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牛乳过敏是婴幼儿常见的食物过敏之一,能引发皮肤、胃肠道或者呼吸系统方面的疾病。明确牛乳过敏原的结构及致敏机制,并建立准确且敏感度高的检测分析方法有助于人们预防这类疾病。牛乳中常见的过敏原为酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白。本文详述了这些主要过敏原蛋白的结构、致敏机制以及相关的抗体识别序列,并结合国内外关于乳过敏原检测的相关报道,阐述了基于蛋白质和DNA的牛乳过敏原检测技术,包括ELISA、免疫传感器、PCR以及环介导等温扩增技术,以及这些技术应用的优缺点,旨在为牛乳过敏的防控和乳过敏患者的健康提供一定的理论支撑。 相似文献
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伴随社会经济的发展和人们饮食习惯的改变,牛乳及其制品已成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。牛乳的安全问题一直受到消费者的广泛关注,微生物污染是牛乳加工过程中最重要的质量影响因素,因此对其防控显得尤为重要。本文对牛乳中主要的微生物污染类型进行了介绍,对牛乳生产过程中的质量控制体系建设进行了简要说明,阐明通过有效的杀菌手段和预防控制体系可极大减少牛乳的微生物污染。并对目前主流的牛乳杀菌方法与技术进行了综述,简要介绍了几种杀菌手段的杀菌原理以及优缺点,展示了现代杀菌技术的发展方向。 相似文献
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随着居民生活质量的不断提高,人们越来越重视食品安全问题.传统的食品加工存在操作流程不规范、清洁工作不到位、预防措施存在漏洞等缺陷.除此之外,如何进行灭菌消毒工作也是传统食品加工中的弱项.基于此,本文针对食品加工过程中的致病菌控制进行讨论,以期为工作人员提供帮助. 相似文献
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牛乳及其中的超氧化物歧化酶 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文简述了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的发现、在生物界分布及目前的开发利用情况。同时对牛乳中所含SOD的类型和含量、测定方法、提取和纯化及其特性进行了简要地介绍。并就生产强化SOD的牛乳及其乳制品的意义和可行性进行了探讨。 相似文献
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牛乳中酪蛋白的分离及其特性的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以鲜牛乳高速离心得到的酪蛋白为原料,配置成不同pH的溶液,进而研究了样品的Zeta电势、电导率、黏度、平均粒径和稳定性的变化。实验结果表明:酪蛋白溶液的Zeta电势值(绝对值)、电导率值和黏度值都是随着pH的增加而逐渐增加;平均粒径值是先减小后增加,在pH6.2时有最小值,为26.03nm;溶液的pH为5.8~6.6时,体系较稳定。初步认为,当pH<7时,降低pH会导致胶体磷酸钙的溶解,使得体系的平均粒径变小;继续降低pH会导致静电斥力的减小,酪蛋白会发生凝集,平均粒径增大,体系也会变得不稳定。 相似文献
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microRNAs(miRNAs)是一种长度大约为22个核苷酸的非编码RNA,存在于血浆、血清、唾液、乳汁等体液中,通过调控基因表达参与各种生物过程。乳中miRNA作为新发现的生物活性成分,具有免疫等功能,在反复冻融、酶、低pH等处理条件下也能保持稳定。该文简述了miRNA的合成及功能,详细论述了乳中miRNA的分离提取与稳定性以及母乳和动物乳中miRNA的免疫功能研究进展,分析了乳中miRNA作为潜在的标记物检测乳品质量的可行性,从而为今后以乳中miRNA作为一个新型指标分析检测乳质品质量提供参考,为乳中miRNA的研究提供新的方向。 相似文献
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J.C. Ribeiro Júnior A.M. de Oliveira F. de G. Silva R. Tamanini A.L.M. de Oliveira V. Beloti 《Journal of dairy science》2018,101(1):75-83
Refrigerated raw milk may contain psychrotrophic microorganisms that produce thermoresistant exoproteases and lipases, which may compromise the quality of processed fluid milk and dairy products during storage. The aim of this work was to quantify and identify the deteriorating psychrotrophic microbiota in Brazilian refrigerated raw milk using genetic diversity analysis. The mean psychrotrophic count was 1.1 × 104 cfu/mL. Of the total isolates, 47.8 and 29.8% showed deteriorating activity at 35°C within 48 h and 7°C within 10 d, respectively. Among the proteolytic species, more isolated by this study were Lactococcus lactis (27.3%), Enterobacter kobei (14.8%), Serratia ureilytica (8%), Aerococcus urinaeequi (6.8%), and Bacillus licheniformis (6.8%). Observed among lipolytics were E. kobei (17.7%), L. lactis (15.6%), A. urinaeequi (12.5%), and Acinetobacter lwoffii (9.4%). The isolates S. ureilytica, E. kobei, Pseudomonas spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica potentially produced alkaline metalloprotease (aprX). Despite the low counts, a considerable portion of the psychrotrophic microbiota presented spoilage potential, which reaffirms the need for rigor in the control of contamination and the importance of rapid processing as factors that maintain the quality of milk and dairy products. 相似文献
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CO2对乳性质的影响及在乳品杀菌中的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
综述了在不同条件下,在牛乳中充入CO2,同时与未处理的原料乳做对照。通过对牛乳蛋白和脂肪的水解情况、细菌的生长参数、CO2注入温度对牛乳pH值和冰点的影响等方面研究CO2对牛乳的处理效果。结果表明,经CO2处理的牛乳具有很好的抑菌效果,尤其在低温条件下,能够有效抑制乳中细菌的生长,保证乳品的质量,延长乳制品的货架期,具有很好的市场前景。 相似文献
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Jayarao BM Donaldson SC Straley BA Sawant AA Hegde NV Brown JL 《Journal of dairy science》2006,89(7):2451-2458
A 2-part study was conducted to determine the risk of exposure to human pathogens from raw milk. The first part of the study focused on determining raw milk consumption habits of dairy producers. A total of 248 dairy producers from 16 counties in Pennsylvania were surveyed. Overall, 105 (42.3%) of the 248 dairy producers consumed raw milk and 170 (68.5%) of the 248 dairy producers were aware of foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Dairy producers who were not aware of foodborne pathogens in raw milk were 2-fold more likely to consume raw milk compared with dairy producers who were aware of foodborne pathogens. The majority of dairy producers who consumed raw milk indicated that taste (72%) and convenience (60%) were the primary factors for consuming raw milk. Dairy producers who resided on the dairy farm were nearly 3-fold more likely to consume raw milk compared with those who lived elsewhere. In the second part of the study, bulk tank milk from the 248 participating dairy herds was examined for foodborne pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni (2%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (2.4%), Listeria monocytogenes (2.8%), Salmonella (6%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (1.2%) were detected in the milk samples. Salmonella isolates were identified as S. enterica serotype Typhimurium (n = 10) and S. enterica serotype Newport (n = 5). Of the 248 bulk tank milk samples, 32 (13%) contained ≥1 species of bacterial pathogens. The findings of the study could assist in developing farm community-based educational programs on the risks of consuming raw milk. 相似文献
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O.C.M. Queiroz I.M. Ogunade Z. Weinberg A.T. Adesogan 《Journal of dairy science》2018,101(5):4132-4142
Silage is one of the main ingredients in dairy cattle diets and it is an important source of nutrients, particularly energy and digestible fiber. Unlike properly made and managed silage, poorly made or contaminated silage can also be a source of pathogenic bacteria that may decrease dairy cow performance, reduce the safety and quality dairy products, and compromise animal and human health. Some of the pathogenic bacteria that are frequently or occasionally associated with silage are enterobacteria, Listeria, Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., and Salmonella. The symptoms caused by these bacteria in dairy cows vary from mild diarrhea and reduced feed intake by Clostridium spp. to death and abortion by Listeria. Contamination of food products with pathogenic bacteria can cause losses of millions of dollars due to recalls of unsafe foods and decreases in the shelf life of dairy products. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in silage is usually due to contamination or poor management during the fermentation, aerobic exposure, or feed-out stages. Silage additives and inoculants can improve the safety of silage as well as the fermentation, nutrient recovery, quality, and shelf life. This review summarizes the literature on the main foodborne pathogens that occasionally infest silage and how additives can improve silage safety. 相似文献
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本文主要从设备的角度以实例探讨了我国中小型乳品厂无菌包装鲜奶超高温灭菌后受到二次污染的主要原因。针对这些原因,提出了解决办法,从而在生产过程中严格检查和控制这些关键点,以防止UHT鲜奶的二次污染。 相似文献
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目的 对比母乳、牛乳、山羊乳、绵羊乳、驼乳和驴乳的蛋白质组成及乳清蛋白二级结构,厘清主要加工乳种与母乳的蛋白质差异。方法 通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)和傅里叶变换红外光谱法(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)对比各乳种的蛋白质组成和乳清蛋白二级结构。结果 绵羊乳中蛋白质、乳糖、脂肪含量均显著高于母乳、牛乳、山羊乳、驼乳和驴乳(P<0.05),母乳中蛋白质、乳糖、矿物质与驴乳各对应指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05);酪蛋白﹕乳清蛋白(C:W)是衡量动物蛋白质量的指标,检测结果为母乳C:W为38.58﹕61.42,牛乳C:W为81.43﹕18.57,山羊乳C:W为61.14﹕38.86,绵羊乳C:W为68.42﹕31.58,驼乳C:W为56.16﹕43.84,驴乳C:W为8.91﹕91.09;母乳与驼乳均含有较高的乳铁蛋白与血清白蛋白,且几乎不含β-乳球蛋白;驼乳与母乳乳清蛋白的α?螺旋结构占比较高。结论 母乳与主要加工乳种蛋白质组成与乳清蛋白二级结构不尽相同,该研究为各种乳源高值化利用和纯度鉴别提供了参考依据。 相似文献