Fluorescence in pistachio nuts contaminated with aflatoxin

Bright greenish-yellow fluorescence under long wave ultraviolet light was observed on the shells of 7% of the nuts in samples from 46 aflatoxin contaminated commercial lots of Iranian pistachio nuts. Kernels from the fluorescent nuts contained 50% of the aflatoxin in the samples. No aflatoxin was found in any of the shells. When kernels and shells were cultured, toxicogenic fungi grew from only 4% of the shells and 21% of the kernels from fluorescent nuts and from 9% of the shells and 15% of the kernels from nonfluorescent nuts.     

Modified bentonites as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide gases

Carbonate-rich bentonite was modified by iron and copper chlorides in order to synthesize effective and cheap adsorbents for neutralization of H₂S in low-concentrated exhaust gases. Bentonite and modified bentonite were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET surface area analysis. In addition, bentonite and modified bentonite were tested as hydrogen sulfide adsorbents. Iron-containing material showed a significant improvement in the capacity for H₂S removal. The longest time of effective protective action (before H₂S appears on the outlet of the column) was obtained for the bentonite modified with copper hydroxide. The results indicated that on the surface of modified samples hydrogen sulfide reacts with metal hydroxide forming sulfides. Sulfided iron-containing sample could be regenerated by exposing it to the air.     

阿魏酸酯酶的制备及在肉鸡饲料中的应用

为了降低饲料中非淀粉多糖质量抗营养因子,提高肉鸡对饲料养分的利用,本文研究了固态发酵阿魏酸酯酶的工艺及其对饲料养分利用率的影响。结果表明：在麦麸与麦糟质量比为2∶8、蛋白胨与酵母粉质量比为2∶4、含水量为40%、接种量为10%、培养时间为6天、培养温度为33 ℃条件下,阿魏酸酯酶的酶活达到了29.49 U/g,较未优化前提高了5.11倍。将浓缩后的酶液与溢多酶AF831添加入肉鸡饲料中,发现添加溢多酶及阿魏酸酯酶可以提高干物质、粗蛋白、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维等利用率,但作用不明显,对中性洗涤纤维改善效果极显著（P<0.01）。     

Production of desiccants from Turkish bentonites

Representative samples of three Turkish bentonites were investigated with the aim of producing moisture adsorbents, so-called desiccants, of commercial grade: 1) Ca-bentonite from Lalapaşa–Edirne region (LLP), 2) Na/Ca-bentonite from Çankırı region (CNK), and 3) Na-bentonite from Reşadiye–Tokat region (RSD). The samples were composed of smectite and small amounts of quartz, feldspar, calcite and opal-CT and minor amounts of zeolite and dolomite. The clay mineral contents of the raw samples were estimated at 75–80% for LLP, 50–55% for CNK and 75–80% for RSD.The bentonites were upgraded by mineral processing techniques and modified by addition of calcium chloride. The effect of particle size, heat treatment conditions such as drying temperature and drying time were examined. A maximum moisture adsorption capacity of 17.1% was obtained after heating at 150–200 °C for LLP Ca-bentonite. The mixed bentonite (CNK) achieved a maximum moisture adsorption capacity of 8.3% at 105 °C and the Na-type bentonite (RSD) exhibited the lowest adsorption capacity of 6.4% at 105 °C. In addition to the standard tests and parameters, chemical additives such as calcium chloride which is known as a hygroscopic material were mixed with the bentonites. Moisture adsorption capacities of the bentonites were raised to a level about 20% above required as standards. The results obtained in this study together with the standard specifications were compatible with the commercial counterparts.     

Analysis of usability of potato pulp as solid fuel

The paper describes an attempt to analyse the usability of potato pulp as a future ecological solid fuel. The analysis of potato pulp, carried out within the framework of the study, comprised the following aspects: assessing energetic values of potato pulp, assessing the effects of burning solid fuel in the form of pellets made of potato pulp, assessing energy expenditures spent on the process of drying and densification of potato pulp. The performed determination of the elemental composition (chlorine, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen), examination of energetic values of potato pulp (the humidity of potato pulp, the heat of combustion, the calorific value, and the ash content), as well as examination of densification (pelletisation) of potato pulp, make it possible to conclude that fuel made of potato pulp, in comparison to other types of biomass, could become a very good and attractive type of boiler fuel, and owing to the fact that it is produced in potato processing plants in great amounts, it could be successfully used by the professional power industry.     

聚乙烯醇/膨润土杂化水凝胶的力学性能和溶胀行为

利用冷冻-解冻法制备了聚乙烯醇/膨润土杂化水凝胶. X射线衍射结果表明,膨润土以剥离形式分布在水凝胶基体中. 研究结果表明,与纯PVA5水凝胶相比,经过5个冷冻-解冻循环制备的含2%(w)膨润土的杂化水凝胶的拉伸模量、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别增加了44.0%, 74.2%和25.2%,而溶胀行为与5个循环的纯水凝胶相近. 含0.5%(w)膨润土的杂化水凝胶的拉伸模量和拉伸强度高于基体水凝胶,其在溶胀400 min时的溶胀度高于所有的样品.     

以磷腈为稳定剂的次氯酸钠消毒液

论述了次氯酸钠消毒液的稳定机理,探讨了以六氯环三磷腈为稳定剂的稳定机理以及实验方法。     

对甲苯磺酸钠生产过程技术改造

针对某厂对甲苯磺酸钠生产过程中所存在的问题,提出了相应的技术改造方案。通过技术改造,降低了能耗和原材料消耗,提高了产品的产量和质量。     

改性膨润土对污泥脱水性能的影响

以改性膨润土为絮凝剂对城市生活污水处理厂二沉池剩余活性污泥进行预处理。研究了改性膨润土用量、粒径、不同改造剂投加量等因素对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,改性膨润土投加量增加到一定程度时,污泥脱水性能好;改性膨润土粒径越小,污泥脱水性能越好;改造剂投加量为4 mL/100 mL污泥(即0.22 g/100 mL污泥)时,改性膨润土对污泥脱水性能较佳,最佳处理效果为66.43%(污泥含水率)。     

Characterisation of northern Patagonian bentonites for pharmaceutical uses

This paper evaluates the suitability of some smectite-rich samples from northern Patagonia (Argentina) for pharmaceutical use. The clays must comply with some general features before considering their use in pharmacy, including high mineral and chemical purity and the absence of microbial pathogens. Specific characteristics such as sediment volume, swelling power and gel formation are also important for particular applications such as their use as suspending agent. The mineralogical and chemical compositions of the samples are typical of bentonites, mainly consisting of montmorillonite. Considering the requisites of major pharmacopoeias for the use of silicates in pharmacy and taking into account the microbiological results, we could designate a pharmaceutically acceptable denomination for all samples, although some of them might need removal of quartz. The chemical, textural and porosimetric properties showed some differences between the samples that would affect their particular technical properties as pharmaceutical excipients. The samples could be used in pharmacy for topical applications as suspending agent. Regarding their use as adsorbents, specific sorption studies could help to discriminate their usefulness, as suggested by their high CEC values.     

甜味剂——甜蜜素的合成技术与应用

本文综述了甜蜜素的合成方法,以及在生活实际中的应用。     

高岭土与膨润土复配填充丁苯橡胶复合材料的性能

以高岭土与不同类型的膨润土JZ-PRT、Na-PRT和Ca-PRT复配,用硅烷偶联剂Si-69进行球磨改性,得到复配黏土K-JZPRT、K-Na PRT和K-Ca PRT,将其作为增强剂填充到丁苯橡胶(SBR)中,制备了复配黏土/SBR复合材料,用X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪以及冷场发射扫描电子显微镜对复配黏土及复合材料进行了表征,并考察了复合材料的加工性能、力学性能和气阻隔性能。结果表明,复配黏土中膨润土的特征衍射峰强度都有所降低,高岭土除d001衍射峰外,其他特征衍射峰强度都有不同程度的弱化。与填充K-JZPRT的SBR复合材料相比,填充K-Na PRT和K-Ca PRT的复合材料的硫化速率更快,门尼黏度更低,因而加工性能也更好。填充复配黏土的复合材料的力学性能和气阻隔性能较SBR均有明显改善,其中K-Na PRT的填充效果最好,拉伸强度增加了652%,透气率降低了43%。复配黏土在SBR基体中分散比较均匀,与橡胶分子的结合良好。     

Agaricus macrosporus as a potential bioremediation agent for substrates contaminated with heavy metals

This study investigated the potential use of the mushroom Agaricus macrosporus for bioextraction of heavy metals from contaminated substrates. Mushrooms were grown (1) in a non‐contaminated control substrate, (2) in a substrate with added Cd (10 mg per kg dw), and (3) in a multi‐contaminated substrate (Cd, Hg and Pb each at 10 mg kg^?1; Cu and Zn each at 20 mg kg^?1). Metal contents were determined in fruiting bodies by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). In the control substrate, three production waves (‘breaks’) were obtained, compared with only two in the contaminated substrates; however, total biomass in the Cd‐contaminated substrate was similar to that in the control substrate, and only 40% lower (ie still considerable) in the Hg‐containing multi‐contaminated substrate. Within each break, metal contents were higher in young than in adult individuals. Metal contents were also higher in the hymenophore than in other parts of the fruiting body. The metal content data indicate that A macrosporus effectively extracted Cd, Hg and Cu (though not Pb) from the contaminated substrates. Of particular interest is the tolerance and extraction of Hg, in contrast with plants. These results suggest that fungi such as A macrosporus may be effective for bioremediation of metal‐contaminated substrates, though bearing in mind that in many contaminated environments cultivation of mushrooms of this type may be difficult. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cross-linking of amidated low-methoxylated pectin with calcium during extrusion/spheronisation: Effect on particle size and shape

Granulation and pelletisation by wet extrusion/spheronisation is a well-known technique for particle design in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of amidated low-methoxylated (LM) pectin as an excipient for pelletisation by extrusion/spheronisation. The influence of degree of amidation of pectin (14%, 18% and 24%) and concentration of added calcium ions (0%, 5%, 12% w/w) on the shape and size of pectin pellets was investigated. The chosen approach was to aim at cross-linking during processing which could be obtained by adding calcium ions to the amidated pectin in the powder mixture and perform granulation/extrusion with water. Addition of calcium ions was expected to reduce the solubility and swelling of pectin during processing, and, consequently, the roundness of the pectin pellets should be improved. Both the degree of amidation and the concentration of added calcium ions as well as the interaction between the two were identified as significant factors in preparation of spherical pellets. The results suggest that the egg-box model alone cannot describe the cross-linking between amidated LM pectin and calcium ions, and it is proposed that the amid group itself plays an important role in the system.     

Surfactant Crystals as Stimulable Foam Stabilizers: Tuning Stability with Counterions

The demands on foam stability are variable and changing, which is why design of foams that are both ultrastable and stimulable is important. We study foams stabilized using surfactant particles made through precipitation of sodium dodecyl sulfate with alkali chlorides. We have previously shown that depending on the concentrations of surfactant and salt, the foams can be ultrastable or age like common surfactant foams. We now show that the adsorption of surfactant crystals changes with the type of salt added and how the crystals are made, as well as the surfactant concentration. We see differences in foam stability if the crystals are made prior to foaming or if they are formed concomitantly with foaming. The adsorption of the crystals is improved if the crystals are made during generation, possibly because of their smaller size. The foams destabilize when heated above the Krafft boundary. We show that through tuning the surfactant concentration and salt type or concentration, we can modulate the melting temperature, and hence the destruction temperature of foam between 22 and 50 °C. Precipitated surfactant particles are versatile alternatives to stabilize ultrastable and stimulable foams.     

A study on the thermal conductivity of compacted bentonites

Thermal conductivity of compacted bentonite is one of the most important properties in the design of high-level radioactive waste repositories where this material is proposed for use as a buffer. In the work described here, a thermal probe based on the hot wire method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of compacted bentonite specimens. The experimental results were analyzed to observe the effects of various factors (i.e. dry density, water content, hysteresis, degree of saturation and volumetric fraction of soil constituents) on the thermal conductivity. A linear correlation was proposed to predict the thermal conductivity of compacted bentonite based on experimentally observed relationship between the volumetric fraction of air and the thermal conductivity. The relevance of this correlation was finally analyzed together with other existing methods using experimental data on several compacted bentonites.     

Entry in emulsion polymerization using a mixture of sodium polystyrene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant

A mixture of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) and anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was used as the emulsifier in the emulsion polymerization of styrene at 60 °C. The latexes prepared were stable, bearing the better resistance to the addition of electrolyte, and have the larger values in particle size and the higher polymerization rates than those counterparts prepared using SDS only. The NaPSS was prepared by a series of process: a concentrated cyclohexane solution of an anionically polymerized polystyrene (PS) was sulfonated with sulfuric acid at 80 °C, and then neutralized and purified through dialysis. The data of average polymer number per particle (n_p) were found useful in investigating the surfactant content effect on the entry of radicals into particles, where the latex particle size plays an important role.     

Influence of feed concentration and transmembrane pressure on membrane fouling and effect of hydraulic flushing on the performance of ultrafiltration

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is a promising technology developed for treating the wastewater containing metal ions or organic pollutants. One of the greatest problems in MEUF is membrane fouling which is mainly caused by concentration polarization, gel layer or cake formation caused by the deposition of surfactant micelles on the membrane surface and surfactant adsorption in the membrane interior. In this study, surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which was used in membrane separation as colloidal particles, caused the flux decline. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed concentration of SDS had significant influences on the flux. This paper presented that the lower TMP had a smaller effect on membrane fouling, and when SDS concentration was around the critical micelle concentration (CMC), lower permeate flux and higher additional membrane fouling resistance were obtained. The effects of three kinds of hydraulic flushing methods on membrane permeate flux were investigated, including periodic forward flushing, periodic backwashing and forward flushing followed by backwashing. It was found that when the periodic combined flushing interval was 10 min, forward flushing and backwashing phase times were 150 s and 90 s, respectively, and that combined flushing was more conductive to permeate flux recovery in this study.     

类脂囊泡作为头孢唑啉钠药物载体的研究

实验以司盘（span）和胆固醇（CH）为主要原料,通过薄膜分散法法制备了头孢唑啉钠囊泡。用透射电镜考察了囊泡的形态和构造,并对可能影响包封的各种实验条件进行了优化。实验表明：在50℃超声40min的条件下,Span40与CH用量比为4：3时形成的囊泡对1．0mg／mL的注射用头孢唑啉钠平均包封率达50％以上,而且制备的头孢唑啉钠囊泡在模拟胃流体和模拟肠流体中均有缓释作用。