A three-axes-compensated inductive magnetometer for measurements in high pulsed magnetic fields

A high-sensititity magnetometer intended for studying the magnetic properties of materials in pulsed magnetic fields of up to 43 T is described. A distinctive feature of the magnetometer is its method for compensating pickups generated in the magnetometer sensing element by a pulsed field. The commonly used uniaxial high-order compensation is replaced by a triaxial compensation of the lowest (quadrupole) order, combined with a transverse arrangement of the main probe coils. This method has allowed us to achieve a compensation level of the signal in the working coil (with an inner diameter of 1.4 or 1.75 mm) of the magnetometer without a sample of up to 10⁻⁶ for the longitudinal and 10⁻⁴ for the transverse field components. The magnetic moment sensitivity of the magnetometer is 10⁻⁴ mA·m² in fields below 10 T and 10⁻³ mA·m² at a field pulse amplitude of 35 T. A deviation of the compensation is below 2×10⁻⁴ for a temperature increase from 77 to 300 K and below 5×10⁻⁵ after sample replacement. The sample temperature is controlled by a fast-acting temperature control system in a range of 6–300 K to an accuracy of 0.3–0.05 K.     

Rotating sample magnetometer for cryogenic temperatures and high magnetic fields

We report on the design and implementation of a rotating sample magnetometer (RSM) operating in the variable temperature insert (VTI) of a cryostat equipped with a high-field magnet. The limited space and the cryogenic temperatures impose the most critical design parameters: the small bore size of the magnet requires a very compact pick-up coil system and the low temperatures demand a very careful design of the bearings. Despite these difficulties the RSM achieves excellent resolution at high magnetic field sweep rates, exceeding that of a typical vibrating sample magnetometer by about a factor of ten. In addition the gas-flow cryostat and the high-field superconducting magnet provide a temperature and magnetic field range unprecedented for this type of magnetometer.     

The mixed vector finite element method for modeling electric and magnetic quasi-stationary fields

A mixed variational problem formulation is proposed to find the electric field as a solution to a second-order differential equation and the magnetic flux density vector as a solution to a first-order differential equation.     

A modular designed ultra-high-vacuum spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscope with controllable magnetic fields for investigating epitaxial thin films

A room-temperature ultra-high-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope for in situ scanning freshly grown epitaxial films has been developed. The core unit of the microscope, which consists of critical components including scanner and approach motors, is modular designed. This enables easy adaptation of the same microscope units to new growth systems with different sample-transfer geometries. Furthermore the core unit is designed to be fully compatible with cryogenic temperatures and high magnetic field operations. A double-stage spring suspension system with eddy current damping has been implemented to achieve ≤5 pm z stability in a noisy environment and in the presence of an interconnected growth chamber. Both tips and samples can be quickly exchanged in situ; also a tunable external magnetic field can be introduced using a transferable permanent magnet shuttle. This allows spin-polarized tunneling with magnetically coated tips. The performance of this microscope is demonstrated by atomic-resolution imaging of surface reconstructions on wide band-gap GaN surfaces and spin-resolved experiments on antiferromagnetic Mn(3)N(2)(010) surfaces.     

基于随机共振原理的大频率微弱信号检测方法研究

针对直接利用随机共振原理不能有效地检测出大频率微弱信号的问题,提出了利用混频器的频谱搬移特性,将待测的大频率信号和信号发生器产生的信号混频,从而使大频率信号转化为小频率信号,然后再加入非线性双稳态系统,对此方法进行了理论上的研究并设计出了混频随机共振电路系统。研究结果表明,基于此方法设计的电路能有效地检测出大频率微弱信号。     

A versatile cantilever beam magnetometer for ex situ characterization of magnetic materials

We have designed, fabricated, and made operational an ex situ cantilever beam magnetometer (CBM), which is versatile in the sense that it can measure most of the magnetic properties of a material in all probable shapes. The working principle of a CBM is discussed considering the magnetic torque into the beam theory. The individual components of the instrument are described in details and experiments were performed on the bulk materials, pellets of nanoparticles, ribbon samples, and thin films, and the magnetization, magnetostriction, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy were studied. This magnetometer is inexpensive, but versatile and would be suitable for the research as well as teaching laboratories.     

Shielding of longitudinal magnetic fields with thin, closely spaced, concentric cylinders of high permeability material

Formulae for the longitudinal shielding effectiveness of N thin, closely spaced, concentric cylinders of high permeability material have been developed and experimentally tested. For shields which cannot be oriented, or which change their orientation in the ambient field, the shielding effectiveness for longitudinal fields is generally the limiting criterion and no design formulae have previously been published for more than two shields. A simple diagrammatical method of writing the shielding formula is presented. Use of these equations is demonstrated by application to the design of magnetic shields for hydrogen maser atomic clocks. Examples of design tradeoffs such as size, weight, and material thickness are discussed. Experimental data on three sets of shields fabricated by three manufacturers are presented.     

单光束 SERF 磁强计三轴磁场解耦磁补偿校准方法

针对单光束SERF原子磁强计磁补偿过程中的三轴磁场耦合问题,提出了一种对磁强计三轴顺序补偿值进行反向校准的方法,用于减小三轴补偿过程中产生的耦合磁场。首先,构建了三轴磁场耦合数学模型,即一个3×3的耦合系数矩阵,来描述三轴之间的磁场耦合关系,并对实验室磁强计样机进行了三轴耦合系数测试。然后,提出了一种应用三轴耦合系数对三轴顺序补偿值进行反向校准的方法;最后,对比了校准前后的磁补偿效果。实验表明,经三轴顺序补偿反向校准后,磁强计的响应线宽平均变窄2～10 Hz,灵敏度提高3～5 fTHz^1/2,验证了该方法的有效性,为进一步优化磁补偿技术奠定了基础。     

Modeling and analysis of magnetic dipoles in weak magnetic field

The magnetic leakage field distribution resulting from linear defects of a tube sample in the geomagnetic field is modeled according to the magnetic dipole theory. The formula to compute the normal component of the weak magnetic field is deduced based on the spatial distribution of the magnetic dipole. The shape and characteristics of the zero line (an important criterion for magnetic memory testing) of the normal field is analyzed under different longitudinal magnetizations. Results show that the characteristics of the zero line should be considered when the metal magnetic memory testing method is used to find and locate the defect.     

Modeling and analysis of magnetic dipoles in weak magnetic field

The magnetic leakage field distribution resulting from linear defects of a tube sample in the geomagnetic field is modeled according to the magnetic dipole theory. The formula to compute the normal component of the weak magnetic field is deduced based on the spatial distribution of the magnetic dipole. The shape and characteristics of the zero line (an important criterion for magnetic memory testing) of the normal field is analyzed under different longitudinal magnetizations. Results show that the characteristics of the zero line should be considered when the metal magnetic memory testing method is used to find and locate the defect. __________ Translated from Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2007, 27(147): 395–398 [译自: 北京理工大学学报]     

A methodology of measuring nitrogen content in thin nitrogenated carbon overcoats on magnetic thin film media

Thin nitrogenated carbon overcoats were deposited on magnetic rigid disks by unbalanced DC‐magnetron sputtering using a mixture of argon and nitrogen gases. Nitrogen content of nitrogenated carbon is important in determining its tribological performance. Two techniques, including Raman spectroscopy and reflectometry, were evaluated to measure nitrogen content. It will be shown that conventional deconvolution of Raman spectra into D‐ and G‐band cannot be correlated to nitrogen content in thin nitrogenated carbon unambiguously. On the other hand, a trend in the optical constants of nitrogenated carbon will be described that allows rapid quantitative determination of nitrogen content calibrated against ESCA. Measurements of nitrogen content ranging from 0 to 25 at.% will be presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于小波熵的微弱磁异常信号降噪处理

针对地下磁性掩埋物检测时,磁异常信号信噪比低的问题,提出基于小波熵的微弱磁异常信号降噪方法。小波变换对弱磁异常信号进行提取的关键在于确定小波系数的阈值。为此,引入反映信号能量分布特性的小波熵概念和一个调节因子,最终确定阈值,利用软阈值方法处理高频系数。通过计算机仿真对算法进行了检验。结果表明:该算法可以有效地提高信噪比,还原原始信号。     

基于加速度计和磁强计的方位测量与校正技术研究

根据随钻测量的要求,描述了基于三轴加速度计与三轴磁强计测量钻具方位的方法,并针对铁磁性材料造成干扰磁场对方位测量引入的误差,提出了两种利用当地地磁场进行方位校正的方法--直接校正法和间接校正法,前者通过校正公式直接进行校正,后者通过循环递推逐次收敛于真实的方位.在原理分析的基础上,得出具体的校正算法,并通过数据仿真进行验证.结果表明,两种校正方法均能消除钻具干扰磁场的影响,获得准确的方位角,因此可以大大减少无磁钻铤的长度,节省钻进成本.     

Design of a compensated signal rod for low magnetic moment sample measurements with a vibrating sample magnetometer

A zero-signal sample holder is proposed for the measurement of weak magnetic signals with vibrating sample magnetometers. With proper shape of the support rod, a nearly vanishing signal can be obtained as a function of the magnetic field and the temperature. In particular, it is shown that the addition of an extra part to a standard glass sample holder can reduce the diamagnetic signal by more than three orders of magnitude with no noise increase. The proposed method is applicable to field, temperature, and angular measurements; it is also ideally suited to direct measurement of nanometer thick magnetic layers deposited on much thicker diamagnetic substrates.     

A three-channel polarointerferometer for diagnostics of magnetic fields in high-temperature plasma

A polarointerferometer designed for studying magnetic fields in high-temperature laser or electricdischarge plasma with the method of measuring the Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization of a probing laser beam is described. The instrument’s optical system allows three—shadow, polarization, and interference—images of an object to be formed in a single diagnostic channel, thereby making it possible to record plasma images using only one digital camera.     

A pulse method to estimate the efficiency of shielding magnetic fields

A method for experimental evaluation of the magnetic-field attenuation coefficients under a pulsed action is considered. A technique for the preliminary processing of measurement results for low useful signal-to-noise ratios is considered taking the features of the operation of digital oscilloscopes into account. The analysis of the spectral composition of measured signals and a method for their approximation in the time domain, which allows elimination of the influence of measuring-sensor noise and digital-oscilloscope rounding errors, are presented. The results of estimating the frequency dependence of the magnetic-field attenuation coefficients for a copper shield in comparison with the results of a theoretical calculation are presented. The considered method allows simultaneous determination of the coefficients of the magnetic-field attenuation by the shield in a wide frequency range.     

粉末薄层选区激光烧结温度场数值模拟与实验研究

单层粉末的激光烧结温度场对三维结构熔结成型有着直接影响。通过对工程塑料粉末选区激光烧结过程能量作用形式的分析,构建了粉体与金属基板界面接触热阻的导热模型和扫描烧结的移动热源模型;利用有限元法对功率为10～25W,光斑直径为0.24mm的激光逐行扫描烧结过程的温度场进行了数值模拟;通过温度场分布模拟和激光烧结实验得到了单层厚度为0.5mm的PA6粉末行扫描间距的优化区间为0.3～0.4mm,获得了熔结质量较好、厚度均匀的平板形烧结物,为进一步优化工艺参数提供了基础。     

高频加热线圈台阶对区熔炉磁场的影响

区熔法是生长单晶硅的重要方法之一,针对区熔法生长单晶硅过程因多晶硅熔化表面热量不均匀而出现“冷针”的问题,利用有限元法对生长区熔硅单晶进行了数值模拟。区熔法生长单晶硅采用高频感应加热,高频加热线圈是区熔炉最为关键的部件之一,线圈的结构、尺寸直接影响到磁场及焦耳热的分布及熔区形状。基于此,建立了有台阶线圈和无台阶线圈下的两种模型,对比了两种模型下熔区附近磁场分布和焦耳热分布,着重分析了高频加热线圈的台阶对磁场及焦耳热分布的影响。研究结果表明,高频加热线圈的结构会直接影响到熔区附近磁场的分布,进而影响熔区生成的焦耳热分布,线圈台阶可使磁场在熔区附近分布得更均匀,从而有效地解决了“冷针”问题。     

The magnetic fields of eddy currents with the relative movement of point magnetic poles and a magnetized conductor

A numerical solution by the integral equation method of the model of point magnetic poles, which move with a constant velocity over a magnetized conducting half space, is given. The proposed model can be useful for the qualitative understanding and preliminary estimation of the magnetic fields of eddy currents that arise, e.g., during the magnetic testing of moving rails.