复合式膜生物反应器内的同步硝化反硝化研究

研究了半软性填料膜生物反应器内的同步硝化反硝化现象及机理,考察了DO,C/N对有机物和氨的去除效果以及对同步硝化反硝化的影响.试验结果表明,反应器内存在较好的同步硝化反硝化效果.进水COD为800 mg/L左右,pH为7.0～8.0,HRT为10h,温度为25℃时,D0为2.5 mg/L左右,C/N为20左右的条件下同步硝化反硝化效果最好,且COD,NH 4-N,TN去除率都可以达到90%以上.     

膜生物反应器处理废水硝化/反硝化能力研究

本研究采用前置缺氧／好氧膜生物反应(Anoxic／Oxic Membrane Bioreactor,AOmR)处理废水,分别对NH^ 4-N及总氮(TN)的去除效果、硝化／反硝化能力以及影响因素进行了研究。试验结果表明：在碳源充足、水力停留时间(HI汀)为6．5h、污泥泥龄(SRT)为30d、pH值范围为7、0～8．5条件下,进水NH^ 4-N平均值为240mg/L时,反应器能够保持良好的硝化、反硝化能力,出水NH^ 4-N值能稳定在2．5mg/L左右,平均去除率为98．5％,TN平均去除率为65％。     

移动床生物膜反应器中同步硝化反硝化的实现及动力学分析

以低COD/N人工模拟废水为基质,研究移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)内同步硝化反硝化(SND)过程。进水COD和NH4+-N的质量浓度分别为200 mg/L和40 mg/L,以K1型填料为载体(填充率为40%),DO控制在3~4mg/L,20 d后有稳定的生物膜形成。生物膜完全成熟后,每个填料上平均生物膜量为33.5 mg,出水COD和NH4+-N去除率平均分别达86.68%和97.25%,NO2--N基本无累积,NO3--N的质量浓度均保持在5 mg/L以下,TN去除率在后期最高达90.6%,计算得到SND率达91.66%,结果证实在单一反应器内实现了良好的同步硝化反硝化过程。动力学模拟得出同步硝化反硝化过程中的NO3--N饱和常数为5.83 mg/L,大于单级反硝化过程中的硝酸盐氮饱和常数。     

生物陶粒MBBR同步硝化反硝化脱氮试验研究

利用生物陶粒作为移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的填料,通过试验考察了MBBR发生同步硝化反硝化(SND)的可能性。分析了溶解氧和碳氮质量比对SND的影响。试验结果表明:MBBR具有良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力。溶解氧的质量浓度在3 mg/L左右时,不仅能够满足硝化作用的需要而且又不严重抑制反硝化作用,NH3-N去除率达到81.45%的同时TN去除率为60.35%;进水碳氮质量比在10左右时,NH3-N、TN去除率分别为81.65%、63.60%。     

移动床生物膜系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮研究

采用移动床生物膜系统,分析单个代表性周期内同步硝化反硝化过程,并研究C/N比对实际生活污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,DO控制在2.5mg·L-1左右时,反应器内发生了同步硝化反硝化现象.投加淀粉调整C/N比,系统能取得良好的脱氮效果,氨氮的去除率均在93%以上,随着C/N比的增加,TN的去除率也逐渐的增大,当C/N为10时,TN最高去除率能达到80.81%,但当C/N增大到12时,TN的去除率不再增大,只是稳定在75%左右.     

低C/N比异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌筛选及硝化特性

针对生物法处理低C/N比废水存在碳源不足、脱氮效率不高问题,从石化废水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到一株低C/N比异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株WUST-7。通过形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。通过单因素实验,考察碳源种类、培养温度、初始pH和摇床转速对菌株硝化性能的影响,确定最优异养硝化培养条件为：丁二酸钠为碳源、培养温度30～35℃、初始pH8.0～9.0、摇床转速150～200r/min。在最优异养硝化条件下培养9h,可将初始浓度为107.52mg/L的氨氮去除90.64%,并且在整个培养过程中没有亚硝酸盐氮的积累,硝酸盐氮含量也始终低于3.5mg/L,总氮的去除率达88.63%。实验结果表明,菌株WUST-7在利用氨氮进行硝化反应的同时,还可以利用硝酸盐氮进行反硝化,具有良好的同步硝化反硝化潜能。     

长/短HRT联合低/高曝气实现短程硝化反硝化脱氮除磷

为了实现从同步硝化反硝化除磷向短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒的转变,以颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用低C/N比的人工配水,通过长/短HRT下的低/高曝气强度交替策略驯化短程硝化反硝化除磷系统。本策略能够维持更高的游离亚硝酸（FNA）浓度和持续时间,在抑制好氧聚磷菌的同时富集反硝化聚磷菌（denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms, DPAOs）;此外,利用氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌（nitrite oxidizing bacteria, NOB）的亲氧能力差异产生亚氮积累,为DPAOs提供电子受体,最终实现短程硝化反硝化除磷。结果表明,第60天时采用低/高曝气策略的颗粒污泥中\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}型DPAOs占比达45%,NOB 活性下降至3.28mgN/(gMLVSS·h)。在处理低碳源污水时,低/高曝气强度模式相较于恒定曝气强度模式展现出了更强的适应性和稳定性。稳定期出水COD浓度在50mg/L以下,出水总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度分别低于15mg/L和0.5mg/L,TN去除率达94.54%,TP平均去除率为96.90%。     

硅胶膜曝气生物反应器同步短程硝化反硝化研究

以疏水性无孔硅橡胶管为膜曝气组件,通过长期的运行试验,对硅胶膜曝气生物反应器中实现同步短程硝化反硝化的可行性进行了研究。结果显示:在温度为32℃,p H为7.5~8.0,溶解氧为0.5 mg/L,HRT为12 h,进水COD为300 mg/L,NH4+-N为60 mg/L时,SMABR具有最佳去除效果,此时出水NO2--N为7.3 mg/L,NO3--N未检测到,NH4+-N、TN、COD去除率分别为82.9%、71.0%、90.0%。研究结果表明:SMABR通过改变反应条件能稳定实现同步短程硝化反硝化。     

深床反硝化滤池在深度脱氮处理的应用

采用深床反硝化滤池对宁波某污水处理厂的出水进行深度脱氮处理。出水SS控制在10 mg/L以下,乙酸钠投加质量浓度在70 mg/L,经深床反硝化滤池处理后,TN可被消除80%以上,出水实现TN15 mg/L的目标。     

单一反应体系曝气量与污泥质量浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

利用自培养硝化污泥与实验室筛选的1株反硝化细菌共培养形成共生污泥,构建膜生物反应器(MBR)单一反应体系同步硝化反硝化系统,得到系统良好同步硝化反硝化曝气量和污泥浓度的最优条件。由试验结果可知:在混合污泥质量浓度(MLSS)6.0~10.0 g/L时,调节曝气量,可以使单污泥同步硝化反硝化总氮(TN)去除率达到85%以上。不同MLSS下,达到最高TN去除率的最佳曝气量随着MLSS增高而向高曝气量偏移。随着MLSS增高,响应因子F变小,由曝气量的变化而引起的TN去除率变化明显变缓,表示MLSS对O2传递的缓冲能力越强。在MLSS为8 g/L条件下,低负荷比较容易达到较高的TN去除率,而高负荷下需要更高的曝气量以获得高的TN去除率,系统适合的NH4+-N负荷范围0~0.30 kg/(m3.d)。MLSS≥3.0 g/L,出水化学需氧量(COD)低于50 mg/L,COD大部分贡献于反硝化所需C源。单一反应体系同步硝化反硝化系统能对负荷的改变作出及时的回应,整体上运行比较稳定。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。