超过冷条件下Fe83B17共晶合金的凝固行为及显微组织演化

采用深过冷技术研究了块体Fe83B17共晶合金在超过冷度条件下的凝固行为.该合金的组织演化规律为当过冷度达到理论临界超过冷度(300 K)时,组织为α-Fe相和Fe2B相组成的共晶组织;当过冷度大于临界值达到386 K时,组织粗化,为完全的非规则共晶,稳定相Fe2B消失,亚稳相Fe3B出现并且在室温下也不会分解;获得了460 K的超过冷度以及亚稳相组织.并讨论了这些结果产生的原因.     

超过冷条件下Fe_(83)B_(17)共晶合金的凝固行为及显微组织演化

采用深过冷技术研究了块体Fe_(83)B_(17)共晶合金在超过冷度条件下的凝固行为.该合金的组织演化规律为:当过冷度达到理论临界超过冷度(300K)时,组织为α-Fe相和Fe_2B相组成的共晶组织;当过冷度大于临界值达到386K时,组织粗化,为完全的非规则共晶,稳定相Fe_2B消失,亚稳相Fe_3B出现并且在室温下也不会分解;获得了460K的超过冷度以及亚稳相组织.并讨论了这些结果产生的原因.     

过冷Fe_(82)B_(17)Si_1合金的再辉效应模拟及组织演化

通过熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法获得过冷度ΔT=6~280 K范围内的Fe82B17Si1共晶合金的凝固组织演变;结合突变方程和JMAK模型拟合凝固过程的冷却曲线,拟合结果符合Fe82B17Si1共晶合金的组织类型及形态随过冷度的变化规律.结果表明,当6 K≤ΔT75 K时,Fe82B17Si1合金中形成了复杂规则共晶及准规则共晶组成的混合共晶组织;当75 K≤ΔT180 K时,凝固组织由混合共晶组织和深过冷非规则共晶组织组成;当180 K≤ΔT250 K时,凝固组织由不同含量的初生a-Fe相和枝晶间深过冷非规则共晶组织组成;当ΔT250K时,凝固组织为完全非规则共晶组织.     

深过冷Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金的凝固特性研究

对熔融玻璃净化后深过冷Ni-21.4%Si（原子分数,下同）共晶合金的凝固特性进行了实验研究,并对其均质形核过冷度进行了理论预测.结果发现,采用熔融玻璃净化可使Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金获得318 K的过冷度.理论计算表明,此过冷度达到了Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金的均质形核过冷度.Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金凝固特性与过冷度△T有关:当过冷度小于250 K时,冷却曲线有2个再辉峰,其中当过冷度小于206 K时,凝固组织由Ni3Si相和规则共晶组成,当过冷度在206 K到250 K之间时,凝固组织由α-Ni相和规则共晶组成;过冷度大于250 K后,冷却曲线只有1个再辉峰,凝固组织为反常共晶.过冷度会影响初生相Ni3Si的生长方式.随着过冷度的增大,初生相Ni₃Si的生长会由小平面生长方式转为非小平面生长方式.     

Fe-B共晶合金的净化及超过冷的获得

通过真空熔炼和气体保护,采用熔融玻璃与循环过热相结合的深过冷快速凝固技术,研究了影响富Fe端Fe-B共晶合金熔体净化效果的主要因素,确定了该合金熔体获得超过冷的净化方法,并使Fe83B17共晶合金熔体稳定获得了300-460 K的超过冷度,使Fe80B20过共晶合金熔体的过冷度达到了485 K,从而使Re-B共晶系合金熔体开始形核前的初始过冷度达到了0.3Tm-0.4Tm的水平.通过对冷却曲线的分析,讨论了表征超过冷快速凝固的热力学特征.     

落管中Fe-Mo-Si三元包共晶合金的快速凝固机制

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了Fe-27．5％Mo-20．5％Si三元包共晶合金的快速凝固,获得直径介于50～900μm的合金小球,对其凝固机制进行了探讨。理论计算出不同直径液滴在落管中自由下落时的冷却速率和过冷度,实验中获得的最大过冷度达339K（0．21TL）。EDS和SEM测试结果表明,初生相为FeSi,包共晶相为τ1（Fe5MoSi4）和R（Fe2MoSi2）相。当300pm〈D≤900μm时,凝固组织由残余初生相、包共晶相和三相共晶组成;当直径≤300μm时,三相共晶受到抑制。根据晶体生长形态与相图,提出了合金液滴在不同粒径下的两种凝固方式。     

THE PURIFICATION AND HYPERCOOLING OF Fe-B EUTECTIC ALLOY

通过真空熔炼和气体保护, 采用熔融玻璃与循环过热相结合的深过冷快速凝固技术,研究了影响富Fe端Fe-B共晶合金熔体净化效果的主要因素, 确定了该合金熔体获得超过冷的净化方法, 并使Fe83B17共晶合金熔体稳定获得了300-460 K的超过冷度, 使Fe80B20过共晶合 金熔体的过冷度达到了485 K, 从而使Fe-B共晶系合金熔体开始形核前的初始过冷度达到了0.3m-0.4m的水平. 通过对冷却曲线的分析, 讨论了表征超过冷快速凝固的热力学特征.     

三元Fe-19.1%Si-7.8%Ti合金的快速凝固研究

采用超高真空落管无容器处理技术研究了Fe-19.1%Si-7.8%Ti三元共晶合金的快速凝固。理论计算表明,在自由落体条件下Fe-19.1%Si-7.8%Ti三元共晶合金获得的过冷度范围为:37²59K;冷却速率范围为:4.81×103259K;冷却速率范围为:4.81×103².48×105K/s。由XRD和EDS点分析结果得出,在较小过冷度下,合金的凝固组织由(Fe3Si+Fe5Si3)二相共晶和(Fe2Si+τ3)二相层片共晶构成,生成(Fe2Si+τ3)二相层片共晶的原因可能是发生了Fe3Si+Fe5Si3→Fe2Si+τ3固态相变;在大过冷度下,(Fe2Si+τ3)二相层片共晶消失,固态相变被抑制。     

Fe40Ni40B20共晶合金深过冷凝固组织演化的温度曲线及高速摄影分析

采用红外测温仪结合高速摄影,对Fe40Ni40B20（at%）共晶合金深过冷熔凝过程温度曲线及凝固过程影像进行监测和记录。基于获得的高速摄影图像及温度曲线结果,结合合金对应凝固条件下组织特征分析,发现深过冷条件下合金的凝固组织随过冷度（ΔT）存在三个典型演化过程：ΔT =170K-230K,规则棒状亚稳相共晶团组织初始形成,随后残余液相中稳定两相凝固及初始亚稳组织重熔,分别对应温度曲线及高速摄影图像中的一、二次再辉;ΔT =230K-260K,规则棒状及近非规则亚稳相共晶团组织形成、亚稳相分解及残余液相中稳定相外延生长,表现为温度曲线及高速摄影图像中仅有一次再辉过程;ΔT =260K-300K,非耦合生长非规则亚稳相共晶团组织的形成,亚稳相的后续分解,表现为温度曲线中出现拐折及高速摄影图像中存在二次再辉现象。高速摄影测得一次再辉对应凝固速率表明,大过冷范围随着ΔT增大,初生组织凝固速率出现先增大而后稳定的现象;采用枝晶生长模型近似计算的亚稳相生长速率在中大过冷范围与测得一次凝固速率较好吻合,更大过冷范围速率稳定归因于生长机制转变为两相的非耦合生长,也很好的印证了以上组织演化规律。     

深过冷三元Fe_(35)Cu_(35)Si_(30)合金的液相分离与枝晶生长特征（英文）

采用熔融玻璃净化技术研究了三元Fe_(35)Cu_(35)Si_(30)合金的液相分离与枝晶生长特征。实验获得的最大过冷度为328 K(0.24T L)。结果表明,合金在深过冷条件下具有三重凝固机制。当过冷度小于24 K时,α-Fe相为初生相,凝固组织为均匀分布的枝晶。过冷度超过24 K之后,合金熔体分离为富Fe区和富Cu区。在过冷度低于230K的范围内,Fe Si金属间化合物为富Fe区的初生相;当过冷度高于230 K时,Fe_5Si_3金属间化合物取代Fe Si相成为富Fe区的初生相。随着合金过冷度的增加,Fe Si相的生长速率逐渐升高,而Fe_5Si_3相的生长速率将逐渐降低。在富Cu区,初生相始终为Fe Si金属间化合物。能谱分析表明,富Fe区和富Cu区的平均成分均已严重偏离初始合金成分。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.