交直流复合电压下的油纸绝缘局部放电统计图谱研究(英文)

The converter transformer is one of the most critical equipments in high-voltage direct current transmission systems.Valve-side windings have to withstand complex stresses combined of AC,DC,and pulsed voltages.Partial discharges(PDs) can thus easily occur in oil-impregnated paper insulation.The current paper presents the statistical phase-resolved distributions of partial discharges in oil-paper insulation under combined AC and DC voltage stress.First,the voltages in the converter transformer were analyzed.In the experiments,four artificial insulation defect models were designed to generate PD signals under AC-DC combined voltage stress detected by a Rogowski coil sensor.Histograms including the φ-q-n data of these PD signals were created.The variations of φ-q-n data generated by PDs in different insulation defect models were analyzed while increasing the test voltage.Experimental results showed that the PD phase-resolved distributions of different insulation defect models were different from one another.The findings of the current study are useful in further research on the mechanism and pattern recognition of PDs in converter transformers.     

交直流复合电压油纸绝缘的沿面局部放电特性(英文)

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.     

空气中电晕放电与绝缘液体中流注放电的测量和分析

Insulation is one of the most important parts in a high voltage equipment.There are gaseous,liquid and solid insulations which are commonly used.In a high voltage transformer for example the insulating materials are all used.During operation of a high voltage equipment high electric stress may occur.Under extreme condition failure of the insulation may take place.Excessive electric field in air may cause corona discharges while in liquid insulation discharges may take place in the form of streamer.This paper reports experimental results on the corona and streamer discharges in air and silicone oil.The discharges were artificially generated around a needle tip in a needle-plane electrode system with gap length of 4 mm under sinusoidal and triangular voltages.The needle was made of steel with tip radius of 3 μm and curvature angle of 30°.The needle was made by Ogura Jewelry.The discharge pulses were measured using personal-computer based partial discharge(PD)measurement system with sensitivity of better than 0.5 pC.The system is able to measure discharge in time sequential.Phase-resolved analysis of the discharges was done to interpret the physical processes behind the discharges.The experimental results showed that corona discharges took place at negative half cycles.The discharges were concentrated around 270° of phase angle of applied voltage.The discharge magnitude and discharge number of corona clearly dependent on the instantaneous of applied voltage.These were strongly supported by the application of triangular voltage.Streamer discharges occurred at both positive and negative half cycles.The discharges pulses concentrated around the peak of applied voltage at phase angle of 90° and 270°.Experimental results under sinusoidal and triangular voltages revealed that streamer discharge magnitude as well as probability of occurrence was strongly dependent on the instantaneous applied voltage.     

振荡冲击电压下典型绝缘模型局部放电解析(英文)

The aim of this paper was to give an overview on partial discharges under oscillating impulse voltage.Three models(void in solid,needle-plate in air and oil) were presented,which describe the stochastic discharge process and represent internal discharges in solids and corona in air or silicon oil.Moreover,an air cored Rogowski coil and a sampling resistor for partial discharge(PD) measurement were developed and introduced in this paper.PD inception and extinction voltages(PDIV,PDEV) under single oscillating impulse voltage and AC voltage were investigated with different test samples.Experimental results firstly revealed that the PD inception voltage(PDIV) decreased with increasing applied voltage;secondly the PD inception voltage for three different insulating materials,showed an escalating trend with increasing frequency of the applied voltage.It was proven that the characteristics of PD under oscillating impulse voltage were identical to the features under AC voltage,which could be measured with the phase resolved partial discharge analysis(PRPDA) technique.Based on the reorganization and analysis of PDs under oscillating impulse voltage,the information about insulation defects was extracted from the measured data and used for estimating the risk of insulation failure of the equipment.     

引入受控电流源和受控开关的气隙放电等效电路模型(英文)

Numerous equivalent circuits for cavity discharges have been developed, yet most of these models cannot provide simulated sig- nals that precisely reveal the variability of the discharge’s characteristic parameters, such as repetition rate, magnitude and phase of discharges, which makes them not suitable for intensive studies of discharge process. Therefore, using Simulink code, we theoretically ana- lyzed and studied the classical equivalent circuits of cavity discharges, as well as the influence of circuit components on simulation results, and then proposed a novel equivalent circuit, the key parameters of which were determined according to the physical behavior of cavity discharges. In the novel equivalent circuit, the repetition rate can be changed by discharge resistance, inception and residual voltages; meanwhile the phase of discharge can be controlled by adjusting the parameters of shunt resistance. Furthermore, a controlled current source as a function of space charge is introduced in the equivalent circuit. Compared with the former ones, the simulated signals obtained by this novel model are better approximation of real signals. This work could be referred by latter studies of the characteristics and the me- chanisms of cavity discharge in oil-paper insulation.     

交直流复合电压下电晕放电实验研究(英文)

Converter transformers are one of the most important electrical apparatuses in the ultra high voltage(UHV) DC transmission systems.The valve side and the low voltage(LV) bushing are stressed by long-term AC and DC composite voltage leading to significant partial discharge(PD) and posing great danger to the insulation system.In this paper AC and DC composite voltage is applied on a metal needle-plate model to produce PD signal sequences,and then the pulse waveshape and frequency spectrum are analyzed and compared with PD signals under conventional AC or DC voltage.In the end,the phase-resolved distribution is analyzed to depict the new characteristics of PD under this composite voltage.     

绝缘电极之间雷电冲击下油中放电特性分析(英文)

Looking at the problem of electrical discharge development in mineral oil, it is easy to see that most studies in this area focused on the setups of bare high voltage electrodes having a point-plane electrode arrangement. The setups with insulated electrodes are the mar- gin of these studies but it seems to be important to find the dependences between the paper insulation on high voltage electrode and parameters of the discharges initiated in the vicinity of this electrode. Hence, in this paper the results of researches intended to reveal the role of insulation wrapping on a HV electrode in the mechanism of electrical discharges in transformer oil under lightning impulse of both polar- ities are presented. This role is determined by analysis of the parameters characterizing the discharges (onset voltage, propagation velocity, time to initiation, rise-time of light impulses) and also by observation of their spatio-temporal development and oscillograms of the light emitted by their channels. The research was performed for two model electrode configurations: an electrode with paper insulation and a bare electrode which had the same outer dimensions as the insulated one. The most essential conclusion from performed experiment is related to times to initiation. These times, equal in the case of insulated electrodes and model bare electrode, indicate that the source of "weak points" of the paper-oil insulation system is the oil, not the surface of insulation wrapping or the metal.     

油老化状态不同时油纸绝缘的空间电荷特性(英文)

Oil-paper compound insulation has been widely used in power transformers for quite a long time because of its good performances. The insulation gradually degrades under combined thermal, electrical and chemical stresses during routine operations, mainly because of space charges inside. This work investigated the space charge characteristics in oil-paper insulation under oil aging circumstance. New trans- former oil samples are thermally aged to obtain different aging states, and their physical and chemical properties are analyzed. New Kraft papers are dried in vacuum and fully immersed in these different aged oil samples, and three kinds of oil-paper samples are obtained. We use the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method to measure space charge under both DC voltage-on and voltage-off conditions at room temperature. The effect of oil aging state on characteristics of space charge injection, accumulation, and decay is analyzed and discussed. The results show that comparing with the DC voltage-off condition, more charges are injected into samples at the interface of electrode and dielectric when DC voltage is on. When the oil-aged state gets worse, more charges are induced at both cathode and anode, more space charges are accumulated in the bulk, the area of negative charges is larger, and local electric field is distorted more seriously. Moreover, for the voltage-off condition, aged oil is good for space charge decay, and trapped positive space charges decay faster than trapped negative charges.     

风沙条件下的平板模型直流沿面放电特性

The influence of sand dust on discharge of external insulation has caused widespread concern.At present,the research results show wind-sand electricity has a remarkable effect on the discharge characteristics of insulator and has little influence on the discharge characteristics of air gap.The flashover of insulator strings occurs along the insulator surface and air gaps,and the sand dust deposited on the insulator surface may affect the flashover characteristics of insulator strings.This paper studies the flashover characteristics of flat plate model under DC voltage in wind-sand condition.The experimental results show that under positive polarity voltage,the flashover voltage of the flat plate model has a maximum value,while under negative polarity voltage,the flashover voltage of the flat plate model has a minimum value with a certain degree of sand dust deposition.The wind or sand in sand-dust weather has an important effect on the flashover characteristics of the flat plate model.In certain variation range of electric charge,electric charge of sand dust has little effect on the flashover voltage of flat plate model under DC voltage.The deposition of sand has significant influence on the flashover process of flat plate model,which is related to the deposition density and moisture content of sand particle.     

大规模储能系统发展现状及示范应用

随着储能技术的飞速发展,大规模储能系统已经成为保证电力系统可靠供电的一个重要手段。介绍了储能技术的类别及其在电力系统中的作用,并阐述了其在电力系统中的应用研究现状和目前的主要示范应用实例,论述了储能技术未来发展趋势。     

锅炉停用保护剂对水汽氢电导率的影响研究

电站锅炉停用保护剂多采用十八胺和表面活性胺。对这2种停用保护剂进行了应用效果对比研究,即对湿冷机组、空冷机组采用十八胺或表面活性胺、有无凝结水精处理系统等6台机组停机和启动过程中给水、主蒸汽和凝结水的氢电导率变化情况进行分析。研究结果表明：在停机过程和启动过程,2种保护剂均会在水汽系统中发生部分分解,导致水汽系统的氢电导率显著升高;表面活性胺和十八胺比较,使用前者,机组启停机过程可保持凝结水精处理系统正常投运,因而可使水汽质量迅速达标,对机组安全运行有利,因此推荐采用表面活性胺作为锅炉停用保护剂。     

1 000 kV皖南-浙北特高压线路工频参数测试干扰及结果分析

特高压线路工频参数测试干扰分析是选择适合工频参数测试方法及测试结果分析的重要基础。测试了1 000 kV皖南-浙北特高压线路正序和零序参数测试期间的干扰电压信号,分析了其频谱特征;在此基础上,通过与正序参数仿真计算值的对比分析了正序参数实际测试偏差。结果表明：皖南-浙北特高压同塔双回线路工频参数测试期间,干扰电压存在“三相不平衡性及时变性”的特点;工频法和异频法2种不同方法得到的线路参数测试结果存在一定差异;干扰电压“时变”时,线路工频参数测试宜采用异频法。     

ICEMI' 2015征文通知（英文）

正Qingdao,China7.16-19,2015The International Conference on Electronic MeasurementInstruments(ICEMI)is the world’s premier conference dedicated to the electronic measurement and test of devices,boards and systems that is covering the complete cycle from design,verification,test,diagnosis,failure analysis and process of manufactory and products     

基于电流变化率的准恒频滞环电流控制方法

针对滞环电流控制存在的开关频率不固定,设计输出滤波器困难的缺点,通过对开关频率与滞环环宽关系的分析,提出了一种根据电流变化率调节环宽的准恒频滞环电流控制方法。控制方法根据电流变化率来实时调节滞环控制的环宽,实现开关频率的恒定;具有响应速度快和稳定性好的优点,同时克服了滞环电流控制开关频率不固定的缺点;较已有方法计算量小,不依赖于系统参数,容易实现,并通过理论推导和仿真证实了方法的可行性和正确性。     

What’s next for Cuba’s electricity sector?

Cuba’s electric sector is approaching an inflection point. Although the country has historically relied upon non-commercial barter agreements for imported oil to meet its electric demand, a combination of factors including reducing imports, increasing demand, and ambitious climate change goals suggest new pathways forward may be warranted. The way Cuba responds to near- and long-term challenges will help set the stage for its energy future. This article describes Cuba's electric sector and provides a set of key recommendations to consider going forward.     

12th International Conference on Electronic Measurement&Instruments(ICEMI'2015)

正Qingdao,China7.16-19,2015The International Conference on Electronic MeasurementInstruments(ICEMI)is the world's premier conference dedicated to the electronic measurement and test of devices,boards and systems that is covering the complete cycle from design,verification,test,diagnosis,failure analysis and process of manufactory and products     

550 kV SF6 气体绝缘高海拔套管绝缘屏蔽结构

介绍了550 kV SF6气体绝缘金属封闭式组合电器（GIS）高海拔套管的绝缘屏蔽结构参数对电场分布的影响。针对套管单屏蔽结构方案,通过有限元法研究了接地屏蔽层翻边结构参数组合对套管内部最大电场强度的影响;研究了接地屏蔽层高度对GIS套管内外绝缘电场强度分布的影响。从而通过最优化接地屏蔽层高度和接地屏蔽层翻边结构参数组合,得到合理的套管内外电场分布,有效解决了高海拔型套管外绝缘修正后的内外电场分布均匀化问题,为550 kV SF6气体绝缘高海拔套管的绝缘结构设计提供了理论依据。     

某300 MW机组循环水泵出力不足的诊断分析

某300 MW机组投产以来循环水流量不足,极大地影响了机组的经济性。通过试验诊断分析得到,循环水系统设计阻力小于实际值,导致按照设计阻力选型的循环水泵出力不足,使得循环水流量偏小,影响了机组运行的真空。根据循环水系统实际阻力特性,对循环水泵进行重新选型整体改造,取得了较好的效果,与改造前相比,供电煤耗降低1.174 ~1.200 g/（kW·h）。据此,提出了循环水泵在设计选型时的注意事项。