159 g kg^?1 with the exception of two GLV that had 0.1332 and 14.8619 g kg^?1. Four GLV were found to have approximately 40% bioavailable iron, while the others were in the range of 6–30%. In vitro available calcium was less than or equal to 25% in eight GLV and between 34% and 52% in five GLV. Multiple regression analysis revealed that these factors together accounted for 53% (r² = 0.53) and 45% (r² = 0.45) inhibition of iron and calcium absorption, respectively. These findings infer that calcium and iron availability is influenced by the constituents present in the GLV. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

食源性钙结合多肽的研究进展

钙是维持人体生命活动所必需的常量元素。然而,我国居民膳食中钙的摄入量仅为推荐摄入量的一半,传统补钙制剂存在生物利用率低等缺点,因此开发安全高效的补钙制剂势在必行。食源性钙结合多肽因其天然性更为安全可靠,越来越成为研究的热点。本文对常见的食源性钙结合多肽及其分离纯化、鉴定方法进行综述,以寻找食源性钙结合多肽的新路径,以期为食源性钙结合多肽的制备和开发提供参考。