石首市农业水价综合改革终端水价测算

农业水价综合改革的目标是实现计量收费,核算到户,核心是终端水价的测算。以湖北省石首市农业水价综合改革示范区为例,对不同地形不同供水方式的终端水价进行了测算。经测算,示范区山区提水灌溉终端水价为0.147元/m3,山区自流灌溉终端水价为0.065元/m3,丘陵区提水灌溉终端水价为0.081元/m3。通过农民水费承受力计算和农民水费交费意愿调查分析,终端水价在农民承受范围内。相关成果为其他地区水价综合改革有重要的参考价值。     

张掖市农户对灌溉水价承受力分析

从支付能力和支付意愿两个角度,分析了黑河流域张掖市农户对水价的承受力。采用条件估值法计算,得到农户对灌溉水价的平均支付意愿为1 027.5元/hm2,低于2006年的实际平均水价1 140元/hm2,表明农户对水价的承受力不高。对水费在农业投入产出中的比例进行分析,以及与国内外的农业水价对比表明:2006年的水价实际上处于农户的支付能力之内。这说明农户承受力低的主要原因在于支付意愿低,而造成农户不愿意支付较高水价的因素有农户收入低和农业用水管理不透明、农户对供水成本不了解两方面。     

塔里木河流域农户水价承受力研究

依据塔里木河流域农业生产的投入产出资料,计算了农户水价承受力分析的基本指标和参照指标.结果表明:农户对农业供水成本水价仍然具有较高的经济承受力;不同流域和不同作物水价承受力差异是实行差别水价的重要依据;水费在作物生长物质成本中占的比重较小;农户对水价承受力的基本判定指标R1是较其他参照指标更有效的指标.     

塔里木河流域未来农业水价的承受力分析

基于成本水价构建了塔里木河流域农业节水水价,汇总、计算了流域内农户对节水水价的承受力指标及农户对未来1.5、3.0、6.0倍不同作物节水水价的承受力。结果表明:即使未来农业水价调整到节水水价或更高,塔里木河流域农户对水价也仍有一定的经济承受力;不同流域农户对不同作物节水水价承受力差异是未来塔里木河流域实行差别水价的重要依据之一;未来农业水价的补偿更应侧重于实行直接农业水价补偿制度。     

灌溉水价改革与农民承受能力

我国水资源短缺，水价上涨是必然趋势。灌溉是用水大户，农民阶层作为当前社会的弱势群体，分析他们对水价改革的态度及承受能力对于我国水价政策制定、农村社会的稳定和农业健康发展具有重要意义。本从理论上分析了农民水价承受能力的内涵，通过武都、泾惠渠和石津灌区的实证研究表明，我国灌溉水价有上涨空间但极为有限。水价上涨难于补偿供水成本，灌溉水价改革还得有相应的配套措施才能达到促进水资源优化配置的目的。     

对农业水价改革的一点认识

本文通过对新疆沙雅县农业灌溉终端水价核算和农民水费承受力的分析,阐明了农业水价改革必须在农民用水协会规范化建设和末级渠系改造完成的基础上逐步推进,终端水价必须分步到位;并指出做好各环节的工作,才能使农业水价改革步入一个良性循环过程。     

水价改革刍议

分析了水利工程供水价格的改革历程,对我国水价改革的现状、发展态势和成效进行了研究,对照总体目标,分析了水价改革进程中存在的问题,对今后水价改革工作的重点、措施等提出了建议.     

农民灌溉水价心理承受力的影响因素分析——基于山东省243户农户的问卷调查

农业灌溉水价问题并不仅仅是单纯的成本与价格核算问题,还需要着重考虑农民承受力的影响。文章基于对山东省实地调研的数据发现,当地农户虽然经济上可以承担灌溉水价,但其心理承受力较弱,并通过建立Logit二元离散选择模型,对影响农户灌溉水价心理承受力的因素进行了深入分析。模型结果显示,农户的性别、年龄、受教育程度、家庭年人均收入、灌溉过程方便度及灌溉方式都会对农户的心理承受力产生显著的影响。同时,针对分析结果提出保障农民灌溉水价心理承受力的相关政策建议。     

水利工程供水水价改革现状及对策

对水价测算中的还本付息、水资源费、运行费及发电结合用水等计算方法和费用分摊等进行了探讨，研究水价改革中存在的主要问题并提出了对策。对水价改革重要性的认识和山东省在水价改革方面所做的工作及存在的问题进行了论述。     

水价调整支付意愿调查分析

水价调整关系到百姓的基本生活而格外引人关注.通过开展水价调整支付意愿调查,可以了解不同消费群体支付水价的实际情况、支付意愿、对自来水公司供水服务满意程度,增强消费者对水价调整认识.以北票城区为试点,运用支付意愿调查方法,针对家庭用水户和非家庭用水户开展水价调整支付意愿调查活动,收集第一手资料,为北票市水价调整政策制订提供科学依据,为水价调整方案实施、缓解用水户对抗心理发挥作用.     

Evaluating Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Potable Water Quality and Quantity

The present research is about water supply shortages and low drinking water quality in the Municipality of Rethymno during peak water demand periods. More specifically, the aim of this work is to elicit Rethymno residents’ willingness to pay (WTP), by applying the CVM methodology, as the percent over their water bill, for the completion of future projects that the Municipal Enterprise for Water Supply and Sewerage (MEWSS) of Rethymno intends to implement to avoid shortages and improve tap water quality. The current contingent valuation study is performed based on data collected through personal interviews where respondents are asked about their WTP for a given improvement in the water supply. The results point out that female respondents, households with high income, with children, and households which do not use tap water for drinking, are on average willing to pay more. The mean WTP for these future projects was estimated to be 10.64 € (17.67% of the average bill). The mean WTP amount can be useful to decision makers undertaking an environmental cost benefit analysis, where full cost should be recovered. Interviewing people in the context of a valuation scenario, informs them for improvements that will be undertaken from the new projects under consideration and at the same time involves them as users in the decision making process.     

Estimating willingness to pay for desalinated seawater: the case of Djerba Island,Tunisia

Water scarcity can be a growth-limiting factor. Non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated water, represent an alternative means of guaranteeing access to water while reducing water stress. In this study, a contingent valuation survey carried out in Djerba Island, Tunisia, allows the joint modelling of two decisions: societal support for the construction of a desalination plant and households’ willingness to pay for desalinated water. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study to date has addressed this relationship. We find that although a clear majority of households are in favour of using desalinated water, far fewer are willing to pay for it. The article concludes that it is worth studying willingness to pay for desalinated water in developing countries in order to avoid investing in projects where it is doubtful that costs will be recouped.     

Domestic water access and pricing in urban areas of Mozambique: between equity and cost recovery for the provision of a vital resource

This article first presents the urban domestic water access situation in Mozambique. Then it analyzes the country's tariff system as a tool to recover water supply costs and to secure equity and affordability for the urban households served. The analysis focused on those households with in-dwelling water access (less than 50% of the urban population in Mozambique). Urban families using 5 m³, 10 m³, and 15 m³ of in-dwelling piped water per month pay an average of USD 0.86, 0.74, and 0.76 per m³, respectively. At the national level, cost recovery is an issue because in most urban areas operation and maintenance costs are not fully covered. The average coverage ratio for the country is 0.85. The presented figures indicate that a revision of the water tariffs currently applied in Mozambique could help improve equity, affordability and cost recovery.     

Estimating rural households' willingness to pay for water supply improvements: a Benin case study using a semi-nonparametric bivariate probit approach

This paper estimates households' willingness to pay (WTP) to improve rural water supply in Benin. Particular attention is given to the distribution of WTP, which is traditionally addressed using parametric assumptions. To avoid distributional assumptions, a semi-nonparametric bivariate probit approach is introduced. Results provide the first evidence that, in rural Benin, households wanting to improve water supply are willing to pay more than the current price. WTP for water supply is determined by wealth, education, and characteristics of existing and new water systems. Results indicate that a demand-driven management approach can contribute to water supply improvements and sustainability.     

Determinants of willingness to pay for groundwater: insights from informal water markets in Rafsanjan,Iran

This study highlights the methodological challenges in determining the value of water in informal water markets. As the decision to participate in water markets is unlikely to be random, self-selectivity is an important issue for an unbiased estimation of the participating farmers’ revealed willingness to pay. The relevance of these issues is illustrated for an informal irrigation water market in Iran. A two-stage random sampling was carried out in pistachio-growing farms which are irrigated by water from the Rafsanjan aquifer in Iran during 2008–2009. A Heckman sample selection model shows that the real willingness to pay can be less than the observed prices in an informal water market.     

Water Pricing for Agricultural Production in the South of Iran

Appropriate water resource allocation in dry land area is very important for farm management. Although very few systems for water distribution have efficient pricing, water resources should be allocated so that the marginal cost equals the marginal value product of water for all uses and users. When the marginal values are not equal, it is always possible to find a reallocation of water that increases net social benefits. Microeconomic techniques used for estimating the value of water and determining farmers’ willingness to pay include: net-back analysis, hedonic models, and optimization models. The main objective of this study was to compare marginal value product of irrigation water applied to grow the selected crops in the southern Iran. We used net-back analysis to evaluate agricultural water value in the Hormozgan province (southern Iran). The empirical information is drawn from the agricultural service agencies and survey from farmer’s respondents. Data set is included quantity of output, prices, and costs of selected crops and water. The calculated net-back value for each product indicates the maximum ability to pay (MATP) or the shadow price of water used in irrigation. That is, if a farmer pays that amount for water he gets neither benefit nor loss. The results indicated that among selected crops, cucumber and lime had the highest return for water use. The most important management implication of this study is the reallocation of irrigation water according to the economic value of water in various crops.     

基于支付能力和支付意愿的农民灌溉水价承受能力研究

从支付能力和支付意愿的角度,分别应用扩展线性支出系统(ELES)模型和条件价值评估法(CVM),提出了农民灌溉水价支付能力和支付意愿的定量方法,研究农民灌溉水价承受能力.以江苏省五岸灌区为例,通过问卷调查,计算分析了农民灌溉水价的支付能力、支付意愿、综合承受能力和水价调整空间等.研究表明:部分贫困农户支付能力有限,是重点考虑的对象,以人均纯收入为指标的分类定价策略值得考虑;不同支付能力农民的支付意愿无显著性差异,支付意愿对水价改革具有重要意义.     

Economic valuation of irrigation water in south-eastern Mexico

Ongoing discussion on new water legislation in Mexico emphasizes the need to consider the economic dimension of water. Using the net income change method, in this article the economic value of irrigation water is estimated for banana cultivation in the state of Tabasco, which is a tropical region with high rainfall. The main results show that irrigated farms are 34–37% more profitable than rainfed ones with similar revenue levels, with corresponding water values of 1.48–1.75 USD/m³. These values are a proxy of farmers’ maximum willingness to pay, and can be used to inform tariff reform.     

Regulation reform process and perception in the Palestinian water sector

ABSTRACT

The study analyzes the regulation reform process of the Palestinian urban water sector. It introduces the holistic reform agenda and examines the water supply sector’s performance and regulation challenges. The study also evaluates the perception of water service providers regarding the regulation reforms. Collected evidence indicates a dominant interpretation of the regulation concept based on rules and legislation, coupled with a neglect of aspects like monitoring, economic regulation and managerial accountability. The lack of awareness of the benefits of these aspects for service providers can increase resistance to reform and reduce willingness to participate in implementing comprehensive sector regulation.     

The effect of physical accessibility and service level of water supply on economic accessibility: a case study of Bandung City,Indonesia

Achieving equitable access to water, in the sense of both physical and economic accessibility, remains a challenge. The article evaluates these two types of accessibility across households of different income groups in Central Cikapundung Basin, Indonesia. Higher-income households are more likely to use piped water, bottled water, or combinations thereof and have higher water expenditures than their lower-income counterparts. We estimate the hidden mitigation costs of groundwater extraction and water boiling and highlight the importance of incorporating mitigation costs when assessing the impacts of poor service quality of water supply on household water expenditure and affordability.