微波烧结工艺制备纳米羟基磷灰石陶瓷

采用微波烧结法对分别以沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法制备技术的羟基磷灰石(HAP)进行烧结,获得了高强度且晶粒可控的HAP陶瓷。利用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、电子万能材料试验机对样品的相组成、微观形貌和力学性能进行了表征。结果表明:以溶胶凝胶法所制备的HAP粉末为原料的陶瓷材料更容易烧结致密;相比无压烧结,微波烧结能够在保证力学性能的基础上降低烧结温度,控制晶粒生长。当以溶胶凝胶法制备的HAP粉末为原料,压制成型,在微波烧结工艺下烧结制度为1 100℃恒温30 min时,可获得弯曲强度为93 MPa、晶粒大小约为300 nm的高强度HAP陶瓷材料。     

超声处理对羟基磷灰石／明胶复合材料性能的影响

为了研究超声反应对制备羟基磷灰石/明胶复合材料的影响,制备性能优异的生物材料,在湿法共沉淀制备羟基磷灰石/明胶复合材料的基础上,采用超声处理,并采用戊二醛对明胶进行交联,重点研究了超声时间对复合材料结构和性能的影响.结果表明,超声处理3 h制备的复合材料的两相分布均匀,平均尺寸大约为30 nm×100 nm,平均长径比在2～3,晶粒形态与天然骨相似,其拉伸强度和抗压强度达到66.4 MPa和67.8 MPa.研究表明,超声处理3 h可以较好地改善羟基磷灰石的结晶状态,提高复合材料的力学性能.     

Eu3+掺杂羟基磷灰石的制备及其发光性质

采用沉淀法制备了Eu3+掺杂的羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HAP),用荧光光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等测试手段对所得样品进行了表征.结果表明:Eu3+的发光特性以及其占据HAP晶格中Ca(Ⅱ)和Ca(Ⅰ)位点的比例随Eu3+掺杂浓度和烧结温度改变而变化;随着Eu3+掺杂量的增加,Eu3+掺杂HAP的红光发...     

温和条件下超声波合成纳米羟基磷灰石

采用超声波以CaCl2和（NH4）：HPO4为原料合成纳米羟基磷灰石（HAP）,并与沉淀法和加表面活性剂超声法相比较。利用热分析（TG—DSC）,红外光谱（FTIR）,X-射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电镜（SEM）对样品进行了表征,研究了不同方法、不同煅烧温度对HAP组成和结构的影响。实验表明,超声波法合成的HAP呈不规则球形,平均粒径为42．85nm,沉淀法的HAP呈不规则球形和棒状,球形平均粒径为71．42nm,棒状为71．42×85．71nm,比较而言,超声波法的样品粒径均匀,而沉淀法粒径较大且容易团聚。温度高于750℃后,开始失去羟基,在800℃图中明显出现斜方晶系的磷酸钙的XRD峰。     

纳米羟基磷灰石的溶胶-凝胶制备及其特性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备羟基磷灰石的前体物--无定形磷酸钙(ACP),并进行晶化处理得到纳米羟基磷灰石(HAP).在Ca/P＝1.67的条件下,Ca(OEt)2和H3PO4在乙醇溶液中发生反应,合成ACP凝胶体.采用化学滴定法、透射电镜(TEM),X射线衍射法(XRD),BET,傅立叶红外吸收光谱分析法(FTIR)对晶化处理前后的ACP粉料进行的性能测试表明:溶胶-凝胶法制备的HAP粉料具有粒度小、晶化处理活性高、相纯度和结晶度优良的特点.     

水热处理对共沉淀法制备羟基磷灰石晶粒尺寸的影响

以硝酸钙和磷酸氢二氨为原料,以NH4 -NH3·H2O为缓冲体系控制pH为11.0,在40,70 ℃,采用共沉淀法合成了羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HAP).研究了120℃水热处理控制氨水快速挥发对HAP的晶粒尺寸和形貌的影响.采用X射线衍射分析HAP晶粒尺寸,透射电镜分析HAP的晶体表面形貌.结果表明:经水热处理后,40℃合成的HAP晶粒变大,而在70℃合成的HAP晶粒变小.HAP合成后,先静置再水热处理可得到更小的晶体.氨浓度对水热处理后HAP的晶粒尺寸影响不大.在上述各种制备条件下得到了分散性较好的棒状HAP纳米颗粒.     

溶胶-凝胶结合超临界流体干燥法制备纳米掺锶羟基磷灰石的研究

以硝酸钙、氯化锶、磷酸氢二氨等无机盐为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶结合超临界流体干燥法,制备了羟基磷灰石(HAP)纳米微粒、钙被半取代的掺锶羟基磷灰石(SrCaHAP)纳米微粒以及钙被全取代的掺锶羟基磷灰石(SrHAP)纳米微粒.通过元素含量分析、TEM、XRD、FT-IR等手段,对这些纳米微粒的结构进行了分析;探讨了锶的掺入对羟基磷灰石(HAP)的结构、晶形以及结晶度的影响.结果表明:采用溶胶-凝胶结合超临界CO2干燥法,在给定的反应条件下按Sr/[Sr Ca]原子比为0、0.5、1,锶可以按化学计量比掺入到HAP的分子结构中,可分别制备纯度较高、晶型结构较好的HAP、SrCaHAP和SrHAP纳米微粒.HAP掺入锶元素后,不仅降低SrCaHAP和SrHAP 中OH(,PO3(主要官能团的红外光谱吸收峰的振动频率,还改变了纳米微粒的晶形,从短棒状的HAP改变为针状的SrCaHAP,再改变为短棒状的SrHAP.HAP中钙被锶半取代后形成SrCaHAP,微粒结晶度降低,生物学性能改善;当钙被锶完全取代后形成不含钙的SrHAP,微粒结晶度增加,生物学性能变差.     

固体碱羟基磷灰石催化苯酚酯化合成乙酸苯酯

以沉淀法制备了固体碱羟基磷灰石(HAP),采用XRD对其进行了表征,并探讨了工艺条件对HAP催化乙酸酐与苯酚酯化合成乙酸苯酯反应的的影响。实验结果表明,当固体碱催化剂HAP的用量为4%(以原料总重量计),原料乙酸酐与苯酚的摩尔比1.05∶1.00,反应温度140～150℃,反应时间3h时,乙酸苯酯的收率达93.1%,且催化剂的稳定性良好     

烧结温度和pH值对HA合成的影响

采用液相沉淀法制备了纳米级的HAP粉末,并进一步对合成的材料进行DTA和RD分析,研究了温度和pH值对羟基磷灰石粉体合成的影响。制备的羟基磷灰石粉体纯度较高,随着温度的增加其晶化程度增加。     

溶胶–凝胶法制备纳米羟基磷灰石粉体

以四水合硝酸钙和五氧化二磷为原料，无水乙醇为溶剂，采用溶胶一凝胶法制备了含co}的羟基磷灰石（hydroxy印atite，HAP）粉体。采用热重-差热分析、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外光谱等研究了反应体系pH值、反应温度及前驱体热处理温度等因素对产物结构与性能的影响规律，结果表明：采用溶胶-凝胶工艺，调控反应体系的pH、反应温度及前驱体的热处理温度是获得纯度高、分散性较好的纳米HAP粉体的关键。pH值为8．0、反应温度为30℃，经600℃热处理可获得到粒径为40~50nm的HAP纳米粉体。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.