锻态Ti3Al基合金超塑压缩的力学行为及组织演变

Ti3Al基的Ti-24A1-14Nb-3V-0.5Mo(at%)合金为非理想的超塑材料.用超塑压缩方法研究了合金的超塑变形行为,分析了变形量和应变速率对流变应力及组织演变的影响.结果表明所研究合金的最佳超塑变形温度为980 ℃.在980 ℃,2×10-3s-1的条件下,应变速率敏感性指数值为0.55.应变速率对合金超塑压缩时的力学行为和组织演变有显著的影响.     

Ti-6Al-7Nb合金高温塑性变形行为及热加工图研究

本文以Ti-6Al-7Nb合金为研究对象,采用Gleeble-3500热模拟压缩试验机进行不同温度和应变速率压缩试验。分析了Ti-6Al-7Nb合金在变形温度1023 K、1073 K、1123 K、1173 K,应变速率为0.005 s-1、0.05 s-1、0.5 s-1、5 s-1和10 s-1,最大变形量为60%下的高温变形行为及热加工特性。结果表明：变形温度与应变速率对Ti-6Al-7Nb合金的流动应力影响较大,其中应变速率是影响加工硬化过程的主要因素。Ti-6Al-7Nb合金在发生热塑性变形时后的物相主要有：初生α相、片层状α相、次生α相、片层状β相以及发生球化的初生α相等。Arrhenius本构方程模型适用于低温低应变速率和高温高应变速率形变条件的Ti-6Al-7Nb合金高温变形。利用MATLAB构建计算确定了合金最佳塑性变形区间为：应变速率0.0067 s-1-0.1353 s-1和温度1100-1173 K,在该区间有可能获取Ti-6Al-7Nb合金最佳的塑性变形工艺参数。     

TC4钛合金的热变形行为及其影响因素

利用Gleeble1500热模拟机测试了Ti6Al4V合金在不同温度和不同应变速率下的真应力真应变曲线,观察热变形前后的组织,分析变形温度、应变速率、原始组织和热处理工艺对合金的热变形行为的作用及影响规律。结果表明,在应变速率为8.3×10-3s条件下,合金在600℃热变形时软化机制以动态回复为主,800℃至900℃热变形时软化机制以动态再结晶为主;700℃热变形时动态回复和动态再结晶可同时发生。淬火和时效可提高合金的热变形抗力。合金在600℃变形时,热变形抗力对在8.3×10-2s-8.3×100s范围变化的应变速率敏感性较差;当应变速率降至8.3×10-3s-1时,热变形抗力有较大幅度的降低。在相同的变形条件情况下,魏氏组织的流变应力高于等轴组织。     

宝钛股份2006年生产经营状况及2007年发展

研究了Ti-24Al-15Nb-1.5Mo合金在900～1020 ℃,3.3×10-4～3.3×10-2 s-1条件下进行的超塑性拉伸性能结果表明:除温度900 ℃,应变速率3.3×10-2 s-1外,合金都显示出超塑性,延伸率范围为105%～1570%,最佳变形温度为980 ℃,最佳应变速率为3.3×10-4 s-1,在此条件下拉伸时,延伸率达到最大值1570%.应变速率对Ti-24Al-15Nb-1.5Mo合金的组织演化有显著影响.在较高应变速率下变形,α2相尺寸先随温度升高至940 ℃有所减小,之后则随温度的升高有所粗化;而在较低的应变速率下变形,α2相呈粗化且不均匀的趋势,高的延伸率与大晶粒周围镶嵌许多小颗粒能有效协调变形.     

温度和应变速率对Ti－1023合金等温压缩行为的影响

在(α+β)两相区对Ti-1023合金进行等温压缩试验,实测高温流动应力曲线,讨论流动应力及显微组织随温度及应变速率的变化规律,实验结果表明,Ti-1023合金的流动应力对应变速率非常敏感;变形温度对流动应力的影响程度与应变速率大小有关,在ε=1.0s-1的较快速变形时,当温度由760℃提高到800℃时,流动应力值下降约40MPa,而在ε=1.6×10-4s-1的慢速变形时,流动应力值仅下降10MPa;显微组织观察结果表明,在相同温度下较快速变形时(ε=1.0s-1),所得显微组织比较细小、均匀,而慢速变形时(ε=1.6×10-4s-1),初生α相及组织比较粗大,亚β晶界也比较明显。因此,在保证锻件良好成形的前提下,Ti-1023合金在等温锻造时可采用适当大的应变速率。     

某新型粉末高温合金热压缩变形特性的研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机研究了某新型粉末合金在变形温度为1070～1170℃、应变速率为5×10-4s-1～2×10-1s-1的热压缩塑性变形行为,分析了合金流变应力、应变速率、变形温度之间的关系。结果表明,该合金的真应力-应变曲线在高应变速率下(ε≥2×10-2s-1),呈现出典型的动态再结晶特征,低应变速率下(ε≤2×10-3s-1),呈现动态回复特征;热塑性变形流变行为可用包含Arrhenius项的Z参数描述;随着变形温度的提高,该合金的应变速率敏感指数值变化很小。     

新型无磁合金高温变形行为与组织演变研究

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为1050～1200℃,应变速率为0. 1～10 s-1,变形量为20%、40%和60%的条件下,对00Cr40Ni55Al3Ti无磁合金进行热压缩变形实验,研究了变形量、应变速率和变形温度等变形工艺参数对00Cr40Ni55Al3Ti无磁合金组织演变及流变应力的影响规律,建立了00Cr40Ni55Al3Ti无磁合金热变形的本构方程和热加工图。结果表明:00Cr40Ni55Al3Ti无磁合金的临界变形量为10. 8%,变形量大于此临界值时,合金中的奥氏体发生动态再结晶和球状α-Cr相形核长大;应变速率为0. 1 s~(-1)时,合金发生不连续动态再结晶,应变速率为5 s-1时,晶界处球状α-Cr相形核长大引起变形不协调,在峰值应力后出现软化波动现象;合金变形量为60%时的热变形激活能为397. 077 k J·mol~(-1)。根据热加工图确定适宜的热加工区域为:变形温度为1080～1100℃、应变速率为0. 1～0. 35 s~(-1)和变形温度为1120～1190℃、应变速率为4. 5～10 s~(-1),合金在该区域进行锻造可获得质量良好的锻件。     

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金的高温流变行为及热加工图

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金进行了变形温度为850~1150 ℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s-1的等温热压缩实验。引入Zener-Hollomon参数,建立了该合金的热塑性变形双曲正弦本构方程。基于动态材料模型理论构建了该合金在不同应变下的热加工图。结果表明：Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金的流变失稳区主要发生在高应变速率下,热变形时适宜的变形安全区温度为1100~1150 ℃,应变速率为0.01~0.07 s-1。     

TA32钛合金板材的超塑性能研究

研究了真空环境中TA32钛合金板材在温度950℃、应变速率5. 32×10~(-4)～2. 08×10~(-2)s~(-1)条件下的超塑性变形行为。结果表明,在不同应变速率条件下,合金的流变应力曲线特征和显微组织演变显著不同。在应变速率较低(5. 32×10~(-4)～3. 33×10~(-3)s~(-1))条件下,拉伸真应力-真应变曲线呈传统超塑变形的稳态流动特征,变形后的合金中初生α相晶粒尺寸较大;在高应变速率(8. 31×10~(-3)s~(-1)～2. 08×10~(-2)s~(-1))条件下,拉伸真应力-真应变曲线中流变应力增大到峰值后快速单调递减直至试样断裂,合金变形过程中初生α相发生动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸较低应变速率条件下显著细化。950℃时,TA32钛合金板材均具有超塑性变形能力,超塑性延伸率在145%～519%之间;当应变速率为5. 32×10~(-4)s~(-1)时,具有最佳的超塑性,拉伸延伸率可达519%。断裂区形貌分析发现,TA32钛合金板材的超塑性断裂模式为空洞聚集-连接-长大型断裂。     

高温变形参数对Ti3Al基合金微观组织的影响

研究了高温变形参数对Ti-24Al-15Nb- 1.5Mo合金显微组织的影响.实验选取的变形温度为980℃,应变速率为10-3～10-1 s-1,变形程度为30％～50％.结果表明:在变形过程中,应变速率对α2相体积分数影响不大,但对α2相晶粒的形态和尺寸有一定影响,较高的应变速率有利于细化晶粒;随着变形程度的提高,α2相晶粒的细化程度增加,晶粒粒径更加细小.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.