Stabilizing controls for a doubly fed synchronous-induction machine

The stability of a doubly-fed synchronous-induction machine is investigated through small as well as large perturbation models. Two stabilizing control strategies have been proposed for the small perturbation bilinear model. The first is based on quadratic bilinear regulator theory, and the second provides a suboptimal control based on minimization of time. The responses are compared with the uncontrolled ones as well as those with conventional linear regulator control. While both the proposed strategies stabilize the system, the minimum-time suboptimal control is found to be superior     

Robust direct power control based on the Lyapunov theory of a grid-connected brushless doubly fed induction generator

This paper deals with robust direct power control of a grid-connected brushless doubly-fed induction generator(BDFIG). Using a nonlinear feedback linearization strategy, an attempt is made to improve the desired performances by controlling the generated stator active and reactive power in a linear and decoupled manner. Therefore, to achieve this objective, the Lyapunov approach is used associated with a sliding mode control to guarantee the global asymptotical stability. Thus, an optimal operation of the BDFIG in sub-synchronous operation is obtained as well as the stator power flows with the possibility of keeping stator power factor at a unity. The proposed method is tested with the Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results illustrate the performances and the feasibility of the designed control.     

Transient performance study of a brushless doubly fed twin stator induction generator

This paper presents theoretical, simulation, and experimental study of the brushless doubly fed twin stator induction generator (BDFTSIG) dynamics under vector control based on the orientation on the power machine stator flux. A complex transfer function is derived which links the control current and power winding current space vectors in the field coordinates. Based on this result, the transient response of the BDFTSIG to step changes in the control current is examined theoretically. The oscillatory transients are explained in detail and linked to control flux transients triggered whenever operation point of the generator is changed. Furthermore, BDFTSIG operation with closed loop control of the power machine active and reactive powers is examined theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that in the closed loop operation, the system damping may be reduced so that the PI controller gains must be properly selected to achieve a good transient response.     

双馈风力发电机运行控制及其空间矢量分析

以分析双馈风力发电机交流励磁的电磁本质为目标,运用空间矢量理论建立了双馈风力发电机的空间矢量模型;在此基础上,建立了变速变桨双馈风力发电机组的整机模型,给出了不同运行状态下的仿真曲线。在转子绕组自行闭合与加入转子交流励磁2种情况下,对双馈电机中定转子磁动势空间矢量的相位变化进行对比,揭示了交流励磁对于改变转子磁动势空间矢量相位的作用。研究结果表明,当双馈电机运行在亚同步状态时,通过控制交流励磁电流可以使转子磁动势空间矢量的相位超前于定子磁动势空间矢量的相位,从而使双馈电机在转速低于同步转速时也能处于发电状态。     

Two step three time scale reduction of doubly fed machine models

A three time scale reduction method is presented, which consists of two successive two time scale seductions. The advantage is that only small order systems of equations are dealt with. This method is applied to doubly fed synchronous machines, and is compared with other methods. A discussion of the dynamic behavior according to inertia and operating point is also included     

MRAS observer for sensorless control of standalone doubly fed induction generators

This paper presents an analysis of a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer for the sensorless control of a standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The analysis allows the formal design of the MRAS observer of given dynamics and further allows the prediction of rotor position estimation errors under parameter mismatch. The MRAS observer analysis is experimentally implemented for the vector control of a standalone DFIG feeding a load at constant voltage and frequency. Experimental results, including speed catching of an already spinning machine, are presented and extensively discussed. Although the method is validated for a standalone generator, the proposed MRAS observer can be extended to other applications of the doubly fed induction machine.     

Performance analysis of a composite dual-winding reluctance machine

The electromagnetic energy conversion process of a composite dual-winding asynchronous reluctance machine is presented. The mechanism of torque production is explained using the magnetic fields distributions. The dynamic model developed in dq-rotor reference frame from first principles depicts the machine operation and response to sudden load change. The device is self-starting in the absence of rotor conductors and its starting current is lower than that of a conventional induction machine. Although the machine possesses salient pole rotors, it is clearly shown that its performance is that of an induction motor operating at half the synchronous speed. Hence the device produces synchronous torque while operating asynchronously. Simple tests were conducted on a prototype demonstration machine and the results obtained are seen to be in tune with the theory and the steady-state calculations.     

Magnetic saturation effects on the control of a synchronous reluctance machine

Experimental results on the magnetic saturation effects on the control of a small synchronous reluctance machine (600 W) are presented in this paper. A new model of the machine, including saturation effects and cross magnetization is first developed. An approach based on total and mutual inductances is followed instead of the traditional approach through magnetizing and leakage inductances. All of the electrical and mechanical parameters measurements required for the simulations are given. A rotor-oriented vector control of the synchronous reluctance machine is achieved with a digital-signal-processor (DSP) board (TMS320C31) and experimental results are presented. When the magnetic circuit is saturated, the simulation with the developed model shows good, accurate results when compared to the experimental ones.     

双馈风电机组转子侧变换器改进优化控制

准比例谐振控制器在静止坐标下能够对特定频率的交流信号实现无静差控制,基于此结合双馈风力发电机的静止αβ坐标系下的数学模型,提出了转子侧变换器PR控制。该方法将电流内环的有功和无功分量转换到静止坐标系下,利用准PR控制器进行跟踪给定信号,实现了有功、无功功率解耦控制。与传统PI控制策略相比,优化的控制策略减少了坐标旋转变换,提高了控制系统的鲁棒性。在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下搭建了仿真模型,仿真结果验证了文章控制策略的有效性和无功在抑制电网电压波动的作用。     

Rotor flux magnitude and angle control strategy for doubly fed induction generators

A new control strategy is investigated for Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs). It exercises control over the generator terminal voltage and output power by adjusting the magnitude and angle of the rotor flux vector. It is shown that this control strategy leads to low interaction between the power and voltage control loop, better system damping and voltage recovery following faults, and it also provides enhanced frequency regulation capability compared with that achieved with existing DFIG controllers described in the open literature. The dynamic performance of the proposed DFIG control is tested for small and large disturbances using a generic network that combines wind and conventional synchronous generation. Simulation results are presented and discussed that demonstrate the capabilities of the new strategy to enhance DFIG performance and its contribution to network operation.     

双馈风力发电机无速度传感器矢量控制

针对风力发电系统中的双馈电机提出一种转子感应电势定向矢量控制方法。通过调节双馈电机转子侧的瞬时有功电流和无功电流,实现对电机力矩和转子侧励磁电流的调节,进而实现双馈电机无功功率调节。在控制过程中只需检测交流侧电流电压,不需要位置传感器,所以可以应用无速度传感器。最终通过仿真试验证明该方法的正确性和实用性。     

Low voltage ride-through strategies for doubly fed induction machine pumped storage system under grid faults

Pumped storage units bring stability to the electrical power system, so they must remain connected to the grid even during grid faults. In this paper, the authors propose efficient and simple solutions for a doubly fed induction machine pumped storage (DFIMPS) system during grid faults. In case of balanced grid faults, a control reconfiguration strategy is introduced and a hardware solution is applied in the case of unbalanced grid faults. The reconfiguration strategy consists of a commutation between different control strategies; when a balanced grid voltage fault occurs during pumping mode, the control algorithm switches to the synchronization one but based on the new grid conditions. So the proposed reconfiguration method reduces the negative impacts of grid fault occurrence on the DFIMPS system by cancelling rotor and stator over-currents and decreasing the electromagnetic torque and stator power oscillations. Simulation results carried out on a 4 kW DFIMPS system illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Transient model of a doubly excited reluctance motor

A transient machine model of a doubly fed reluctance motor is derived by means of winding function and d-q transformation theory. The machine consists of a double-wound stator with four and eight pole sets. The rotor is equipped with six poles. The machine, related to the Hunt motor, has the synchronous speed of a twelve-pole machine. Comparison of simulated results to test results indicates that the higher harmonics in the motor inductances are important for predicting the current waveform     

Dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator in automatic generation control

Increasing levels of wind generation have resulted in an urgent need for the assessment of their impact on frequency control of power systems. The displacement of conventional generation with wind generation will result in erosion of system frequency. The paper analyzed the dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) to system frequency responses of two-area interconnected power system having variety of conventional generating units. Frequency control support function responding proportionally to frequency deviation is proposed to take out the kinetic energy of turbine blades in order to improve the frequency response of the system. Impacts of different wind penetrations in the system and varying active power support from wind farm on frequency control have been investigated. Integral gains of AGC loop are optimized through craziness-based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO) in order to have optimal transient responses of area frequencies, tie-line power deviation and DFIG parameters.     

Centralised power control of wind farm with doubly fed induction generators

At the moment, the control ability of wind farms is a prime research concern for the grid integration of large wind farms, due to their required active role in the power system. This paper describes the on-going work of a research project, whose overall objective is to analyse and assess the possibilities for control of different wind farm concepts. The scope of this paper is the control of a wind farm made up exclusively of doubly fed induction generators. The paper addresses the design and implementation issues of such a controller and focuses on the ability of the wind farm control strategy to regulate the wind farm power production to the reference power ordered by the system operators. The presented wind farm control has a hierarchical structure with both a central control level and a local control level. The central wind farm control level controls the power production of the whole farm by sending out reference power signals to each individual wind turbine, while the local wind turbine control level ensures that the reference power signal send by the central control level is reached. The performance of the control strategy is assessed and discussed by means of simulations illustrated both at the wind farm level and at each individual wind turbine level.     

Coordinated control for unbalanced operation of stand‐alone doubly fed induction generator

This paper proposes a coordinated control scheme of a stand‐alone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind energy conversion system to improve the operation performance under unbalanced load conditions. To provide excellent voltage profile for load, a direct stator flux control scheme based on auto‐disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is applied, and less current sensors are required. Due to the virtues of ADRC, the controller has good disturbance rejection capability and is robust to parameter variation. In the case of unbalanced loads, the electromagnetic torque pulsations at double synchronous frequency will exist. To eliminate the undesired effect, the stator‐side converter (SSC) is used to provide the negative sequence current components for the unbalanced load. Usually, proportional integral controllers in a synchronous reference frame are used to control SSC. To simplify the algorithm, an improved proportional resonant (PR) control is proposed and used in the current loop without involving positive and negative sequence decomposition. The improved PR provides more degree of freedom which could be used to improve the performance. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme has been validated by the simulation and experimental results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vector control and fuzzy logic control of doubly fed variable speeddrives with DSP implementation

Field orientation control and fuzzy logic control are designed for variable speed drive systems with a doubly-fed machine in a slip power recovery configuration. Laboratory implementation with a general purpose DSP (digital signal processing) system is described and experimental results are given. High performance potential of a slip power recovery system is realized with these advanced controls, while flexible reactive power control becomes possible, and compared to the ordinary variable speed drives with singly-fed induction machines, power converter rating is reduced     

Microcomputer control implementation of transverse flux linearswitched reluctance machine with rule-based compensator

This paper provides a microcomputer-based control experience for a transverse flux linear switched reluctance machine (TFLSRM) with rule-based compensation techniques. By using the state-space modeling and the developed system parameters, various control strategies are developed to improve the dynamic characteristics of the TFLSRM under different operating conditions. By appropriate microcomputer hardware and software design and experimental verifications, the adequacies of the overall control schemes can be confirmed. It is thus believed that the proposed microcomputer-based TFLSRM control system can provide satisfactory characteristics suitable for dynamic linear motion operations     

VSC-based direct torque and reactive power control of doubly fed induction generator

This paper proposes a novel direct torque and reactive power control (DTC) for grid-connected doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) in the wind power generation applications. The proposed DTC strategy employs a variable structure control (VSC) scheme to calculate the required rotor control voltage directly and to eliminate the instantaneous errors of active and reactive powers without involving any synchronous coordinate transformations, which essentially enhances the transient performance. Constant switching frequency is achieved as well by using space vector modulation (SVM), which eases the designs of power converter and ac harmonic filters. Simulated results on a 2 MW grid-connected DFIG system are presented and compared with those of the classic voltage-oriented vector control (VC) and traditional look-up-table (LUT) direct power control (DPC). The proposed VSC DTC maintains enhanced transient performance similar to the LUT DPC and keeps the steady-state harmonic spectra at the identical level as the VC strategy when the network is strictly balanced. Besides, the VSC DTC strategy is capable of fully eliminating the double-frequency pulsations in both the electromagnetic torque and the stator reactive power during network voltage unbalance.     

Modelling and control of a marine current turbine-driven doubly fed induction generator

This paper deals with the modelling and control of a variable speed doubly fed induction generatorbased marine current turbine with and without tidal current speed sensor. The proposed maximum power point tracking control strategy relies on the resource and the marine turbine models that were validated by experimental data. The sensitivity of the proposed control strategy is analysed regarding the swell effect because it is considered as the most disturbing one for the resource model. Tidal current data from the Raz de Sein (Brittany, France) are used to run simulations of a 7.5-kW prototype over various flow regimes. Simulation results are presented and fully analysed.