高能量密度材料1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷研究进展

介绍了1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷(TNAZ)几种常用制备方法,并分析比较了这些方法的优缺点,认为以硝基甲烷为原料合成TNAZ为较好的工艺路线。同时对TNAZ的应用研究进行了综述,主要介绍了TNAZ近年来在军事(包括发射药、高能熔铸炸药及推进剂等)和民用(包括汽车安全气囊和灭火设备)领域的应用研究进展。     

绿色火炸药及相关技术的发展与应用

综述了绿色火炸药及其生产工艺、销毁以及回收利用方面具有“绿色”特征的改进和应用研究成果。绿色火炸药包括洁净固体推进剂、无铅双基推进剂、TPE发射药、无毒发射药、无铅点火药和起爆药。绿色制造技术包括N2O5作硝化剂的含能硝基化合物化学合成,过硝酸盐作硝化剂、微生物作催化剂的生物合成技术,连续化柔性制造技术,基于双螺杆混合成型火炸药生产技术,火炸药生产中挥发性污染物的安全消除技术和纳米复合含能材料的Sol-Gel制备技术。绿色销毁和回收利用技术包括销毁产品的熔盐氧化技术、摧毁含含能化合物废水的光催化技术以及火炸药的回收再利用（R^3）技术。评述了上述火炸药及相关技术的最新状况和发展方向,附参考文献25篇。     

Nanosized components of energetic systems: Structure,thermal behavior,and combustion

Ultrafine and nanosized powders of oxidizers and metals are considered as promising ingredients for the development of new highly effective solid rocket propellants. An ultrafine ammonium perchlorate (AP) powder and nanosized aluminum were produced by mechanical activation and investigated using electron and atomic force microscopy and X-ray powder and thermal analyses. It is shown that the activation energy of nanoaluminum oxidation is considerably lower than that for the micron-size powder, and the activation energy of the high-temperature decomposition for standard AP exceeds that for ultrafine AP. The exponent in the burning rate law decreases, and the burning rate increases by an order of magnitude if micron-sized aluminum is completely replaced by nanoaluminum in stoichiometric compositions containing ultrafine AP. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 60–65, January–February, 2007.     

增材制造技术在火炸药成型中的研究进展

针对国内外火工品、炸药、发射药、推进剂增材制造技术,按照增材制造的技术特点和应用方向,综述了国内外增材制造技术在火炸药成型中的研究现状。概述了材料喷射成型(Material jetting)、材料挤出成型(Material extruding)、光聚合固化技术(Vat photopolymerization)的成型原理、工艺特点及在火炸药成型中的应用情况,介绍了各类增材制造技术中火炸药的物料特性,并对火炸药增材制造技术发展方向进行了预测。指出火炸药增材制造应按照火炸药的应用背景,对增材制造火炸药配方(即耗材)的能量特性、力学特性、能量释放特性及工艺适配性等进行系统研究,以满足不同应用背景的发展需求。附参考文献97篇。     

Research on Perfusion Explosives from SF‐3 Double‐Base Propellants Using Supercritical CO2

Perfusion explosives were prepared using porous SF‐3 propellants, which were synthesized by a supercritical fluid foaming process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the porous SF‐3 propellants. Massive holes were generated after the foaming process. The density of perfusion explosives using foamed SF‐3 propellants exceeds 1.3 g cm⁻³, and the detonation velocities exceed 6000 m s⁻¹. Underwater energy tests and high‐speed photography were carried out to investigate the detonation performance of perfusion explosives. The results showed that perfusion explosives using unfoamed SF‐3 propellants could not be detonated. However, perfusion explosives using their foamed analogs could be detonated herein.     

Research on Preparation of Perfusion Explosive Using Foamed SF‐3 Double‐Base Propellant

Perfusion explosives were prepared using foamed SF‐3 propellants, which were synthesized by a two‐stage batch foaming process with different saturation time in supercritical fluid CO₂ as a foaming agent. The foamed SF‐3 propellants were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Underwater detonation tests and test‐board detonation tests were carried out to investigate detonation performance of the prepared perfusion explosives. Results showed that more saturation time during the foaming process leads to more pores and cracks. Perfusion explosives prepared using foamed SF‐3 propellants exhibited much higher shock wave energy and stronger damage effectiveness than those using unfoamed SF‐3 propellants. Perfusion explosives prepared using foamed SF‐3 propellants with a saturation time of 2 h exhibited the highest shock wave energy and damage effectiveness, which decreased as the saturation time increased.     

二十面体多硼氢B12H2-12阴离子化合物及其在火炸药中的应用研究进展

系统概述了二十面体闭笼型硼氢阴离子B12H2-12及火炸药研究中的相关化合物的制备、热行为、热化学、能量性质;展望了此类多硼氢化合物在此领域中的应用前景.指出未来多硼氢化合物推进剂研究的主要方向为:以理论计算为基础,以多硼氢化合物完全燃烧为目标,设计、合成、筛选出在火炸药体系中高效率释放其固有能量的新的高能和超高能B12H2-12 离子衍生物.附参考文献158篇.     

纳米材料在火炸药中的应用研究现状及发展方向

总结了纳米材料在火炸药中应用研究的现状,分析了纳米材料应用中要解决的关键技术,提出了纳米材料在火炸药中应用的研究和发展方向.     

1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐在火炸药中的应用研究进展

概括了1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX-50)化合物的合成与制备、晶体特性和力学性能,总结了其在性能改进、相容性、能量、安全性等应用方面的研究现状。对比了TKX-50与传统中性有机硝铵类材料的不同,指出TKX-50是离子盐结构,无传统含能基团—NO₂,释能方式是以高能键断裂释放能量而不是氧化还原反应,使得计算得到的生成焓、爆热、燃烧热等能量特性与试验结果有巨大差异;最后归纳总结了TKX-50的应用优势和存在问题,并展望了其未来发展方向及研究重点,指出应充分挖掘以TKX-50为代表的富氮类含能离子盐能量特性,利用此类材料特有性质,扩大其在火炸药领域应用范围。     

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Methods for determining the propellant performance of high explosives (HEs) are considered. The common and distinguishing features of the techniques of end acceleration of plates and shell expansion are shown. Experimental data on the propellant performance of individual explosives are given. The influence of metal additives on the brisance (propellant performance) and blast effect of explosive compositions is considered. A theoretical method for estimating the propellant performance is proposed, and the propellant performance of hydrogen-free HEs is calculated using experimental data on the enthalpies of formation and densities of single crystals. The energy output and detonation velocity limits of organic HEs are considered and estimated. Promising directions in the investigation of the properties of HEs are considered. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 99–111, January–February, 2007.     

Laser‐induced Deflagration for the Characterization of Energetic Materials

Standard propellant and detonation tests typically performed to characterize the performance of energetic materials require large quantities of material (at least tens of grams) and can be expensive and time‐consuming. This work introduces a method for characterizing the deflagration of energetic materials in a laboratory setting, using only 15–20 mg of energetic material. Temperature, energy release and emission signatures were measured and analyzed for the laser‐induced deflagration of 8 different conventional military explosives. Graphite nanoparticles and micron‐sized aluminum powder were added to the explosive compositions to investigate their effect on the emission signatures. A high‐speed color camera recorded the deflagration events and was utilized as a full‐color pyrometer to calculate the average temperatures and image hotspots; the temperatures maps were compared to those measured by conventional two‐color pyrometry. The laboratory‐scale method presented here can be applied to novel energetic materials under development that may be available only in limited quantities to evaluate their potential as propellants or reduced emission signature explosives prior to scale‐up.     

Synthesis and Properties of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptanitropentane

A nearly zero oxygen balance of organic compounds is characteristic for explosives and high performance solid rocket propellants. Because of its high oxygen content, the introduction of a trinitromethyl group into suitable organic compounds presents an attractive and simple way to produce new explosives. The reaction of 2-nitro-3-acetoxy-1-propene with nitroform is described which yields 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptanitropentane. The properties of this compound are described to assess the usefulness of this explosive in a comparison with known explosives of similar structure using theoretical calculations for the lead block, ballistic mortar and detonation properties. Although a possibility exists to introduce another nitro group in position 3 which would produce a compound with even higher oxygen balance, all attempts so far have not achieved this desirable goal.     

Solid fuels, their properties, and applications

Future studies in the area of mixed solid fuels for rocket motors are predicted. It is expected the promising fuels will consist of an “active” binder and a high enthalpy oxidant, but will not contain metallic fuel. The energy indices of these fuels ensure an effective specific impulse ≈50 (kg·sec)/kg higher than that of those in use today. Ways of reducing the temperature of the gaseous combustion products of solid fuels to 300–330 K are examined, which will allow these fuels to be used in systems with traditional materials (metal, plastic, rubber, etc.). The prospects for using solid fuels with elevated combustion temperatures are studied, as well as the possibility of using the principles employed in establishing the composition of solid fuels in the synthesis of various materials. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 30–34, March–April 1999.     

PGN——高能量密度固体推进剂含能组分

综述了聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯(PGN)的性能、合成方法及应用研究。PGN是一种高密度、富氧的低感度含能黏合剂,兼有黏合剂和增塑剂作用,可用于大型运载火箭洁净推进剂、少烟推进剂及钝感PBX炸药。     

1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷研究进展

1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷(TNAZ)是一种新型含能材料,由于其具有熔点低、感度低、能量高、热稳定好、易与其他含能材料形成低共熔物等优点,特别适于用作固体推进剂和炸药组分。着重介绍了TNAZ的合成方法。     

含能黏合剂聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯合成研究进展

聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯(PGN)是一种高能、钝感、洁净的富氧黏合剂。从20世纪50年代开始,它就一直是国外重点研究的高能固体推进剂含能黏合剂之一,也是近年来应用于推进剂、火炸药和烟火剂中的最具应用前景的含能黏合剂。以时间为序,分3个阶段较为详细地介绍了国内外PGN合成研究进展,指出了各个时期PGN合成工艺的优缺点。     

分子动力学方法在火炸药研究中的应用进展

概述了国内外分子动力学方法在单体炸药、混合炸药和固体推进剂研究中的应用进展,并分析了在应用中存在的问题以及发展前景,为该领域科研人员利用该方法开展火炸药研究提供参考。     

Linear Actuation Using Milligram Quantities of CL‐20 and TAGDNAT

There are numerous applications for small‐scale actuation utilizing pyrotechnics and explosives. In certain applications, especially when multiple actuation strokes are needed, or actuator reuse is required, it is desirable to have all gaseous combustion products with no condensed residue in the actuator cylinder. Toward this goal, we have performed experiments on utilizing milligram quantities of high explosives to drive a millimeter‐diameter actuator with a stroke of 30 mm. Calculations were performed to select proper material quantities to provide 0.5 J of actuation energy. This was performed utilizing the thermochemical code Cheetah to calculate the impetus for numerous propellants and to select quantities based on estimated efficiencies of these propellants at small scales. Milligram quantities of propellants were loaded into a small‐scale actuator and ignited with an ignition increment and hot wire ignition. Actuator combustion chamber pressure was monitored with a pressure transducer and actuator stroke was monitored using a laser displacement meter. Total actuation energy was determined by calculating the kinetic energy of reaction mass motion against gravity. Of the materials utilized, the best performance was obtained with a mixture of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) and bis‐triaminoguanidinium(3,3′dinitroazotriazolate) (TAGDNAT).