具备多种特性的彩色橡胶地板的研制

以EPDM/NR为主体材料,用CPE进行改性,配合阻燃剂、白炭黑、陶土及适量再生胶等,研制具备多种特性的彩色橡胶地板.结果表明,主体材料改性前后,对燃烧性能影响较大.陶土及再生胶用量过多,也影响燃烧性能、磨耗或硬度.按照发达国家相关标准进行测试,研制的彩色橡胶地板具有耐烟头烧灼,耐墨水污染等多种功能特性.     

Detection of interesterified fats in hydrogenated fats

Interesterification of fats is being used increasingly as an alternative to hydrogenation in preparing shortening and margarine bases. The detection of interesterified fats in vanaspati (a hydrogenated fat) is relevant because of possible adulteration problems. Either palmitic acid-rich or stearic acid-rich interesterified fats were blended with 13 market samples of hydrogenated fat (vanaspati) and examined by on-plate lipase hydrolysis of glycerides, gas chromatographic determination of fatty acids of the isolated 2-monoglycerides and calculation of two emperical indices. These were R₁, the ratio of the amounts of palmitic acid present in the 2-position to that in the total glyceride, and R₂, the ratio of saturated acid present in the 2-position to total saturated fatty acid in the fat. The vanaspati, R₁ was always below 10 and R₂ was always below 20. The presence of 5–10% interesterified fat raised both figures and offered a suitable basis for the detection of interesterified fats in hydrogenated fats.     

彩妆界的变革

介绍了彩妆产品及其不同年代主流品牌的发展状况,分别对眼妆与唇妆产品的发展变革进行了详细地叙述。同时,对彩妆界的未来进行了预测。     

Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats with dimsylsodium

The conjugation of polyunsaturated fatty esters, including soybean oil, trilinolein, soybean methyl esters, and methyl linolenate and linoleate, with the sodium salt of dimethyl sulfoxide (dimsylsodium) as catalyst has been investigated. Methyl esters are ca. 95% conjugated within 2 hr. Glycerides react more slowly but are similarly conjugated within 24 hr. The glyceride linkages are not destroyed as they would be with aqueous or alcoholic alkali. Highly conjugated oils can thus be prepared. ARS, USDA.     

Reaction of dichlorocarbene with fats and oils

Dichlorocarbene was generated in the presence of lard, olive, safflower, tung and menhaden oil. When solutions of fats or oils in ethyl trichloroacetate were mixed with sodium methoxide inn-heptane at 2C, unsaturated components were transformed in high conversion to dichlorocyclopropane derivatives; fats were converted to methyl-and-ethyl esters (90%) or appeared as glycerides (10%). The proportion of dichlorocyclopropane rings was the same in the glycerides as in the ester products. The reactivity of safflower oil required metered addition of reactants at 25–55C. Properties were measured on dichlorocyclo-propanoid fatty esters freed from glycerides but containing saturated esters. Chlorine content ranged from 12–33%. Compatibility with silicone oils was substantially improved. Viscosities and densities increased with chlorine content. Viscosity indices were 135,150,49,67 and 79 for products from lard, olive, safflower, tung and menhaden oil. Dichlorocarbene could be generated without alcoholysis of glycerides by decomposition of sodium trichloroacetate. This gave dichlorocyclopropanes from safflower oil unsaturates in 50% conversion, but failed with lard. Analyses were performed by TLC, argentation and GLC. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Minneapolis, 1963. A laboratory of the E. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Interesterification of fats

Interesterification changes the distribution of the fatty acids among the glycerides of fats or mixtures of fats from what was present originally. This affects the physical nature and behavior of fats. A discussion of this process from the standpoints of mechanism, catalysts, methods of monitoring the reaction and applications will be presented.     

Determination of the glyceride structure of fats. glyceride structure of fats with unusual fatty acid compositions

Five fats containing less common fatty acids, nutmeg butter (myristic), rapeseed oil (erucic, eicosenoic), peanut oil (arachidic, behenic, lignoceric), tung oil (eleostearic), and coriander seed oil (petroselinic) were oxidized, and the oxidized esterified glycerides were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The values obtained are compared with those calculated from lipase hydrolysis data. Although there was a general over-all agreement between the compositions calculated from lipase hydrolysis data and that obtained by GLC analysis of the oxidized glycerides, there were some discrepancies that exceeded the range of experimental error. 1 Issued as N.R.C. No. 9626.     

汽车滤清器彩色密封圈的研制

介绍汽车滤波器彩色密封圈的配方设计和生产工艺。以NBR为主体材料，硫化剂DCP／硫黄／促进剂DM／硫化剂DTDM并用体系为硫化体系、白炭黑／陶土、碳酸钙并用体系为补强填充剂、防老剂RD／MB／DNP并用体系为防护体系，可制得耐热老化、耐热油和耐低温弯曲性能好的滤清器彩色密封圈，且生产工艺简单。     

High temperature reactions of fats with amino acids

Heating of fatty esters with α-amino acids at temperatures above 150 C gave substantial yields of N-substituted amides. The reaction involves decarboxylation of the amino acid and displacement of the alcohol moiety by the amine which is formed. Decarboxylation is a ca. zero order reaction in which the ester group is involved directly. It is suggested that these observations are consistent with a concerted mechanism. Only the simple α-amino acids, which contain no additional functional groups, yielded significant amounts of N-substituted amides under these conditions.     

Phase behavior of model lipid systems: Solubility of high-melting fats in low-melting fats

The solubility behavior of three high-melting fats (tripalmitin sample, PPP-S; cocoa butter-stearin, CB-S; and palm oil-stearin, PO-S) in five low-melting fats (tricaprylin, CCC; canola oil; sunflower oil; lard-olein, LD-O; and palm oil-olein, PO-O) was studied. To create the solubility curve, the high-melting fat was first equilibrated in the low-melting model lipid system between 25 and 62.5°C for 1 wk. The amount of high-melting fat dissolved in the low-melting model lipid system was then determined by analyzing TAG compositions in the liquid phase using GC. The low-melting CCC formed partial solid solutions with each of the high-melting fats as a result of its very short chain length. PPP-S formed an ideal solution in all of the low-melting fats except CCC. The mixtures of CB-S/LD-O, CB-S/PO-O, and PO-S/LD-O deviated from ideality, illustrating closer interactions between TAG from CB-S and PO-S and those from LD-O or PO-O. The melting temperature and heat of fusion of the high-melting fats calculated from the Hildebrand equation was very close to those determined by DSC.     

Tocopherols in foods and fats

Methods are now available for the determination of all the specific tocopherol forms found in nature. Although the greatest interest centers on alpha-tocopherol, much information has been gathered on the amounts of individual tocopherols in foods and fats contributing to the human diet. This paper summarizes and discusses the recent literature on the tocopherols in natural, processed and prepared foods. Alpha-tocopherol, although the most widely distributed, is in many instances not the predominant form. In a number of important tocopherol sources, e.g., soybean oil, much larger amounts of gamma-tocopherol are found. The levels of tocopherols are variable, but the evidence suggests that the identities of the specific forms are characteristic of the source. In cereal grains the further observation may be made that the related tocol-tocotrienol pairs tend to be found together. Processing and preparation almost invariably reduce the tocopherol content, sometimes to insignificant levels. One of six papers to be published from the Symposium “Chemistry and Biochemistry of Tocopherols” presented at the ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970.     

Colloidal submicron-palladium particles stabilized with acetate

Palladium spherical particles 0.23 μm in diameter were synthesized by reducing palladium acetate with hydrazine in the presence of surfactant, with an aim of exhibiting both easy separation by filtration and easy dispersion for a catalyst. The particles in the suspension were sedimented slowly but not aggregated. The suspension showed voltammetric redox waves. The anodic wave was ascribed to the oxidation of Pd to Pd²⁺, whereas the cathodic one was to the reduction of the palladium acetate moiety to Pd. The current ratio of the anodic peak to the cathodic one 4:1, was close to the ratios by the partial chemical oxidation with permanganate and by the thermogravimetry, suggesting the composition of 80% palladium metal and 20% palladium acetate in the molar ratio. Heating the palladium particles at 300 °C yielded palladium metal. The decomposition proceeded to the first-order reaction with the activation energy of 40 kJ mol⁻¹. The particle catalyzed the reduction of methylene blue with hydrazine. The reaction rate was of the first-order with respect to methylene blue. The rate constant was proportional to the geometrical surface area of the palladium particle, suggesting a surface catalysis.