高能球磨法在纳米材料研究中的应用

对高能磨 (HEM)的工作原理和特点进行了总结。在此基础上 ,对HEM法在纳米级非金属超硬材料、陶瓷、金属基陶瓷复合材料以及晶体结构的相变等材料研究领域内的应用作了归纳 ,并提出了目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Biomass-derived materials for electrochemical energy storages

During the past decade humans have witnessed dramatic expansion of fundamental research as well as the commercialization in the area of electrochemical energy storage, which is driven by the urgent demand by portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, transportation and storage of renewable energy for the power grid in the clean energy economy. Li-secondary batteries and electrochemical capacitors can efficiently convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy, and are currently the rapid-growing rechargeable devices. However, the characteristic (including energy density, cost, and safety issues, etc.) reported for these current rechargeable devices still cannot meet the requirements for electric vehicles and grid energy storage, which are mainly caused by the limited properties of the key materials (e.g. anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, and binder) employed by these devices. Moreover, these key materials are normally far from renewable and sustainable. Therefore great challenges and opportunities remain to be realized are to search green and low-cost materials with high performances. A large number of the properties of biomass materials-such as renewable, low-cost, earth-abundant, specific structures, mechanical property and many others-are very attractive. These properties endow that biomass could replace some key materials in electrochemical energy storage systems. In this review, we focus on the fundamentals and applications of biomass-derived materials in electrochemical energy storage techniques. Specifically, we summarize the recent advances of the utilization of various biomasses as separators, binders and electrode materials. Finally, several perspectives related to the biomass-derived materials for electrochemical energy storages are proposed based on the reported progress and our own evaluation, aiming to provide some possible research directions in this field.     

固体推进剂用低特征信号氧化剂的研究进展

简要介绍了固体推进剂特征信号产生的原因及降低特征信号的几种途径。详细叙述ADN、CL–20、HNF和FOX–7等4种可降低特征信号的新型氧化剂的制备、性质和应用进展。指出了高性能固体推进剂的发展趋势。     

高功率高透波材料的研究

本文叙述了以 TRR 树脂为基体，分别用 B 型石英玻璃纤维和 UHMWPE 纤维为增强材料，与 T 蜂窝复合制得高功率高透波材料的研究情况，两种蒙皮和 T 蜂窝在 9.375GHz 下的?和 ?分别为 2.79、3×10-4；2.13、4×10-4 和 1.14、9.43×10-4；夹层结构的插入损耗分别为 0.019－0.02dB 和 0.030－0.041dB。     

LLM-105/CL-20基高能钝感PBX的制备与性能表征

为满足含能材料高能钝感的要求,以CL-20为主体炸药,LLM-105为钝感剂,采用溶液水悬浮法制备了LLM-105质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%的3种LLM-105/CL-20基PBX。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粉末X射线衍射仪(PXRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对样品的形貌、晶体结构和热性能进行表征,并测试其机械感度;采用EXPLO5软件计算了其爆轰参数。结果表明,LLM-105/CL-20基PBX样品呈类球形,颗粒密实,粒径约为500μm;PBX中各组分的晶体结构未发生改变;3种配方的热安定性都较好,且随着钝感剂LLM-105含量的增加,LLM-105/CL-20基PBX的热爆炸临界温度呈递增趋势;与原料CL-20相比,3种LLM-105/CL-20基PBX的特性落高分别提高了25.88、33.68、37.18 cm,摩擦爆炸概率分别下降29%、38%、45%;LLM-105质量分数为10%的LLM-105/CL-20基PBX的特性落高与PBX-9501相当,而LLM-105质量分数为20%和30%的LLM-105/CL-20基PBX分别比PBX-9501高16.6%和25.12%;理论爆速分别高381.76、279.2、82.03 m/s。3种配方LLM-105/CL-20基PBX炸药的爆轰性能明显优于PBX-9501。     

CL-20的合成及应用

概述了高能量密度化合物CL-20的合成及其在高性能固体推进剂、高性能混合炸药、低信号特征推进剂、高燃速推进剂和高性能火炮发射药等技术领域的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Elevated temperature thermal properties of advanced materials used in LSF systems

Lightweight cold-formed steel (CFS) construction solutions are increasingly adopted in low and mid-rise buildings. Many different materials are used to construct CFS wall systems, without a full understanding of their thermal properties. For many of these materials, only ambient temperature thermal properties are available from their manufacturers. This creates difficulty in classifying the materials for use at elevated temperatures. In this study, a series of elevated temperature thermal property tests to measure specific heat, thermal conductivity, and mass loss was conducted for a range building materials from wallboards, insulation, and phase-change materials (PCMs), used in Australia and several other countries. Simultaneous Thermal Analyser and Laser Flash Apparatus were used to determine the elevated temperature thermal properties of the selected materials, gypsum plasterboard, PCM incorporated gypsum plasterboard, magnesium sulphate board, fibre cement board, cellulose insulation, vacuum insulation panel, microencapsulated paraffin PCM, and bio-based PCM. Their elevated temperature thermal properties are presented in this article, which also includes analyses of their chemical composition and associated chemical reactions at elevated temperatures. These results can be used in the selection of suitable energy-efficient and fire-resistive materials, and in heat transfer modeling to identify wall configurations with increased fire resistance and energy efficiency.     

超重力场中电化学沉积法制备材料的研究

超重力场中电化学沉积法制备材料,不仅可以缩短制备时间,还可以制备出优异性能的电沉积材料,具有广阔的应用前景。介绍了超重力场中电化学沉积法制备材料的原理及装置,综述了超重力场中电化学沉积法制备材料的国内外研究现状,分析了所存在的不足,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

世界风能及其叶片材料发展概况与趋势

简述了世界风能及其风力发电叶片和材料的发展概况和趋势，提出了我国的差距和未来发展的建议。     

铜纳米粒子导热增强固-液相变储能材料的性能

使用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和聚乙二醇（PEG）作为钝化剂对铜纳米颗粒进行原位包覆制备了PVP/PEG/Cu复合纳米粒子（CuNP），将其作为导热增强剂引入到PEG中制备了CuNP/PEG固-液相变储能材料（PCMs），并通过FTIR、XRD、DSC以及TGA等表征了CuNP/PEG固-液PCMs的结构及热性能。利用纳米粒子表面的PVP与PEG之间的氢键和空间位阻效应，以及PVP对铜核的保护作用，赋予了铜纳米粒子在PCMs中优异的分散稳定性。结果表明，CuNP的引入能够显著提高复合相变储能材料的导热能力，并能够作为晶核加速材料的结晶行为。当纳米粒子的质量分数为5%时，CuNP/PEG固-液PCMs的相变焓值为157.0 J/g，体系的储热速率、放热速率和结晶速率与纯PEG相比分别提高了34.09%、31.45%和53.33%。     

新型海洋材料在储能领域的应用进展

能源与环境是世界发展的两大议题。海洋资源丰富,蕴含结构多样、性质丰富的生物质材料、矿物材料等,在储能领域展现出良好的应用前景。对新型海洋材料,如海洋生物质材料、衍生碳功能材料和海洋矿物材料等在储能领域的应用做了系统评述。海洋生物质材料自然界储量丰富、环境友好,被广泛应用于储能体系的黏结剂等功能组分;海洋生物质碳化材料富含丰富的孔隙结构,作为先进电极显示出优异的应用潜力;海底矿物材料被作为电极材料和模板材料应用于储能体系中,海底矿物的开采是其未来应用的重要技术保障。对新型海洋材料的类型以及在储能领域中的应用形式做了总结,并对海洋与能源的交叉发展做了展望,以期进一步推动新型海洋材料的可持续利用。     

利用磷铁制备能源材料的研究进展

介绍磷铁的特点;总结利用磷化工副产物磷铁制备能源材料LiFePO4、FePO4、Li3PO4和Fe2O3、Fe,P及其复合物的部分研究成果;制备的正极材料LiFePO4和负极材料FexP的放电容量分别可达151．7mAh／g和928．7mAh／g,接近传统昂贵原料制备的相应材料性能;展望了磷铁制备能源材料的发展前景。     

车用陶瓷新材料成为节能减排新亮点

随着科学技术的不断发展,汽车的研发及生产阶段越来越多地采用新材料及新工艺,这也使得人们对汽车轻质化、低成本、智能化、经济性和可靠性的要求成为可能。特种陶瓷具有各种优异、独特的性能,应用在汽车上,对减轻车辆自身质量、提高发动机热效率、降低油耗、减少排气污染、提高易损件寿命、完善汽车智能性功能都具有积极意义。车用陶瓷已引起工程领域材料科学的关注,根据碳化硅等特种陶瓷的结构性能及种类,分别介绍了陶瓷发动机、热敏陶瓷传感器、车用催化净化器的陶瓷载体、尾气净化蜂窝陶瓷材料载体、柴油车排气净化陶瓷蜂窝过滤器和陶瓷汽车制动器刹车片,以及车用陶瓷轴承等实例,充分反映了车用陶瓷新材料的研究和开发其应用前景广阔。     

Sustainable lignin-based polyols as promising thermal energy storage materials

Six lignin-based polyols (LBPs) have been prepared by cationic ring opening polymerization of an oxirane in the presence of an organosolv lignin in tetrahydrofuran (THF) as reaction media and co-monomer. The prepared LBPs have been characterized and tested for the first time as phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TES) at low temperature. It was found a strong influence of the LBPs composition on their performance to storage thermal energy. Thus, LBPs with higher THF wt% content and lower oxirane/THF mass ratio exhibit the highest latent heats. Furthermore, a clear inversely proportional trend between the oxirane/THF mass ratio and the melting temperatures of the prepared LBPs was noticed. Among the prepared LBPs, the highest obtained latent heat was 53.7 J/g demonstrating the potential application of lignin as feedstock for PCMs preparation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a biomass derived PCM based on lignin has been studied and considered for TES applications at low temperature. LBPs show energetic solid–liquid transitions that point out their promising potential as bio-PCMs. This work paves the way to introduce new bio-based PCMs from lignin in TES systems, for example, in a more sustainable construction sector.     

溶剂-非溶剂法CL-20/TATB共同结晶降低CL-20感度的实验研究

为了降低高能炸药六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW,CL-20)的机械感度,以DMSO为溶剂,水、水+离子液体、水+乙酸、水+乙酸+离子液体分别为非溶剂,对CL-20和钝感炸药TATB进行了共同结晶研究。采用溶剂-非溶剂法重结晶,制备得到CL-20/TATB共同结晶晶体,通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重-差热分析及撞击感度分析。分析表明,所得晶体为几百纳米到几微米、分散性良好的、多边形或圆形片状晶体,特性落高为26.5~36.5 cm,撞击感度显著降低。     

伊利石高吸水性复合材料的制备工艺研究

用正交法研究了引发剂(过硫酸钾)、交联剂(N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)、丙烯酸中和度、丙烯酰胺、伊利石等几个影响因素对复合材料的吸水性、抗盐性的影响,优化出最佳工艺条件,并制备出了伊利石高吸水复合材料,其吸自来水倍率达417.2倍,吸盐水(0.9%Nacl溶液)达112.3倍.     

Effect of Nitrogen‐Doping on Detonation and Stability Properties of CL‐20 Derivatives from a Theoretical Viewpoint

Six nitrogen‐doping CL‐20 derivatives were designed and investigated as energetic materials at B3LYP/6‐31G** level based on the density functional theory method. Results show that nitrogen‐doping derivatives exhibit high crystal densities (1.98∼2.18 g cm⁻³) and positive heats of formation (451.68∼949.68 kJ mol⁻¹). Among nitrogen‐doping derivatives, 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,9,10,12‐heptaazaisowurtzitane(A1), 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12‐octaazaisowurtzitane(B1) and 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐1,2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12‐nonaazaisowurtzitane(C1) possess better detonation velocity and pressure than CL‐20, and A1 gives the best performance (D _K‐J•A1=9.6 km s⁻¹; P _K‐J•A1=43.07 GPa). Moreover, the specific impulse, brisance, and power of N‐doping CL‐20 derivatives are also higher than that of CL‐20. The thermal stability and sensitivity of nitrogen‐doping molecules were analyzed via the bond dissociation energy (BDE ), the characteristic height (h₅₀) and electrostatic sensitivity (E _ES). The results indicate that the stability of A1, B1 and 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12‐decaazaisowurtzitane(D1) is comparable with that of CL‐20. Considering detonation performance and stability, A1 and B1 may be promising candidates as energetic materials with superior detonation performance and favorable stability.     

纳米碳管对CL-20热分解性能的影响

用DSC和TG研究了含纳米碳管的CL-20热分解特性。结果表明,纳米碳管的加入降低了CL-20的起始分解温度和分解峰温度,活化能由原来的184．3kJ／mol降低为172．2kJ／mol,放热量也由原来的2604．48J／g降低到2256．69J／g。同时,随着纳米碳管百分含量的增大,CL-20的起始分解温度、分解峰处温度、活化能以及放热量都逐步降低。     

高性能有机氟材料制备科学及应用进展

有机氟材料具有优异的热氧稳定性、耐化学腐蚀性、耐老化性、不黏性、电绝缘性以及极小的摩擦系数等特性,因此作为一种不可替代的材料广泛应用于高新技术产业。近年来高新技术产业发展对高性能有机氟材料的需求引发了学术界和工业界对氟材料的研究兴趣。依据本文作者的研究经历及有机氟材料的发展方向,本文介绍了氟树脂(新型含氟聚合物、电活性含氟聚合物、新型全氟磺酸聚合物、聚四氟乙烯3D打印)及氟橡胶(过氧化物硫化氟橡胶、耐低温氟醚橡胶、耐高温全氟醚橡胶、全氟聚醚基类玻璃橡胶)的制备科学及应用进展,特别阐述为了满足航空航天、能源、信息等高新技术产业需求发展的新一代高性能有机氟材料。本文也介绍了近期出现的聚四氟乙烯新成型技术及类玻璃氟橡胶。文章指出发展绿色环保和高效的高性能有机氟材料制备及成型加工方法是今后的发展方向。