柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬态工况的燃烧过程分析及其对烟度的影响

采用自行设计的瞬态工况控制及测量系统，对增压中冷柴油机进行了恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下发动机的空燃比、消光烟度及示功图参数的测试．试验结果表明：随转矩增加率的上升，空燃比减小，引起混合气变浓，燃烧恶化；燃烧始点后移，而燃烧持续期延长；预混燃烧比明显下降．上述原因导致了在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下，随转矩增加率的升高，排气烟度上升．     

柴油机恒转矩增转速瞬态工况的烟度及燃烧特性分析

采用自行设计的瞬态工况控制及测量系统对增压中冷柴油机进行了恒转矩增转速瞬态工况下发动机的空燃比、消光烟度及示功图参数的测试，并与稳态数据进行了对比。试验结果表明：在瞬态工况下，发动机的外部参数及燃烧过程参数与稳态过程存在很大的差异，其差异程度随工况瞬变性加剧而增加。随转速增加率的上升空燃比减小，燃烧持续期延长，扩散燃烧比增加，导致排气烟度上升。     

柴油机瞬态工况烟度排放特性及分析

为了研究车用柴油机瞬态工况中,燃烧边界条件对燃烧过程的影响,在试验台上针对增压中冷柴油机在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下的烟度排放特性进行了试验,并用商业计算软件STAR-CD对此瞬态工况下柴油机的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟分析。针对增压柴油机低转速大负荷排烟较差的特点,试验中发动机转速定为1000r／min,以3种不同的转矩变化率来考察柴油机瞬态工况下的排烟特性。结果表明,柴油机瞬态工况下和稳态工况下的燃烧边界条件有很大的差别,这种差别导致了柴油机瞬态工况下的烟度排放值要明显高于其相应的稳态工况。计算结果表明,随着转矩变化率的升高,最大初始放热率升高及燃烧持续期延长,这些差异同样导致排气烟度值增加。     

CA6DE1-21K柴油机瞬态工况NOx的排放特性

试验研究了CA6DE1-21K柴油机在恒转速变转矩和恒转矩变转速瞬态工况下NOx的排放规律．研究结果表明，在恒转速变转矩瞬态工况中，NOx瞬态排放值低于其在稳态工况下的排放值，且与转矩变化率的变化关系不大．在恒转矩变转速瞬态工况中，中低负荷时NOx排放值随着转速变化率的升高而上升，而在中高负荷时，工况的变化率对NOx排放影响不大。     

增压直喷柴油机瞬态工况燃烧参数的变化规律

为了研究车用增压柴油机瞬态工况下燃烧参数的变化规律,利用燃烧分析仪在试验台上研究了恒转速变转矩瞬态工况下,油门开度变化率对燃烧参数的影响规律。试验研究了该柴油机在1 000 r/min转速下,油门开度分别在5 s、10 s和15 s内由10%匀速增加到90%时柴油机的响应特性和燃烧参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:发动机存在转矩的增加相对于供油滞后的现象,且随着转矩变化率的增加,这种滞后更加明显;在同一转速增转矩工况中,随着负荷的增加,着火滞燃期缩短,最大放热率降低且前移,放热率重心前移;在油门开度相同的情况下,随着转矩变化率的增加,最高燃烧压力下降、最高燃烧压力点前移、着火滞燃期延长、燃烧持续期缩短、最大放热率降低且后移、放热率重心前移、最高燃烧温度下降。     

柴油机瞬变工况的动态响应及燃烧劣变分析

利用瞬态控制和测试系统,研究了增压柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬变工况不同加载时间和转速对发动机动态响应及燃烧劣变的影响.为分析问题的方便,定义了一个评价瞬变响应性能的参数——滞后系数.结果表明:在相同加载时间下,发动机的油量、转矩、进气量和NOx的滞后系数依次增大;随着加载时间或转速的减小,各参数的滞后系数逐渐增大;与稳态工况相比,瞬变过程中发动机存在进气延迟、空燃比降低、燃烧相位推迟、烟度和燃油消耗率增加等燃烧劣变问题,且随着加载时间或转速的减小,上述的"问题"越严重.     

加载参数对柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬态工况的试验

以一台高压共轨、增压中冷的重型柴油机为研究对象,研究了不同加载率、加载起始点以及加载持续时间对恒转速增转矩加载过程的影响.定义了"平均增量空燃比"和"空燃比平均减速度"两个参数,分别用于评价加载过程中供气相对于供油的响应速率和空燃比的降低速率.研究发现:加载率越大或者加载起始点负荷越小,供气滞后越严重,燃油消耗率、烟度以及CO排放增加,但NOx排放降低.燃油消耗率和烟度排放的主要恶化区分别集中在加载过程的前期和后期;随着加载持续时间增大,供气响应性能虽有改善,但空燃比较稳态值仍明显降低,燃油消耗率、烟度和CO排放性能恶化.另外,加载持续时间对瞬态烟度和CO峰值排放存在拐点.     

进气涡流对车用直喷式柴油机瞬态工况下微粒排放的影响

用自行设计的喷气式可变涡流进气系统（ＡＩＶＳＩＳ）调节气缸内的涡流水平,试验研究了进气涡流对车用直喷式柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下微粒排放的影响,结果表明,对于一定涡流比的瞬态工况,随着转矩变化率的增大,柴油机的微粒排放量逐渐增加,涡流比越小,瞬态工况微粒的排放随转矩变化率增大的速率越高。相同转矩增长率的瞬态工况,随着涡流比的增大,柴油机微粒的排放量逐渐降低。提高恒转速增转矩瞬态工况缸内的涡流强度     

基于空燃比控制的可调两级增压动态性能研究

以6缸可调两级增压柴油机为研究对象,设计了高压涡轮旁通闭环控制系统;建立了前馈式PI闭环控制算法,在瞬态过程中采用根据空燃比及其变化率对旁通阀开度进行调节的策略。瞬态工况试验表明,设计的闭环控制系统和算法对发动机动态响应性能的提高具有明显的效果。当发动机喷油量或者转速增加时,系统判断其进入加速或加载阶段,旁通阀立即关闭,进气压力迅速建立,减弱了涡轮增压系统的迟滞效应;当过量空气系数出现上升趋势时,旁通阀调节至查表所得的开度,待发动机喷油量和转速均不发生变化时,系统判断发动机恢复稳态,进入稳态闭环调节模式。对比其他不含动态判断的情况,发动机动态响应特性明显提升。     

EGR对涡轮增压柴油机瞬态特性的影响

通过一台电控单体泵柴油机进行定转速瞬态加载和定负荷瞬态加速试验,分析不同废气再循环(EGR)阀开度下柴油机重要性能参数在瞬态工况时的变化趋势.结果表明:在瞬态加载过程中,由于增压器响应滞后以及进/排气的相互影响,进气滞后现象严重,空燃比下降且碳烟(soot)排放值升高;在瞬态加速过程中,进气流量滞后现象不明显,由于油量超调引起过量空气系数减小,使得soot排放量增多;在整个瞬态试验过程中,氮氧化物(NOx)排放变化趋势与进气氧体积分数变化趋势的相关程度高于EGR率.在瞬态工况下,由于进气状态发生变化,传统的基于EGR率的EGR控制方法已不适用,需要研究新的柴油机瞬态控制策略.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.