超音速飞行器光学窗口气动压力载荷分析

为了提高光学窗口设计的可靠性与使用性能,对超音速飞行器进行了计算流体力学分析,得到27种飞行状态下光学窗口的气动压力载荷分布.通过有限元建模仿真,计算了窗口在各压力载荷状态下的应力和变形.通过分析变形对光学成像的影响可知,ZnS平板的两个变形面在光学上具有相互补偿的作用,因此,压力载荷下的变形对光学成像的影响可以忽略.为了使窗口设计满足使用强度要求,在最严酷的一种飞行状态下,分析了不同厚度ZnS窗口玻璃的变形和应力,当平板厚度为10mm时,能够在结构强度和质量之间达到设计的平衡.此分析结果对高速载体的光学窗口设计具有一定的指导作用.     

类THAAD导引头气动光学效应计算研究

针对类美国末段高空域防御(Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, THAAD)系统的红外导引头外形,开展了气动光学效应计算分析,并将其用于飞行器设计。利用国家数值风洞工程高速流场计算软件NNW -HyFLOW,考虑热化学非平衡效应和材料传热耦合效应,对导引头典型状态的流场进行了模拟,获得了流场的密度、温度、压力等参数和窗口的温度场参数。基于流场参数,利用HyFLOW气动光学传输效应计算功能,开展了红外光学传输成像计算;利用HyFLOW气动光学辐射效应计算模块,开展了流场和光学窗口的热辐射计算。计算结果表明,类THAAD导引头在30 km以上飞行时,流场和光学窗口基本不会影响目标信号的光学传输成像,但流场和窗口的热辐射效应会对导引头识别目标造成影响。不过随着飞行高度的升高,这种影响会减小。     

一种激光方位角的判定方法

阐述了一种利用光学窗口阵列接收激光脉冲状态判断激光方位角的方法。这种方法避免了复杂的电路和复杂的计算。此外,还阐述了利用光学窗口光强比和增加光学窗口数目提高系统精度的两种方法,并比较了在不同光学窗口数目情形下,光学窗口的透镜参数及可以达到的精度。通过这种方法,可以用较少的光学窗口,得到较高的角分辨率。     

临近空间超声速航空遥感器光学窗口热光学评价

为提高航空遥感器光学窗口的光学性能,对处于临近空间超声速飞行状态下熔石英材料的光学窗口进行了热光学评价。分析了光学窗口所处的飞行环境,根据空气动力学原理,计算了平均对流换热系数与马赫数的关系。根据热流密度,模拟了光学窗口温度场分布;计算了内外表面温差所引起的光程差;并分析了光学窗口热变形对航空遥感器光学系统传递函数的影响。分析结果表明:由热变形带来的光学窗口光程差PV=130.5 nm,满足光学设计要求(PV1/4)。此研究结果可为光学窗口系统设计提供必要依据。     

高空环境对航空遥感器光学窗口的影响

为提高航空遥感器光学窗口的光学性能,从空气动力学环境和大气环境两个方面分析了高空环境对光学窗口的影响。根据空气动力学原理,计算出飞行马赫数和雷诺数,以确定光学窗口所处的飞行环境;依据纵掠平壁理论,计算出光学窗口外表面的平均对流换热系数,仿真光学窗口温度分布,分析了轴向温差对光学窗口的影响。分析高空大气环境下光学窗口玻璃出现结霜原因及影响,并提出预防结霜的解决方案。最后针对某航空遥感器光学窗口进行飞行试验,结果表明分析的结论正确,提出的解决方案合理可靠,可为其他航空光学窗口设计提供依据。     

航空遥感器光学窗口光机热一体化设计

为减小光学窗口对航空光学遥感器成像质量的影响,对光学窗口的窗口玻璃厚度进行了优化设计。根据强度理论确定了窗口玻璃最小厚度。依据纵掠平壁理论计算出光学窗口外表面的平均对流换热系数;以热光学为基础,仿真了航摄时光学窗口的瞬态温度场分布;计算了光学窗口在热-力耦合作用下不同窗口玻璃厚度时的波像差(PV和RMS),最终确定了矩形光学窗口(290 mm×140 mm)的玻璃厚度为17 mm。试验结果表明:特征频率为60 lp/mm时光学系统传递函数为0.304,并获得了稳定、清晰的航摄图像。成功实现了光学窗口的光机热一体化设计,可为其他航空光学窗口设计提供参考。     

高空高速环境热光学分析及光学窗口设计

为提高高空高速环境下机载光谱相机光学系统的成像性能,分析了飞行高度对光学窗口面型变形的影响,合理设计光学窗口厚度。基于有限元流固耦合、流热耦合模型,仿真高空高速环境下气动压力、气动热载荷对光学窗口的作用,分析了飞行高度对不同厚度光学窗口面型变形的影响;初步选择光学窗口厚度,利用Zernike多项式对该光窗面型变形进行拟合并输入光学软件,以MTF及波相差为评价指标,分析了光学窗口变形对光学系统成像性能的影响,最终确定合理的光学窗口厚度。结果表明:飞行器在5～30 km高空以3 Ma速度、5毅攻角飞行时,口径200 mm的光学窗口合理设计厚度为15 mm。为不同飞行高度范围光学窗口厚度的选择及优化提供了一定依据。     

空间环境模拟系统光学窗口组件设计

光学窗口组件作为空间环境模拟系统与外界的接口,是不可或缺的重要组成部件。空间环境模拟系统共有两类光学窗口组件,针对两类光窗组件分别进行了结构方案设计。通过强度理论公式对光窗组件进行了强度校核,采用有限元分析软件计算了压力对光学玻璃表面变形的影响,并分析了光学玻璃表面变形对光窗组件光学性能的影响。计算结果表明:工作过程中,通光口径为Φ150 mm的光窗组件光学玻璃产生的应力为0.82 MPa;通光口径为Φ350 mm的光窗组件光学玻璃产生的应力为3.28 MPa,均满足强度要求。利用Zemax软件分析得到,通光口径为Φ150 mm的光窗组件波像差PV值为λ/8;通过计算得到通光口径为Φ350 mm的光窗组件在Φ170 mm~Φ190 mm环带区域内光程差为0.8 nm,均满足光学性能要求。因此,光学窗口组件结构方案设计既满足强度和可靠性要求,又满足光学性能要求,整个光学窗口组件安全可靠。     

气动热环境下高速飞行器光学窗口光传输数值仿真研究

处在气动热环境中的光学窗口由于热传导和热应力等效应导致窗口材料外形和光学性质的变化,进而影响来自目标的红外辐射光线的传输,使目标图像产生模糊、抖动、偏移和能量衰减,给红外成像带来不利影响.以红外成像在高速拦截器上的应用需求为背景,进行了光学窗口光传输效应理论计算基本方法的分析,介绍了建立的数学模型和仿真软件,最后给出了典型状态下的计算结果.     

航空光学成像气动光学传输效应计算研究综述（特邀）

随着更高的需求和科技发展推动航空飞行器工作速度的提高,航空光学成像的机动、灵活等特点显现更加突出,但实现高质量、高分辨率成像的技术难度也极具挑战性。飞行器与高速气流之间的复杂作用产生气动光学效应,光波或光束经过复杂流场与光学窗口时受到强干扰,为此吸引了众多科学家开展多学科交叉融合的相关研究工作,取得了大量的研究成果,为试验测试和工程实践提供了有力支撑。文中从气动光学流场与光学窗口两方面的计算研究入手,详细综述了气动光学传输效应的研究进展,归纳总结了相应的计算方法,综合当前技术发展趋势给出航空光学成像气动光学传输效应计算研究的思考和建议。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks