Characterization and hydroisomerization performance of SAPO-11 molecular sieves synthesized by dry gel conversion

SAPO-11 molecular sieves were synthesized by two types of dry gel conversion (DGC) methods, namely, steam-assisted conversion (SAC) and vapor phase transport (VPT), and by conventional hydrothermal (CHT) method. The properties of these samples were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, N₂-adsorption, Pyridine-IR and ²⁹Si MAS NMR methods. The results show that di-n-propylamine (DPA) is a suitable structure-directing agent (SDA) for the preparation of impurity-free SAPO-11. SAPO-11 molecular sieves synthesized by SAC and VPT exhibit higher crystallinity, higher Si content and more strongly acidic sites than that synthesized by CHT. ²⁹Si MAS NMR results demonstrated that the two samples obtained by the DGC methods contain more Si(nAl)(0 < n < 4) species than that obtained by CHT. These facts suggest that the SAC and VPT methods contribute either to better Si incorporation into the AlPO₄ framework or to better Si dispersal, thus decreasing the size of Si islands and increasing the number and strength of acidic sites. The results from the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane indicate that the Pt/SAPO-11 synthesized by SAC possesses the highest hydroconversion activity and isomer yield among those three catalysts, due to the high acidity of the molecular sieve supporter.     

Hydroisomerization of Long-Chain Alkane Over Pt/SAPO-11 Catalysts Synthesized from Nonaqueous Media

SAPO-11 molecular sieves were synthesized from nonaqueous media. The effects of Si and Al sources as well as solvents on the catalytic performance of SAPO-11 were investigated by the hydroisomerization reaction of n-dodecane. The samples were characterized by XRD, XRF, N₂-adsorption, SEM, NH₃-TPD, IR-NH₃ and ²⁹Si CP MAS NMR. The SAPO-11 samples synthesized with tetraethoxysilane as the Si source showed higher Si incorporation contents than the SAPO molecular sieves prepared with polymeric Si sources (fumed silica and Si colloidal gel). The reaction results showed that Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts synthesized from ethylene glycol and glycerol media with the monomeric Si and Al sources (tetraethoxysilane, aluminum isopropoxide) exhibited higher catalytic activities than those catalysts with the polymeric Si or Al (pseudo-boehmite) sources, due to the larger external surface area and higher acidity of the former ones. Especially, the catalyst synthesized in an ethylene glycol medium possessed the highest catalytic activity. Over this catalyst, 88% conversion of n-dodecane was achieved at a low temperature of 250 °C.     

Nature and catalytic performance of PtSAPO-5 molecular sieve catalyst synthesized by one step

Pt catalysts supported on silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves were synthesized by adding platinum salts directly to the gel mixture of SAPO. The synthesized products were marked as PtSAPO-5, in order to distinguish with the SAPO-5 supported platinum catalyst prepared by impregnation, which was marked as Pt/SAPO-5. The as-synthesized and calcined PtSAPO-5 samples were characterized by XRD,²⁹Si MAS NMR,¹²⁹XeNMR and NH₃-TPD, and their catalytic activities were evaluated by the hydroisomerization of n-hexane. The results revealed that in PtSAPO-5, the platinum could catalyze the removal of the templates entrapped in the as-synthesized samples. The presence of Pt in the gel mixture can increase silicon content in the framework of SAPO-5, and the acid sites. In the activated PtSAPO-5 catalyst, Pt was highly dispersed in the channel of SAPO-5 molecular sieve. Pt exists in the form of big particles outside of the channel of Pt/SAPO-5 prepared by impregnating method, and impregnation with H₂PtCl₆ improved the strength of acid sites. PtSAPO-5 has a higher activity and selectivity than Pt/SAPO-5 in the hydroisomerization of n-hexane. This is because the former has medium acid sites and high dispersion of Pt, while the channel of Pt/SAPO-5 is somewhat retarded by the big platinum particles, and the acid sites are stronger than the former.     

小晶粒SAPO-11分子筛合成及其正己烷异构化催化性能

以二正丙胺和二异丙胺为双模板剂,通过低温预晶化及向SAPO-11分子筛合成体系中加入添加物(异丙醇、聚乙二醇或氢氟酸)等方法阻止其晶粒的生长与聚集,达到控制分子筛颗粒尺寸的目的,在水热条件下一步法合成小晶粒SAPO-11分子筛。结果表明,合成条件对SAPO-11分子筛的晶粒大小和催化性能影响很大,晶粒尺寸由常规方法合成的(5～10)μm减小至约400 nm,小晶粒Pt/SAPO-11催化剂对正己烷加氢异构化反应表现出优异的催化活性和选择性。     

SAPO-34分子筛形貌和粒径的影响因素考察

以四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,水热合成法制备SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD和SEM进行表征,考察硅铝比、晶化温度、晶化时间和陈化时间对分子筛形貌和粒径的影响。结果表明,在硅铝物质的量比为0.8、晶化温度200℃、晶化时间24 h和陈化时间4 h条件下,可合成晶粒均匀和晶体表面光滑的粒径仅为2μm的SAPO-34分子筛。     

小粒径SAPO-11分子筛合成的研究进展

传统的SAPO-11分子筛颗粒尺寸较大,将其作为烷烃加氢异构化双功能催化剂的载体时,会增加烷烃分子在孔道内的停留时间,并降低载体的孔体积和酸中心利用率。小粒径SAPO-11分子筛孔道长度短,更便于烷烃分子扩散,并且具有更多暴露的孔口,提高了催化活性位的可及性。本文针对传统水热法合成的SAPO-11分子筛因颗粒尺寸较大而降低其孔体积和酸中心利用率,以及增加烷烃分子在孔道内的停留时间,使得烷烃分子在孔道内酸性位的作用下发生过度裂化等问题,综述了小粒径SAPO-11分子筛制备方法的最新研究进展及其优缺点,介绍了小粒径SAPO-11分子筛合成过程中的影响因素,并分析了小粒径SAPO-11分子筛合成技术中的关键要点和亟待解决的问题以及未来的发展趋势,指出未来应着重于具有良好热稳定性的小粒径多级孔SAPO-11分子筛的研究,并且应注重实现合成过程的方法绿色化、模板剂绿色化和溶剂绿色化。     

Performance of Pt/MgAPO-11 Catalysts in the Hydroisomerization of n-dodecane

MgAPO-11 molecular sieves with varying Mg contents synthesized by the hydrothermal method were used as supports for bifunctional Pt/MgAPO-11 catalysts. MgAPO-11 molecular sieves and the corresponding catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD), differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, temperature-programmed reduction of H₂ (H₂-TPR), H₂ chemisorption and catalytic reaction evaluation. The results indicated that the acidity generated via the substitution of Mg²⁺ for Al³⁺ in the framework increased with the Mg content. Acting as acidic components, the MgAPO-11 molecular sieves loaded with Pt were tested in the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane. Optimum isomer yield was obtained over the Pt/MgAPO-11 catalyst that had neither the highest acidity nor the highest Pt loading among the tested catalysts. In fact, the activity and the isomer yield both could attain a maximum on 0.5 wt.% Pt/MgAPO-11 catalysts with differing Mg contents. A lower Mg content resulted in an insufficient acidity, whilst a higher Mg content weakened the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation function of the Pt. These inappropriate balances between the acidic and the metallic functions of the catalysts would lead to low activities and isomer yields. On the other hand, the 0.5 wt.% Pt/MgAPO-11(3) catalyst was found to have a good balance between the acidic and the metallic functions, and thus exhibited both high activity and isomer yield in comparison with the conventional 0.5 wt.% Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst.     

烃类异构化小粒径、多级孔SAPO-11分子筛催化剂研究进展

由于小粒径、多级孔或兼具小粒径与多级孔结构的SAPO-11分子筛能够显著提高SAPO-11分子筛催化剂在烃类加氢异构化中的活性和选择性,近年来已成为烃类异构化催化剂研究的热点。本文按照SAPO-11分子筛的制备方法进行分类,系统介绍了小粒径、多级孔和兼具小粒径与多级孔结构的SAPO-11分子筛的制备及其临氢异构化性能,指出在今后的研究中,研究开发新的绿色高效合成方法,降低合成成本和减少环境污染是小粒径或（和）多级孔SAPO-11分子筛催化剂实现工业化应用亟待解决的突出问题和研究方向。     

SAPO-11分子筛合成及合成影响因素研究进展

随着经济的迅速发展,汽油消耗量持续增加,由此产生的大气污染问题日趋严重。因此,世界各国对石油产品的要求越来越严格,如何提高油品质量和降低污染成为重要课题。异构化反应作为提高油品质量的重要手段得到广泛应用。在催化异构化反应的催化剂中,SAPO-11分子筛具有良好的酸性、热稳定性和催化性能,在催化裂化、加氢裂化、异构化、异构脱蜡以及轻烯烃聚合等方面得到广泛应用。SAPO-11分子筛的合成方法主要有水热合成法和微波合成法。综述了SAPO-11分子筛的结构性质、合成方法及合成影响因素。SAPO-11分子筛合成中需要进行深入研究的几个方面为:(1)寻找更廉价高效的合成原料;(2)对合成方法进行改进,使产物组成可控;(3)提高SAPO-11分子筛的水热稳定性;(4)对SAPO-11分子筛进行改性,使其针对某些反应有更好的催化效果;(5)将杂原子引入SAPO-11分子筛骨架,制备出结构与性能不同的新型分子筛,并探索其应用价值。     

SAPO-34分子筛粒径的控制方法

SAPO-34分子筛具有独特的骨架结构,应用于甲醇制低碳烯烃反应时速率较快且不易堵塞。小晶粒SAPO-34分子筛可有效缓解产物聚合结焦,提高催化剂寿命,但通过简单的合成方法得到粒径小于100 nm的SAPO-34纳米颗粒非常困难。综述影响SAPO-34分子筛粒径的因素,通过选择合适的材料,老化和结晶条件,达到有效控制SAPO-34分子筛粒径的目的。以拟薄水铝石为铝源,液态硅为硅源,采用在水热体系中溶解度较高的四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,通过适当延长陈化时间和缩短晶化时间,较容易得到粒径较小的SAPO-34分子筛。     

Effects of the SAPO-11 synthetic process on dehydration of ethanol to ethylene

The effects of the synthetic condition of SAPO-11 molecular sieves on ethanol dehydration to ethylene were studied. Product-compositions, ethanol conversion, and selectivity to ethylene of synthesized and commercial SAPO-11 molecular sieves were compared. Results are as follows: the optimal synthetic conditions for SAPO-11 molecular sieves are adding pseudoboehmite before orthophoshporic, using di-n- propylamine as the template, having a mass fraction of 40% colloidal silica as the silica source and the starting gel obtained, and running at 200°C for 48 h. From the patterns of NH₃-TPD, the amount of acid synthesized by SAPO-11 molecular sieves is less than that by commercial SAPO-11 molecular sieves, and has a stronger weak acid. Also, ethanol conversion and selectivity to ethylene reached 99% at 280°C on synthesized SAPO-11, lower by 20°C compared to commercial SAPO-11. For two SAPO-11 molecular sieves, the by-products in the gas phase are mainly ethane, propane, propene, isobutane, n-butane, propadiene, butylene and some higher hydrocarbons. The by-products in the liquid phase are ethyl ether and acetaldehyde.     

硅源用量对SAPO-18分子筛合成及催化性能的影响

采用水热合成法,以N,N-二异丙基乙胺为模板剂合成SAPO-18分子筛,并用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电子显微镜、NH3程序升温脱附及N2吸附-脱附等对其结构进行表征,系统研究合成凝胶中硅源用量对SAPO-18分子筛合成及其在甲醇制烯烃反应中催化性能的影响。结果表明,在晶化温度453 K、晶化时间96 h和合成凝胶中0.3≤n(Si O2)∶n(Al2O3)≤1.2条件下,能合成出纯相的SAPO-18分子筛,其中,当n(Si O2)∶n(Al2O3)=0.6,在反应时间135 min时,合成的SAPO-18分子筛具有较高的双烯选择性(乙烯+丙烯)。合成凝胶中硅源的用量对SAPO-18分子筛酸性有显著影响,适当增加分子筛中强酸比有助于提高乙烯和丙烯选择性,但缩短催化剂寿命。     

微波辅助高效水热合成SAPO-11分子筛

采用微波辅助的方法,以拟薄水铝石、硅溶胶等为原料,合成出纯相SAPO-11分子筛,大大减少了晶化时间,节约了合成成本。通过X射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对合成的样品进行表征,详细考察了硅源、模板剂、硅铝比及晶化条件（晶化时间、晶化温度、pH）对合成的影响。结果表明,pH及晶化时间的影响较为显著,以硅溶胶为硅源,以二正丙胺为模板剂,在n(SiO2)∶n(Al2O3)=0.6、pH=5.7、晶化温度为185 ℃、晶化时间为10 h的条件下,采用微波辅助可以高效地合成纯相的SAPO-11分子筛。     

Dehydroisomerization of n-Pentane to Isopentene on Molecular Sieves Impregnated with Platinum

The direct conversion of n-pentane to isopentene by dehydrogenation and isomerization in a single step was studied on Pt supported over SAPO-11, ferrierite (FER) and HZSM5 molecular sieves. The Pt/SAPO-11 presented the best selectivity to mono-branched pentenes. The characterization of acidic sites with isomers of propylamine revealed a better capacity for SAPO-11 to diffuse mono-branched amines and that is considered a consequence of its pore geometry, which could explain the obtained selectivity.     

Effect of different TEAOH/DEA combinations on SAPO-34’s synthesis and catalytic performance

SAPO-34 molecular sieves were synthesized hydrothermally using different combinations of amine agents [i.e., tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and diethylamine (DEA)]. XRD indicated the good crystallinity directed by single or mixed template for CHA structure. The morphology of crystals from SEM photograph was shown to be cubic shape of typical SAPO-34, but distinct in crystal size, increasing from 0.3–0.8 to 3.1–9.1 μm with the amount of DEA in the gel. NH₃-TPD showed similar acid properties for SAPO-34 with TEAOH content from 1.0 to 0.1, but strong acidity synthesized with DEA only. ²⁹Si MAS NMR demonstrated that Si species in framework with single DEA existed in large size of silicon islands, whereas dispersed finely in siliceous islands of smaller size with remarkable Si (nAl, 4-nSi, 0 < n < 4) environments in the samples using mixed template. In the methanol conversion to olefins over different SAPO-34 catalysts, the sample prepared with the mixtures of 50%TEAOH and 50%DEA showed the longest lifetime and high selectivity to C₂⁼~C₃⁼.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Hydroisomerization Performance of SAPO-11 Molecular Sieves with Caverns by Polymer Spheres

Silicoaluminophosphates SAPO-11 molecular sieves with caverns were synthesized using polystyrene (PS) micro-spheres as template. The morphologies of the cavitary SAPO-11 molecular sieves exhibit spherical particles ranging 7–10 μm aggregated from cubic plate microcrystallites which just like the SAPO-11 molecular sieves synthesized with the conventional method, but some caverns of 500–1,200 nm pore size in diameter can be observed on the former material. The strength and distribution of the acid sites of the cavitary SAPO-11 are similar to that of the conventional SAPO-11, but the acid density is slightly low owing to the decreased crystallinity of the cavitary SAPO-11. The micropores size and mesopores size of the conventional SAPO-11 are centered at about 0.45 and 3.8 nm, respectively, while the cavitary SAPO-11 has, in addition to the micropores and mesopores, large mesopores ranging 5–30 nm and macropores ranging from about 100 to 1,200 nm, which were derived from the PS sphere template. Hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane was performed to investigate the catalytic performance of the cavitary SAPO-11. The result showed that, in comparison with the conventional SAPO-11, the cavitary SAPO-11 has high activity based on per active site and high selectivity, owing to the fast diffusion of the reactant and isomer products inside the catalyst.     

偏高岭土水热合成磷酸硅铝分子筛及其表征

以具有一定活性的偏高岭土兼作铝源与硅源、正磷酸作磷源、三乙胺和氧氟酸为复合模板剂,用水热方法合成了磷酸硅铝分子筛(SAPO-5).利用X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析、扫描电镜、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller分析等手段对产物进行了表征.研究了不同晶化时间对产物晶相组成的影响.在473 K下,晶化时间为24 h时,可得到结晶度较高的SAPO-5晶体,其形貌为尺寸大约200 nm的柱状晶体,比表面积为205.9 m2/g,平均孔径为9.72 nm,孔容为0.73 cm3/g,属于介孔材料.     

Selective hydroisomerization of n-dodecane over platinum supported on SAPO-11

Effects of loading method and amount of platinum on the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane were investigated. Platinum was supported on SAPO-11 by incipient wetness, ion exchange, or atomic layer deposition. Characterization of catalysts was carried out using N₂ adsorption, XRD, NH-TPD, TPR, and pyridine-IR. The dispersion of the Pt (IE 0.2)/SAPO-11 and the Pt (ALD 0.6)/SAPO-11 are 0.65 and 0.59, respectively, which are much higher than those of the catalysts prepared by incipient wetness method. The Pt(IW)/SAPO-11 catalyst exhibited the best isomerization activity in the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane, which is attributed to the highest reducibility.     

Influence of template on Si distribution of SAPO-11 and their performance for n-paraffin isomerization

SAPO-11 molecular sieves were synthesized using single agent (i.e. diethylamine (DEA), di-iso-propylamine (DIPA) and di-n-propylamine (DPA)) or a mixture of DEA and DIPA (named DEPA) as the template under hydrothermal conditions. XRD indicated that the directing effect of different templates for AEL structure decreased in the order of DEPA > DPA > DIPA > DEA. ²⁹Si MAS NMR showed that although all SAPO-11 samples synthesized at same Si content, that prepared with the mixed template contained more Si (4Al) sites, whereas Si (nAl, 4-nSi, 0 < n < 4) environments were predominant in the samples synthesized with single template. The results indicated that the mixed template led to a better Si dispersion and then increased the number of total acid sites of SAPO-11. In the isomerization of n-tetradecane over different Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts, the sample prepared with DEPA showed high catalytic activity and selectivity for i-C₁₄, which were related to the most abundant weak acid sites of the sample.     

Hydroisomerization of n-dodecane over Pt/MeAPO-11 (Me = Mg,Mn, Co or Zn) catalysts

Mg-, Mn-, Co- and Zn-substituted AlPO-11 molecular sieves were synthesized, characterized and used as acidic supports of the bifunctional Pt/MeAPO-11 catalysts in the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane. As compared to AlPO-11, the acidity of MeAPO-11 increased considerably, while the metallic properties of Pt over MeAPO-11 was weakened, especially for Mn- and Co-containing catalysts. In the hydroisomerization of n-dodecane, the activity of Pt/MeAPO-11 was primarily determined by the acidic strength of MeAPO-11, whereas the isomerization selectivity was controlled by the combined effect of the acidity of MeAPO-11 and the (de)hydrogenation function of Pt.