基于制造业转型的机械“数控化”发展探讨

本文主要分析了我国目前数控机械产品的研发的状况;并且有针对性的提出了关于我国数控机械产品的开发的方向和研制的路线和技术问题;提出了具体的对数控机械设备的进行开发的内容和策略;并且提出了在引进国外先进的技术的数控技术的同时,用该开发出具有我国特色的数控机械的产品,并且指明了数控机械产品的发展的大方向;并提出了我国数控机械产品的售后服务的模式。本文主要是针对数控土木机械的发展方向进行讨论的。     

世界能源现状与内燃机的发展机遇

随着时代的进步和高速的发展,各国的能源问题也被逐渐的提上日程。本文就世界能源的现状还有内燃机的发展进行相应的论述,提出相应的看法和亟待解决的措施。对中国的能源发展提出相应的看法,希望能走出一个适合中国国情的一条特色的道路。     

面向工程的优化算法性能实验研究

针对10种工程常用的优化算法进行实验研究,选取12个优化算法Benchmark测试函数进行算法评价,包括连续的和不连续的、凸的和非凸的、单峰的和多峰的、二次的和非二次的、低维的和高维的、有约束的和无约束的测试函数。对实验结果进行分析,从解空间的角度对算法的特性进行分析总结,给出了算法选取的准则。     

试析加强计量质量检验检测工作的有效路径

在现在的发展中,各项工作都需要在先进的科学技术的支持下更好的开展相关的工作计量质量检验检测工作的进行对我们的工作有很大的帮助,面向未来,就要求我们在先进的技术的指导下更好的开展相关的工作。我们自身的发展还不够完善,根据实际的发展需求不断地做好相关的工作,这样才能达到更高的发展水平,随着现代化进程的加快,我们就更需要做好自己的工作,达到发展的目标。     

关于锅炉检验与能耗的认识及再思考

锅炉在工业生产还有日常生活中有着重要的作用,现阶段我国的锅炉的使用的效率,还有非常大的改进空间。因此对于锅炉进行检验还有对于锅炉的能量的消耗进行分析对于提高锅炉的使用的效率热能产生的效率的提升都有重要的作用。     

超声振动辅助钻削钛合金的机理和工艺研究

随着时代的发展,经济的增长,社会的进步,我国的综合国力逐渐提高,科学技术不断的改良、创新、进步,而这些改变随之而来的是我国的工业发展越来越迅速,以往的封建的旧的思想以及旧的技术、产品已近满足不了这个时代的需求,人们的生活水平不断提高,对于新兴的产品以及技术的需求越来越高,超声振动辅助钻削钛合金技术的发展就是其中之一。     

微型汽车发动机尾气污染排放的模拟分析

随着科技的进步,人们的出行方式产生了巨大的变化,汽车的普及在给人们的出行提供前所未有的便捷的同时,其产生的污染也是十分严重的,汽车发动机所造成的污染问题不仅减低了环境质量,同时对人们的身体健康也造成了威胁。基于此,本文针对机动车中的微型汽车进行相应的发动机尾气污染排放的研究,指出污染物的危害,并针对性的提出相应的治理措施。     

玉米高产栽培技术推广中的问题与措施研究

从古至今,我国的农业取得很大的发展,已基本实现自动化,作为其中最重要的经济作物之一的玉米,在其中的地位非常重要。玉米在一定程度上不但为我国的经济发展做出了相应的贡献,另外在人们的日常饮食以及生产当中的作用也十分巨大,因此将玉米高产栽培技术的推广工作做好具有非常深远的意义。然而通过对广大玉米产地进行的实际调查研究发现,在具体的推广高产栽培技术的的时候,依然有许多问题对提高玉米的生产效益造成了很大的困扰。下面我们就将对此进行简单的分析,并有针对性的提出相应的解决措施,希望能够对我国农业的发展起到借鉴和参考的作用。     

张拉机全自动控制系统设计

预应力混凝土管桩的生产过程,其中预应力是对管桩抗弯性能的一个最重要的参数,预应力的施加是由一台张拉机的设备来控制,以前采用传统的标尺来控制管桩长度的拉伸量,员工观看标尺刻度到达规定的标准值时,人手控制停止的方式来决定一条管桩的预应力,这样对操作员工的要求较高(不同管桩的长度的拉伸值要相应的改变),控制产品的精度差,产品的质量得不到保证。针对生产现场的实际情况,合理设计张拉机的全自动控制系统,对员工操作的要求降低,全自动控制系统精度得到保证,从而保证产品质量的稳定,提高公司的生产效益。     

虚拟轴机床伺服系统的模糊滑模自适应控制

提出了一种将模糊控制、滑模控制与自适应控制三者有机的整合的模糊滑模自适应控制的算法,并以虚拟轴机床的单通道的阀控非对称液压缸作为研究的对象。仿真实验表明,该算法可以使得系统输出渐进地收敛于参考的输入信号,且可以很快地对变化的信号进行有效地跟踪,对参数的摄动与有界的干扰具有不变性。提出的方法与传统的PID控制比较,更加的适用于较强的干扰的复杂系统、高阶的非线性,将方法应用于虚拟轴机床的液压的控制系统可以获得较高的控制精度、较好的机床动态性能与较小的稳态误差。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Application of elemental microanalysis to elucidate the role of spherites in the digestive gland of the helicid snail Chilostoma lefeburiana

In this case study we present an application of different analytical electron microscopic methods in biology, to elucidate their usefulness in such investigations. Using analytical electron microscopy, spherites in the digestive gland cells of the helicid snail Chilostoma lefeburiana were examined at three stages: just before the non-feeding period of over-wintering in November, in the middle of over-wintering in February and at its end in March. A detailed characterization of changes in the elemental composition of the spherites was characterized by a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy filtering TEM (EFTEM). During over-wintering, the spherites passed the following changes. Before over-wintering in November, they consisted of striking concentric layers of electron-dense and electron-lucent zones, while in February and March they showed clear empty zones between materials of different electron density. In November spherites, C, O, Ca, P, Cl, Fe, Si, Na, K, Mg and S were detected, whereas in February ones C, O, N, Cl, Si and S were found and only C, O, N, Si and Cl were detected in March spherites. It is suggested that the elements missing in February and March were used in different physiological processes during over-wintering, like (1) the maintenance of the appropriate elemental composition of the internal environment, (2) accumulation of non-toxic waste materials that cannot be metabolized and (3) avoiding potential intoxication by contamination with toxic metals.     

Immunohistochemistry of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and protein nitration in the striatum of the aged rat

To ascertain the possible implications of the nitric oxide (NO*) producing system in striatal senescence, and by using immunohistochemistry and image-processing approaches, we describe the presence of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical marker, and nitrotyrosine-derived complexes (N-Tyr) in the striatum of adult and aged rats. The results showed neuronal NOS immunoreactive (nNOS-IR) aspiny medium-sized neurons and nervous fibres in both age groups, with no variation in the percentage of immunoreactive area but a significant decrease in the intensity and in the number of somata with age, which were not related to the observed increase with age of the striatal bundles of the white matter. In addition, NADPH-d activity was detected in neurons with morphology similar to that of the nNOS-IR cells; a decrease in the percentage of area per field and in the number of cells, but an increase in the intensity of staining for the NADPH-d histochemical marker, were detected with age. The number of neuronal NADPH-d somata was higher than for the nNOS-IR ones in both age groups. Moreover, N-Tyr-IR complexes were observed in cells (neurons and glia) and fibres, with a significant increase in the percentage of the area of immunoreaction, related to the increase of white matter, but a decrease in intensity for the aged group. On the other hand, we did not detect the inducible isoform (iNOS) either in adult or in aged rats. Taken together, these results support the contention that NADPH-d staining is not such an unambiguous marker for nNOS, and that increased protein nitration may participate in striatal aging.     

A synchrotron X-ray study of the changes occurring in the corneal stroma during processing for electron microscopy

Using a high-intensity synchrotron X-ray source, the structural changes occurring in the corneal stroma were monitored during each stage of several different processing runs for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The parameters studied were interfibrillar spacing, intermolecular spacing, D-periodicity and fibril diameter. The processing schedule that produced the least changes in spacings for TEM specimens involved extended fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by low-temperature embedding in Lowicryl K4M resin. However, interfibrillar material was better preserved after embedding in LR White resin or Nanoplast. Almost every processing stage for electron microscopy produced significant changes in one or more structural parameters in the cornea. Glutaraldehyde fixation significantly increased the intermolecular spacings, while resin infiltration and resin polymerization each resulted in shrinkage of all the spacings monitored. Critical-point drying for SEM specimens resulted in considerable shrinkage in all three spacings, but was still preferable to air drying, which caused reduction in the order of the fibril packing, resulting in loss of the interfibrillar X-ray pattern. Perhaps the most drastic effect was caused by post-fixation in osmium tetroxide, which resulted in loss of the intermolecular pattern, and also increased the amount of shrinkage in the interfibrillar spacings and the D-periodicity which occurred during later stages of processing.     

Circadian organization and the role of the pineal in birds

All organisms exhibit significant daily rhythms in a myriad of functions from molecular levels to the level of the whole organism. Significantly, most of these rhythms will persist under constant conditions, showing that they are driven by an internal circadian clock. In birds the circadian system is composed of several interacting sites, each of which may contain a circadian clock. These sites include the pineal organ, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, and, in some species, the eyes. Light is the most powerful entraining stimulus for circadian rhythms and, in birds, light can affect the system via three different pathways: the eyes, the pineal, and extraretinal photoreceptors located in the deep brain. Circadian pacemakers in the pineal and in the eyes of some avian species communicate with the hypothalamic pacemakers via the rhythmic synthesis and release of the hormone melatonin. Often the hypothalamic pacemakers are unable to sustain persistent rhythmicity in constant conditions in the absence of periodic melatonin input from the pineal (or eyes). It has also been proposed that pineal pacemakers may be unable to sustain rhythmicity in constant conditions without periodic neural input from the SCN. Significant variation can occur among birds in the relative roles that the pineal, the SCN, and the eyes play within the circadian system; for example, in the house sparrow pacemakers in the pineal play the predominant role, in the pigeon circadian pacemakers in both the pineal and eyes play a significant role, and in Japanese quail ocular pacemakers play the predominant role.     

Immunolocalization of S100-like protein in the brain of an emerging model organism: Nothobranchius furzeri

The S100 protein in nervous tissue appears to play important roles in regulating neuronal differentiation, glial proliferation, plasticity, development, axonal growth, and in neurogenetic processes. In fish, the adult neurogenic activity is much higher than in mammals. In this study, the localization of S100 protein was investigated in the brain of annual teleost fish, Nothobranchius furzeri, which is an emerging model organism for aging research. By immunohistochemical techniques, S100 immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in glial cells, small neurons, and fibers throughout all regions of central nervous system (CNS) with different pattern of distribution. In the telencephalon, S100 IR was seen in the olfactory bulbs and in different areas of the telencephalic hemispheres. In the diencephalon, S100 positivity was observed in the habenular nuclei of the epithalamus, in the cortical thalamic nucleus, in the dorsal, ventral and caudal portions, the latter with the posterior recessus nucleus, and in the diffuse inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, along the diencephalic ventricle and in the dorsal optic tract. In the mesencephalon, S100 IR was observed in the longitudinal tori, in the optic tectum, and along the mesencephalic ventricle. In the rhombencephalon, S100 IR was shown in valvula and body of the cerebellum, and in some nuclei of the medulla oblongata. The results suggest that S100 may play a key role in the maintenance of the CNS and in neurogenesis processes in the adulthood.     

Gender-related changes in the avian vasotocin system during ontogeny

The arginine vasotocin (AVT) system of the avian brain includes a sexually dimorphic part that extends from the caudal part of preoptic region through the medial part of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BSTm) to the lateral septum. It is composed of the parvocellular neurons located in the BSTm and the dense innervation of the medial preoptic region and lateral septum. In this part of the brain, AVT expression is stronger in males than in females in a few bird species investigated to date. This review focuses on the ontogeny of sexual differences in the vasotocinergic system of two gallinaceous species, domestic chicken and Japanese quail, and on the role of gonadal hormones in organizing during development and maintaining in adulthood these differences. Parvocellular AVT neurons become discernible in the BSTm of males and females during the second half of embryonic development. These cells undergo a profound and irreversible sexual differentiation during ontogenetic development. Recent findings demonstrate a dual role of estrogens in the organization and activation of sex differences in the AVT system. During the embryonic period of ontogeny, estrogens differentiate the AVT system in a sexually dimorphic manner in parallel with the differentiation of sexual behavior, while in adulthood estrogens, locally produced from testosterone in the male brain, activate AVT synthesis in the BSTm. The sexually dimorphic part of the AVT system is sensitive to a number of abiotic factors such as light, temperature, and water availability. It is suggested that sex dimorphic vasotocinergic systems could be implicated in processes of social recognition in various behavioral contexts.     

Distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the avian brain: functional implications for neural sex differences and sexual behaviors

Developmental and seasonal changes in the production of androgens, estrogens, and progestins seem to control sex-specific differentiation and seasonal changes in appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors of birds. This results in profound sex differences in the quality (sex-specific) or quantity (sex-typical) of behaviors such as courtship, territoriality, or copulation. Steroids affect the brain by binding to intracellularly located receptors. The same brain areas express androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in male and female brains. Sex differences in these genetically determined patterns occur in the size of neuron populations that intrinsically express sex steroid receptors. Further permanent sex differences are subsequent to degenerative fates of receptor expressing neuron populations during ontogeny. Transient sex differences in receptor expression appear to be due to area-specific up- and down-regulation of receptor levels, reflecting transient changes in the level of circulating steroids, changes in environmental conditions, or in the physiological status of the individuals. In particular, intrinsic sex differences in the expression pattern of sex steroid receptors and steroid-independent regulation of the expression level of these receptors in the brain are limiting mechanisms for gonad-dependent sexual development and activities.     

非球面柔顺研抛的边缘效应机理研究

在整个非球面柔顺研抛的过程中,如果运动速度、进给速度和外加压力都不发生变化,非球面边缘区域的研抛进给路径是其他区域的一半,所以理论上边缘区域去除量应该更少,但实验结果正好相反。针对该边缘效益,从研抛过程的基础动力学状态转换过程入手,重新研究了柔顺研抛的工艺过程,发现在边缘区域虽然加工时间以线性方式减少一半,但接触压力以二阶幂指数方式由原值递增至无穷大,决定去除效率的因素中,接触压力比加工时间更占主导,所以边缘区域实际去除量会更多。     

Comparison of transsynaptic viral labeling of central nervous system structures from the uterine horn in virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats

Using the transneuronal viral tracing method, the central nervous system (CNS) connections of the uterine horn were studied in virgin, pregnant, and in lactating rats. The frequency of viral labeling in the brain and the distribution of virus-infected neurons from the uterine horn were compared among groups. There was a marked difference in the frequency of viral labeling in the brain stem. In virgin rats more than half of the brain stems (5 out of 9) were labeled. In contrast, in pregnant animals viral-labeled neurons were detected in only a few cases (3 out of 16) and almost each brain stem of the lactating group was labeled (12 out of 13). A similar, less marked difference was observed in the hypothalamus. The pattern of distribution of infected neurons was similar in each group. In the brain stem, the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, area postrema, gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nucleus, ventrolateral medulla, A5 cell group, and caudal raphe nuclei were the most frequently labeled structures. In the diencephalon, viral-infected neurons were detected primarily in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The telencephalon was devoid of infected cells. Data suggest that the CNS control of the uterine horn varies depending on reproductive status. The low frequency of brain labeling in pregnant rats may be related to the almost complete lack of sympathetic fibers in the uterus prior to parturition and the very high frequency of labeling in lactating animals to the postpartum hyperinnervation of the uterus.