Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: human exposure through the diet in Catalonia, Spain

The dietary intake of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain, was calculated. Concentrations of PAHs in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia from June to August 2000 were measured. Eleven food groups were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze PAHs. The dietary intakes of total and carcinogenic PAHs was calculated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male adults, female adults, and seniors. Among the analyzed PAHs, there was a predominance of phenanthrene (16.7 microg/kg) and pyrene (10.7 microg/kg). By food group, the highest levels of total PAHs were detected in cereals (14.5 microg/kg) and in meat and meat products (13.4 microg/kg). The mean estimated dietary intake of the sum of the 16 PAHs was as follows: male adults, 8.4 microg/day; adolescents, 8.2 microg/day; children, 7.4 microg/day; seniors, 6.3 microg/day; female adults, 6.3 microg/day. The calculated daily intake of PAHs would be associated with a 5/106 increase in the risk for the development of cancer in a male adult with a body weight of 70 kg.     

食用油中多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是指2个或2个以上苯环以稠环形式相连的一类化合物,具有基因毒性和致癌性.对食用油中PAHs的来源、检测方法及控制和脱除方法进行了详尽的阐述,并指出PAHs前处理方法和控制、脱除方法是未来的研究方向.     

Exposure to PBDEs and PCDEs associated with the consumption of edible marine species

In the present study, the concentrations of PBDEs and PCDEs were determined in 14 edible marine species widely consumed by the population of Catalonia (Spain). The daily intake of PBDEs and PCDEs associated with this consumption was also determined. A total of 42 composite samples were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS. The highest PBDE levels (ng/kg wet weight) were found in salmon (2015) followed by mackerel, swordfish, and red mullet (1124, 978, and 769, respectively), while those of PCDEs (ng/kg wet weight) were detected in red mullet (7088) followed by sardine (1829), anchovy (1606), tuna (1292), and mackerel (1031). For a standard male adult, total PBDE and PCDE intakes through edible marine species were 20.8 and 39.4 ng/ day, respectively. The highest contributions to these intakes (ng/day) corresponded to the consumption of tuna (5.7), salmon (3.6), and hake (3.5) for PBDEs, and tuna (13.1), hake (7.3), and sardine (6.9) for PCDEs. Although currently there is not evidence of the dioxin-like behavior of PBDEs, further research is necessary to assess if long-term exposure to PBDEs, mainly through the diet, may mean adverse effects to humans. With respectto PCDE congeners, to establish TEF values would be of great value to evaluate human health risks.     

食用油脂多环芳烃污染研究进展

食用油脂多环芳烃污染问题近期引起广泛关注。该文探讨食用油脂中多环芳烃污染现状、产生原因、脱除方法、分析方法等,并提出监控食用油脂多环芳烃措施。     

油籽炒籽条件对油脂中多环芳烃含量影响的研究

以花生仁和芝麻籽为原料,研究了炒籽温度和炒籽时间对其油脂中16种多环芳烃含量的影响。结果表明,随着炒籽温度的提高及炒籽时间的延长,花生油和芝麻油中Bap、PAH4、PAH16的含量都呈明显上升趋势。对照GB2716及欧盟No 835/2011中对Bap、PAH4的限量规定,花生仁的合理炒籽温度为不超过160℃、炒籽时间不超过20 min,芝麻的合理炒籽温度为不超过180℃、炒籽时间不超过20 min。在优化的炒籽条件下,花生油中Bap、PAH4、PAH16含量(μg/kg)分别从原料中的0.31、4.60、16.69增加至1.07、11.98、48.86,芝麻油中Bap、PAH4、PAH16含量分别从原料中的0.63、5.23和21.84增加至0.93、8.28和47.95。     

Relationship between total polar components and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fried edible oil

ABSTRACT

Deep-fried dough sticks (a Chinese traditional breakfast) were fried individually in peanut, sunflower, rapeseed, rice bran, soybean and palm oil without any time lag for 32 h (64 batches fried, each for 30 min) and fried oil samples were obtained every 2 h. The frying-induced changes in the levels of total polar compounds (TPC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated by edible oil polar compounds (EOPC) fast separation chromatographic system and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The correlations were analysed of TPC with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), TPC and PAH4 (benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene) as well as TPC with PAH16 (USEPA 16 PAHs). The results revealed that the levels of TPC and PAHs in fried oil considerably increased with frying time, and the type of oil affected their formation, which could inform the choice of oil for frying. The total BaP equivalents (∑BaPeq) concentrations in fresh oil and in oil whose TPC exceeded 27% were 2.14–13.48 and 5.78–10.80 μg kg^–1, respectively, which means that the carcinogenic potency of frying oil was more pronounced than that of fresh oil. In addition, the TPC concentration was significantly correlated with the concentrations of the sum of the 16 PAHs, PAH4 and BaP, so that the levels of PAHs could be predicted according to the levels of TPC in fried oil. In European standards, the rejection point for TPC in frying oil should be recalculated when considered PAHs. In all, the concentration of PAHs is a vital factor for ensuring the safety of frying oil.     

食品中多环芳烃及卤代多环芳烃的研究进展

综述了多环芳烃及卤代多环芳烃的性质、毒性及国内外食品中的污染情况和研究现状,并对目前的分析测定方法进行了介绍,希望为我国开展食品领域内多环芳烃和卤代多环芳烃的研究提供参考。     

The effects of extracting procedures on occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils

Food Science and Biotechnology - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most hazardous naturally occurring chemical contaminants of food. Edible oils are easily contaminated by PAHs...     

Load of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils: importance of alkylated derivatives

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied in different samples of olive oil, extra virgin olive oil, and refined seed oils. A high number of PAHs have been found, with a wide range of molecular weights and in concentrations that are high or even very high compared with the data obtained by other authors, especially in the seed oils. Among the PAHs identified, more than half are alkylated compounds, which account for the major part of the total PAH concentration in some of the samples. The total PAH concentrations in olive oils and extra virgin olive oils are similar, but the former present a higher proportion of heavy PAHs than the latter. The seed oils, in general, have much higher concentrations than the different types of olive oil and their PAH profiles are different. One of the olive oil samples exhibited a PAH distribution similar to that observed in olive pomace oil, suggesting possible adulteration. These data reveal that, in some cases, PAH profile provides useful information in relation to the possible origin of the contamination. We also observed large differences in PAH distribution between oils with the same label but from different batches. PAHs with varying degrees of carcinogenicity have been identified in all the samples, including benzo[a]pyrene, although this PAH was identified neither in the extra virgin olive oils nor in two of the seed oil samples.     

食用植物油中多环芳烃含量水平调查分析

调查了8类、116个食用植物油样品中的苯并(a)蒽、■、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘的污染情况。采用简单的液-液萃取法进行前处理,GC-MS/MS测定。结果表明:不同品种食用植物油多环芳烃含量差异较大;苯并(a)芘的检出率为85.34%,检出结果范围为0.59~9.75μg/kg;4种多环芳烃总量的检出率为100%,检出结果范围为0.88~59.17μg/kg;苯并(a)芘含量与4种多环芳烃总量成线性关系。     

食用植物油中多环芳烃的污染情况及健康风险评价

针对食用植物油中存在多环芳烃污染和危害,采用高效液相色谱法对随机采集的75份食用植物油样本进行了16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的检测,以终生致癌风险作为评价指标,进行健康风险评价.结果表明:75份食用植物油样本中普遍存在PAHs污染,萘的污染程度最高,检出率为89.3％,平均含量为13.67 μg/kg;苊烯污染程度最小,未检出;食用植物油中轻质PAHs污染程度远高于重质PAHs;4类食用植物油中总轻质PAHs与16种优控PAHs总污染水平顺序均为:花生油＞大豆油＞玉米油＞调和油;总重质PAHs的污染水平顺序为:花生油＞玉米油＞大豆油＞调和油;食用植物油中PAHs污染具有潜在的致癌风险,其风险顺序为:花生油＞大豆油＞调和油＞玉米油.建议强化食用植物油中PAHs的控制和监管,修订相关标准,规定PAHs的最高限量值,确保食用植物油PAHs污染处在较低水平及其潜在危害处在可忽略水平.     

两种方法检测食用油脂中的多环芳烃

分别建立同位素内标定量-QuEChERS净化-气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法(方法一)和GPC自动净化-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法(方法二)两种方法,为检测食用油脂中欧盟优先控制的16种多环芳烃(EU15+1PAHs)提供了快速有效的方法。分别对104份食用油脂样品进行分析比较,对比两方法检测结果。结果表明:两方法均满足国内外对食品中PAHs检测的要求,方法一、方法二精密度实验RSD值分别小于5.4%、6.81%,平均加标回收率除个别外,分别在71.3%~111.6%、93.1%~119%范围内,RSD值分别小于5.0%、5.5%;标准曲线线性方程相关系数分别大于0.998、0.990,方法一定量限范围为0.23~0.50μg/kg,方法二定量限为0.9μg/kg、检出限为0.3μg/kg;英国食品化学分析实验室能力验证(FAPAS)盲样测定结果均达到规定检测结果;两方法对104份油样的两组检测结果无统计学差异,整体分析和分不同油种比较结果基本一致。结论:建立了针对食用油中EU15+1PAHs的分析方法,两方法均满足相应检测要求,且具有良好的准确性和实用性。     

食用油脂中多环芳烃检测的前处理技术研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是由两环或多环组成的有机化合物,具有基因毒性和致癌性.由于PAHs的亲脂性,食用油脂是最重要的PAHs来源.油脂基体复杂,所含干扰物多,常规分析方法检测其中的PAHs难以获得令人满意的结果,因此需要采用适当的样品前处理技术以达到分析检测要求.综述了近年来有关油脂中PAHs的前处理技术,重点针对这些技术的特点进行了比较和归纳,并对油脂中PAHs前处理技术的发展进行了展望.提出在线样品前处理技术是此领域的发展方向.     

两种方法检测食用油脂中的多环芳烃

分别建立同位素内标定量-QuEChERS净化-气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法（方法一）和GPC自动净化-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法（方法二）两种方法,为检测食用油脂中欧盟优先控制的16种多环芳烃（EU15+1PAHs）提供了快速有效的方法。分别对104份食用油脂样品进行分析比较,对比两方法检测结果。结果表明:两方法均满足国内外对食品中PAHs检测的要求,方法一、方法二精密度实验RSD值分别小于5.4%、6.81%,平均加标回收率除个别外,分别在71.3%¹11.6%、93.1%¹19%范围内,RSD值分别小于5.0%、5.5%;标准曲线线性方程相关系数分别大于0.998、0.990,方法一定量限范围为0.23⁰.50μg/kg,方法二定量限为0.9μg/kg、检出限为0.3μg/kg;英国食品化学分析实验室能力验证（FAPAS）盲样测定结果均达到规定检测结果;两方法对104份油样的两组检测结果无统计学差异,整体分析和分不同油种比较结果基本一致。结论:建立了针对食用油中EU15+1PAHs的分析方法,两方法均满足相应检测要求,且具有良好的准确性和实用性。      

浊点萃取法预浓缩食用油中多环芳烃的研究

随着食品安全意识的提高,食用油中多环芳烃的检测与分离越来越引起人们的重视,而传统液液萃取法较为繁琐,重复率也较低,因此高效的分离,富集方法研究受到关注.近年来,一种新型的基于表面活性剂相分离现象的分离方法--浊点萃取(Cloud Point Extraction,CPE),逐渐成为研究热点.与液液萃取相比,CPE具有操作简单、过程短、萃取率高等优点;此外,由于CPE过程中不使用有机溶剂,在降低成本的同时,它又是一种环境友好的萃取分离方法.通过实验各操作参数对萃取性能的影响.获得最佳操作条件,指出采用CPE方法对食用油中多环芳烃进行预浓缩的可能性.     

Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China

Emission of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) priority pollutants from major sources in China were compiled. Geographical distribution and temporal change of the PAH emission, as well as emission profiles, are discussed. It was estimated that the total PAH emission in China was 25,300 tons in 2003. The emission profile featured a relatively higher portion of high molecular weight (HMW) species with carcinogenic potential due to large contributions of domestic coal and coking industry. Among various sources, biomass burning, domestic coal combustion, and coking industry contributed 60%, 20%, and 16% of the total emission, respectively. Total emission, emission density, emission intensity, and emission per capita showed geographical variations. In general, the southeastern provinces were characterized by higher emission density, while those in western and northern China featured higher emission intensity and population-normalized emission. Although energy consumption in China went up continuously during the past two decades, annual emission of PAHs fluctuated depending on the amount of domestic coal consumption, coke production, and the efficiency of energy utilization.     

Aqueous photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Photodegradation of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was studied in aerated pure water, solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid, and natural waters using polychromatic light (>290 nm). Quantum yields in pure water varied from 3.2 x 10(-5) to 9.2 x 10(-3). No obvious relationships were evident among the quantum yields and molecular properties. Photodegradation rate constants in solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid or natural waters were largely unchanged compared to rate constants in pure water. Estimates of PAH photodegradation rates in natural waters can thus be obtained employing the quantum yields in pure water, PAH absorption, and solar irradiance. Calculated rate constants for photodegradation in surface waters during the summertime at mid-latitude varied from 3.2 x 10(-3) to 7.6 h(-1).     

食品中多环芳烃的研究进展

简述了近年来关于食品中多环芳烃的形成机理、分析方法及控制措施的研究进展,以期为解决食品中多环芳烃的污染问题提供依据。