Ti14合金半固态压缩中的应力松弛现象和变形机制的研究

利用Gleeble 1500热/力模拟机对Ti14合金进行了半固态压缩变形试验,研究了该合金在应变速率为5×10-2 s-1和5×10-1 s-1,变形温度为1273～1423 K条件下的流变应力变化规律,分析了该合金半固态下应力松弛发生的条件和原因,并讨论了温度、应变速率和变形机制之间的耦合关系.结果表明:温度和应变速率对流变应力有显著的影响,流变应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低,宏观应力松弛发生在固相含量区间为0.95～0.98,主要是因为液相的增加减少了晶粒间的“固相桥”作用.由于液相在变形中的渗漏,Ti14合金在1273～1423 K半固态变形的应变速率试验值远远小于Iwasaki润滑流动机制(固液混合变形机制)所需的理论值,说明在所测试的半固态区间内合金仍以固相粒子变形为主,固液混合变形为协调机制.     

Deformation characteristic of semi-solid ZCuSn10 copper alloy during isothermal compression

The compression tests were carried out by Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator with samples of semi-solid ZCuSn10 alloy prepared by strain-induced melt activation(SIMA) process. The original microstructure and the deformation temperature of semi-solid ZCuSn10 alloy are different. The strain is 0.2, and the strain rate is 1 s~(-1) for the compression test. The results show that when the semi-solid ZCuSn10 alloy was prepared by SIMA process, the liquid fraction of semi-solid microstructure increases, and the solid grain is smaller,more uniform and more inclined to be round as the rolling pre-deformation increasing. The results also indicate that the deformation resistance of ZCuSn10 alloy in semi-solid state decreases with the deformation temperature increasing or the solid fraction of original microstructure decreasing. The stress–strain curves of the isothermal compression can be divided into quasi-elastic deformation stage and plastic deformation stage, and there are three deformation zones in the samples after isothermal compression, namely the difficult deformation zone, the large deformation zone and the free deformation zone. In the three deformation zones, the main deformation mechanism is flow of liquid incorporating solid particles(FLS)mechanism, plastic deformation of solid particles(PDS)mechanism and liquid flow(LF) combining with FLS mechanism, respectively.     

Deformation mechanism and forming properties of 6061Al alloys during compression in semi-solid state

The 6061 semi-solid aluminium alloy feedstocks prepared by near-liquidus casting were compressed in semi-solid state by means of Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator. The relationship between the true stress and the true strain at different temperatures and strain rates was studied with the deformation degree of 70%. The microstructures during the deformation process were characterized. The deformation mechanism and thixo-forming properties of the semi-solid alloys were analyzed. The results show that the homogeneous and non-dendrite microstructures of semi-solid 6061Al alloy manufactured by near-liquidus casting technology could be transformed into semi-solid state with the microstructure suitable for thixo-forming which are composed of near-spherical grains and liquid phase with eutectic composition through reheating process. The deformation temperature and strain rate affect the peak stress significantly rather than steady flow stress. The resistance to deformation in semi-solid state decreases with the increase of the deformation temperature and decrease of the strain rate. At steady thixotropic deformation stage, the thixotropic property is uniform, and the main deformation mechanism is the rotating or sliding between the solid particles and the plastic deformation of the solid particles.     

High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of wrought nickel-based superalloy GH4037 in solid and semi-solid states

Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures (1200, 1250 and 1300 °C) and semi-solid temperatures (1340, 1350, 1360, 1370 and 1380 °C) with different strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s⁻¹. High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH4037 alloy were investigated. The results indicated that flow stress decreased rapidly at semi-solid temperatures compared to that at solid temperatures. Besides, the flow stress continued to increase after reaching the initial peak stress at semi-solid temperatures when the strain rate was 1 s⁻¹. With increasing the deformation temperature, the size of initial solid grains and recrystallized grains increased. At semi-solid temperatures, the grains were equiaxed, and liquid phase existed at the grain boundaries and inside the grains. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) characterized by grain boundary bulging was the main nucleation mechanism for GH4037 alloy.     

铝铁合金半固态变形的组织演变

对电磁搅拌的铝铁合金在半固态温度条件下用INSTRON-5500R实验机进行单向压缩实验,实验结果表明,铝铁合金在半固态温度变形时,随着变形温度的升高,真应力峰值降低;随着应变速率增加,真应力峰值也增加,随后会发生应变-软化现象。应变速率愈小,软化过程愈长,应力下降愈缓慢。变形试样中心和边缘区域的变形情况不同,中心区域固相颗粒的变形程度大于边缘区域。在不同的变形量、变形温度和变形速率下,其内部固-液两相的流动方式和变形机理不同。固相主要集中在试样的心部发生塑性变形,而液相则流向边部,其组织形貌与变形温度、变形量和变形速率都有直接的关系。     

镁基复合材料半固态压缩变形工艺研究

研究了半固态SiCp/AZ61复合材料在不同变形温度、应变速率、SiCp体积分数和变形程度下的微观组织演变。结果表明,在半固态压缩条件下,在压缩变形过程中随着温度的提高,试样的内摩擦系数减小,使得固相颗粒或者聚集体发生滑动和转动的可能性增加。随应变速率的减小,低应变速率下微观组织中的液相分布在基体周围。随着变形程度的增加,晶粒平均尺寸显著减小。     

半固态LY11合金的压缩变形

研究了变形温度和应变速率对半固态LY11合金变形行为和微观组织的影响.研究结果表明:在液固温度区间变形时,变形温度、应变速率对半固态LY11合金的流变应力峰值影响显著,对稳态流变应力影响较小.对微观组织的影响是:随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,固相晶粒尺寸增大,但仍保持初始的近球状.在半固态合金的压缩过程中,随着工艺参数的变化,占主导地位的变形机制也随之变化.     

Mg-5Y-0.5Ce-0.5Zr合金的热压缩行为

在变形温度为300～450 oC、应变速率为0.01～1 s-1的条件下进行热压缩试验,对Mg-5Y-0.5Ce-0.5Zr镁合金的热变形行为进行了研究。结果表明,在热压缩变形过程中,该合金的流变应力随着变形温度和应变速率的变化而变化。在同一应变速率下,流变应力随着变形温度的增高而降低;在同一变形温度下,流变应力随着应变速率的减小而减小。该合金热压缩流变应力的本构方程可采用双曲正弦形式构建,热变形激活能Q为253 kJ/mol。     

半固态7050铝合金热压缩变形行为

在Gleeble-3500热模拟机上对半固态7050铝合金进行了高温热压缩试验,研究了该合金在变形温度为420～465℃、应变速率为0.001～0.100s-1条件下的流变应力行为以及变形过程中的显微组织。结果表明,流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增大迅速增大,出现峰值应力后逐渐平稳,流变应力随着应变速率的增大而增大,随着变形温度的升高而下降;流变应力可以用双曲线正弦形式的关系来描述,通过线性拟合计算出该材料的形变激活能等参数,获得流变应力的本构方程。随着变形温度升高和应变速率降低,合金中拉长的晶粒变大,合金热压缩变形的主要软化机制为动态再结晶。     

MB15镁合金半固态压缩力学行为研究

通过MB15镁合金半固态等温压缩试验，研究了半固态材料的力学行为，提出了触变强度是半固态金属在稳态变形过程中触变点的应力，即半固态金属固体骨架所能承受的最大正应力，并分析了加热温度、应变速率、保温时间、固相晶粒大小、晶粒圆整度及材料本身的强度等因素对半固态触变强度的影响，提出了触变强度的存在条件。结果表明，半固态触变强度随着加热温度的升高、应变速率的降低及保温时间的延长而降低，随着固相晶粒的减小、晶粒圆整度的增加及材料本身强度的增加而增加；当半固态材料内部的固相颗粒相互连结形成固体骨架时，存在触变强度。     

一种新型水平连铸Al-Mn-Si-X合金热压缩变形流变应力

采用圆柱体在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行热压缩实验,对一种新型水平连铸Al-Mn-Si-X合金热变形流变应力行为进行研究,变形温度为350℃~500℃,应变速率为0.01s-1~10s-1。结果表明,流变应力先随应变的增大而增大,达到峰值后则逐渐减小并趋于平稳,表现出流变软化特征;而应力峰值是随着温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大。应用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系描述合金热压缩变形流变应力,其变形激活能Q=159.2kJ/mol。     

7150铝合金高温热压缩变形流变应力行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对7150铝合金进行高温热压缩实验,研究该合金在变形温度为300~450 ℃和应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1) 条件下的流变应力行为.结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随着温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;可用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系来描述合金的热流变行为,其变形激活能为226.698 8 kJ/mol;随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,合金中拉长的晶粒发生粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒在晶界交叉处出现并且晶粒数量逐渐增加;合金热压缩变形的主要软化机制由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶.     

Hot deformation behavior of Hastelly C276 superalloy

Hot tensile behavior of C276 superalloy was studied in the deformation temperature range of 650–750 °C with the strain rate range of 0.35–35 mm/s. The results show that deformation temperature and strain rate both have significant influence on the flow stress. The flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature, while increases with the increase of strain rate. The deformation of C276 superalloy exhibits dynamic recovery feature in the case of deformation temperature of 700 °C. However, when the deformation temperature increases to 750 °C, dynamic recrystallization behavior may occur. The flow stress of C276 alloy during hot deformation process can be characterized by Zener-Hollomon parameter including the Arrhenius term and the deformation activation energy is 327.66 kJ/mol. Therefore, a scientific basis is provided for the reasonable choice of processing parameters of C276 superalloy.     

脉冲磁场下制备的AZ91D-3Ca合金的半固态压缩力学行为

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对脉冲磁场下制备的AZ91D-3Ca镁合金的半固态压缩力学行为进行了研究,考察了变形温度和变形速率对半固态压缩流变应力的影响。结果表明,与常规铸造的镁合金试样相比,脉冲磁场下制备的镁合金试样在400℃的高温压缩时并无优势,而在510℃的半固态压缩时具有较低的变形抗力;当其他条件相同时,随着变形温度的升高或变形速率的降低,合金的变形抗力逐渐减小;当应变速率为0.005～0.500s-1和变形温度为510～520℃时,合金的变形抗力在0.38～1.60MPa范围内。     

Research on the Hot Deformation Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy During Compression at Elevated Temperature

The flow behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical equipment. Compression tests were performed in the temperature range of 340-500 °C and in the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^?1.The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate at a given temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature at a given imposed strain rate. The relationship between flow stress and strain rate and temperature was derived by analyzing the experimental data. The constitutive equation of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation can be described by the Arrhenius relationship of the hyperbolic sine form. The values of A, n, and α in the analytical expression of strain rate are fitted to be 1.49 × 10¹⁰ s^?1, 7.504, and 0.0114 MPa^?1, respectively. The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during compression is 150.25 kJ/mol. The temperature and strain rate have great influences on microstructure evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation. According to microstructure evolution, the dynamic flow softening is mainly caused by dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization in this present experiment.     

Constitutive behavior,microstructural evolution and processing map of extruded Al–1.1Mn–0.3Mg–0.25RE alloy during hot compression

Hot compression tests of an extruded Al–1.1Mn–0.3Mg–0.25RE alloy were performed on Gleeble–1500 system in the temperature range of 300–500 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s^?1. The associated microstructural evolutions were studied by observation of optical and transmission electron microscopes. The results show that the peak stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener–Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic-sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 186.48 kJ/mol. The steady flow behavior results from dynamic recovery whereas flow softening is associated with dynamic recrystallization and dynamic transformation of constituent particles. The main constituent particles are enriched rare earth phases. Positive purifying effects on impurity elements of Fe and Si are shown in the Al–1.1Mn–0.3Mg–0.25RE alloy, which increases the workability at high temperature. Processing map was calculated and an optimum processing was determined with deformation temperature of 440–450 °C and strain rate of 0.01 s^?1.     

6061铝合金半固态本构方程的研究

采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机,对采用近液相线半连续铸造方法制备的6061铝合金半固态坯料进行热模拟压缩试验,研究变形温度为585℃~605℃、应变速率为0.01/s~10/s时,变形温度和应变速率对变形行为的影响。结果表明,半固态铝合金的流动应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。以半固态触变压缩试验结果为基础,建立了反映半固态6061铝合金变形行为的本构方程,并进行回归分析。结果表明,该模型具有良好的精度,试验确定的6061铝合金本构关系的适用温度范围为585℃~605℃,应变速率范围为0.01/s~10/s。     

铸态Zn-Al合金高温拉伸变形行为

在SINTECH20/G拉伸试验机上对Zn-Al10-Cu2锌合金进行等温拉伸实验,研究该合金在变形温度为210℃~300℃、应变速率为0.001s-1~0.1s-1条件下的变形行为和拉伸力学性能。结果表明,峰值应力随温度升高而降低,随应变速率的提高而增大。通过线性回归分析,得出流变应力σ解析表达式,其中A、α和n值分别为6.63×1012s-1、0.0108MPa-1和4.81,其热变形激活能Q=150.127kJ/mol。该合金在温度为300℃、应变速率为0.001s-1时,出现超塑性趋势。     

半固态Y112铝合金的压缩变形力学行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机,研究了基于半固态等温热处理技术制备的Y112铝合金,在不同变形温度和变形速率下的半固态压缩变形力学行为。结果表明,当压缩应变低于0.8时,随着压缩应变的增加,合金的半固态压缩应力首先快速增加,然后快速减小,最后逐渐保持不变;同时,在不同变形温度和变形条件下,合金在压缩应变近似为0.07时均可获得最大的半固态压缩应力;此外,随着变形温度降低或变形速率升高,合金的半固态压缩变形应力增加。     

Shear deformation behavior of Al–5% Mg in a semi-solid state

Shear tests have been carried out over a wide temperature range of 753–893 K, including temperatures below and above the solidus temperature, for an Al–5 wt% Mg alloy. The deformation behavior in the semi-solid state is divided into two regions; one is in a semi-solid state containing a discontinuous liquid and the other is in a semi-solid state containing a continuous liquid. An analysis of the activation energy suggests that the deformation in the latter region is associated with the lubricated flow. Deformation in the former region is likely to be a transition from the viscous glide creep in the solid state to the lubricated flow in a semi-solid state containing a continuous liquid.