蜡质玉米淀粉和灵芝多糖混合球磨复合物理化性质的研究

非淀粉多糖（non-starch polysaccharides,NSPs）为除淀粉以外的复合多糖,主要包括纤维素、半纤维素、果胶等,其具有良好的功能特性与加工特性。非淀粉多糖能够通过机械加工方式附着在淀粉表面,使直链淀粉难以溶出,减弱淀粉的老化特性。此外,非淀粉多糖通过氢键与淀粉相互作用能够增强复合体系的稳定性,抵抗淀粉在加工期间机械剪切力的破坏,并阻碍消化酶直接与淀粉接触,抑制淀粉消化,调节升糖指数。本文主要综述了非淀粉多糖与淀粉通过非共价键、化学键交联以及加工过程的作用力等方式复合,从而影响淀粉的颗粒及结晶结构变化,进一步概述添加非淀粉多糖-淀粉体系的糊化、老化、流变等理化特性以及消化特性的变化,以期为非淀粉多糖改性淀粉的功能性食品开发提供一定参考。

     

花生非淀粉多糖的纯化技术研究

以冷榨花生粕为原料,采用高温热水提取花生多糖（PPS）。通过正交实验优化酶解法去除花生粗多糖中淀粉的最佳工艺条件,并利用DEAE-52纤维素离子交换柱层析对花生多糖进行分离纯化。结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下,耐高温α-淀粉酶和糖化酶酶解除淀粉后的花生多糖纯度明显提高;DEAE-52柱层析主要得到中性多糖PPS-1和酸性多糖PPS-2,其含量分别为17.79%和66.93%;紫外扫描结果显示PPS-1和PPS-2均不含核酸,PPS-1含有少量的蛋白。      

非淀粉多糖在动物营养上的研究进展

本文综述了谷物饲料中非淀粉多糖的分类，结构，理化性质及其抗营养作用与机制，提出消除非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用，提高饲料利用率的几种可行办法，如添加酶制剂，水处理和添加抗生素等。     

Association of non-starch polysaccharides and ferulic acid in grain amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) dietary fiber

The association of ferulic acid, an alkali-extractable phenolic acid in amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthaceae) insoluble fiber (trans-ferulic acid: 620 microg.g-1, cis-ferulic acid: 203 microg.g-1), and non-starch polysaccharides was investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble amaranth fiber released several feruloylated oligosaccharides that were separated using Sephadex LH-20-chromatography and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Three compounds were unambiguously identified: O-(6-O-trans-feruloyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-D-galactopyranose, O-(2-O-trans-feruloyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(1-->5)-L-arabinofuranose, and O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)-O-(2-O-trans-feruloyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(1-->5)-L-arabinofuranose. These feruloylated oligosaccharides show that ferulic acid is predominantly bound to pectic arabinans and galactans in amaranth insoluble fiber. 5-O-trans-Feruloyl-L-arabinofuranose was the only compound isolated in pure form from an acid hydrolyzate. This compound may have its origin from pectic arabinans but also from arabinoxylans.     

Starch and non-starch polysaccharides in some cereal foods

The polysaccharide content of some cereal foods is reported, measured by a recently described technique. This method allows accurate determination of plant cell wall and other plant polysaccharides and identification and measurement of starch made resistant to digestion by α-amylase and pullulanase during food processing (resistant starch). The results reported are at variance with values for dietary fibre measured by other published methods by a factor of up to 10 in some foods. This is due partly to the failure of some methods to identify resistant starch separately from NSP and partly to other details of methodology. Implied in these findings is the need to critically assess methods used for the chemical determination of non-starch polysaccharides and the need to be cautious in interpreting dietary-fibre-intake data especially in population studies.     

黑麦非淀粉多糖胶在制备香肠中的应用

为了研究黑麦非淀粉多糖(NSP)胶在香肠中的应用,以黑麦NSP胶、淀粉和肥猪肉添加量为因素,以黑麦NSP香肠咀嚼性为指标,通过单因素试验及响应面设计方法研究确定其在香肠中的最佳添加量为黑麦NSP胶用量2.44g、淀粉添加量1.55％、肥猪肉用量27.8％,在此条件下制备出的香肠咀嚼性为5472.68 Nomm.由感官评定玫瑰图可以得出黑麦NSP胶添加量对香肠的硬度和咀嚼性有显著影响,能够减小香肠产品的硬度,增强咀嚼性.本研究显示了黑麦NSP可以用于生产品质优良的低脂型香肠.     

Colorimetric method for routine measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides. A comparison with gas-liquid chromatography

A method is described for the measurement of dietary fibre as the non-starch polysaccharides in plant material. The basic fractionation procedure from a previously validated gas-liquid chromatographic method has been combined with colorimetric measurement of constituent sugars. The method is shown to produce accurate quantitative data by comparison with the previous gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. Although detailed qualitative information is not obtained, the method described offers the opportunity to measure soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, without the need for expensive gas-liquid chromatography equipment.     

糖醇乙酯法测定谷物中非淀粉多糖的含量

将稻子、小麦麸皮磨细后,用80%乙醇萃取游离糖,剩余物在醋酸缓冲液（pH5.0）条件下分别用α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶酶解,除掉淀粉。非淀粉多糖用酸水解为各单糖,采用糖醇乙酯衍生物制备方法,用OV-1701石英毛细管色谱柱,可分离得到非淀粉多糖（NSP）各组成单糖。并以肌醇和自然界中不存在的阿洛糖作内标物,提高了定性定量分析的准确性,测定出稻子、小麦麸皮中可溶性非淀粉多糖各组成单糖的含量。      

Use of dietary fiber in experimental hepatitis in rats

Hepatitis is most widespread form of a lesion of a liver taking an essential place among the causes of invalidity of the population. In present work the created food fibres allocated from various vegetative raw material are described. Is shown the food fibres of bean crops and secondary resources of processing of a grapes improve a general condition of laboratory animals with a liver struck by hepatitis.     

Content and composition of non-starch polysaccharides in some norwegian plant foods

Analyses of non-starch polysaccharides have been carried out on plant material grown in Norway including potatoes, apples and some vegetables.A method which determined both amount and type of polysaccharides was used.     

Determination of non-starch polysaccharides in cereal grains with near-infared reflectance spectroscopy

Cereal grains contain variable amounts of non-starch polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylans and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans (beta-glucans), which are associated with their cell walls. The type and composition of these polysaccharides is of increasing interest in both human and animal nutrition. Reference analysis for these polysaccharides requires the use both enzymic and monosaccharide methods. To evaluate fully the non-starch polysaccharides present in grains, some analysts further distinguish between the soluble and insoluble fractions of these components. Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy provides fast, inexpensive analysis. It is, however, a comparative technique that relies on multivariate calibration of sample spectra and accurate reference analysis. It has the potential to be exploited as a rapid analytical method for nutritionally important polysaccharides. The calibration statistics for arabinoxylans and beta-glucans obtained in this study suggest that NIR can be used in plant breeding, nutritional and product studies to obtain simple and rapid estimates of non-starch polysaccharides. The occurrence of wheats with high cell wall contents together with barleys with high beta-glucan contents is well known. However, to date, this genetic variation has not been extensively exploited for the production of grains for use as human food ingredients.     

Contents of starch and non-starch polysaccharides in barley varieties of different origin

A large number of barley varieties were extensively analyzed with emphasis on polysaccharides. Interrelationships among the different parameters were studied by using principal component analysis (PCA).     

麦麸非淀粉多糖对烘焙品质的影响

综述麦麸中非淀粉多糖类成分对烘焙产品的影响。主要介绍麦麸中两种重要的非淀粉多糖(阿拉伯木聚糖和β-葡聚糖)的分子结构、理化性质和生理功能,并在比较其加工性能的基础上,分析其对面团流变特性、烘焙产品营养/感官品质以及储藏特性等方面的影响,最后对相关作用机理进行分析。     

小米糠水溶性非淀粉多糖抗氧化活性研究

为了合理开发利用小米糠资源,提取小米糠中水溶性非淀粉多糖(SNSP),分析了SNSP的相对分子质量和单糖组成,测定了其中总酚与黄酮含量,并以对DPPH·、O_2~-·、ABTS~+·、·OH清除能力以及Fe~(2+)螯合能力和Fe~(3+)还原能力为指标,研究了小米糠及SNSP的抗氧化活性。结果表明,SNSP的重均相对分子质量为1.930×10~6g/mol,主要单糖为葡萄糖;SNSP中总酚与黄酮含量分别为426.12μgGAE/g与64.19μgRE/g;与小米糠相比,SNSP具有较强的抗氧化活性,尤其是对·OH、O_2~(-·)的清除能力以及Fe~(3+)还原能力和Fe~(2+)螯合能力(P0.05)。     

In vitro binding of calcium,iron and zinc by non-starch polysaccharides

The in vitro binding capacity of eight non-starch polysaccharides (agar, κ-carrageenan, gum xanthan, gum arabic, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, pectin and gum guar) was measured by equilibrium dialysis in neutral and acidic (0.1M HCl) solutions in the presence of divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺). No significant binding was observed in acidic conditions while, in neutral solutions, the extent of binding was correlated (P<0.1) to the cation-exchange capacity of the polysaccharides. It is apparent that the interactions are essentially electrostatic in nature, due to the presence of ionised carboxyl (uronic/pyruvic acids) and sulphated groups, in polyanionic polysaccharides. By contrast, significant binding occurs with Fe³⁺ in acidic conditions, presumably due to complexation (chelation). These data provide a clear insight into how non-starch polysaccharides interact with minerals and the potential nutritional consequence in terms of bioavailability.     

气相色谱法测定麦类农作物中非淀粉多糖含量

研究采用气相色谱法测定了大麦、小麦和燕麦3种麦类农作物的可溶性和不溶性非淀粉多糖含量,并且对其非淀粉多糖的各组成单糖含量采用糖醇乙酯衍生物制备气相色谱法进行了测定,为该类食品的开发研制,特别是燕麦的开发,提供了科学的营养学依据;为新的饲料原料开发提供一定的理论依据。     

The water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides from bananas display immunomodulatory properties on cultured macrophages

Some diet components, such as certain indigestible polysaccharides from edible plants, may interact with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and improve the host immune response to pathogens. The non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from bananas are non-digestible carbohydrates that resemble some immunomodulatory polysaccharides occurring in the cell wall of cereals. Based on this similarity, the effects of the water-soluble NSP from two banana cultivars (Nanicão and Thap Maeo) on the phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines produced by cultured macrophages were investigated. An investigation into the monosaccharide composition and the oligomers released by enzymatic hydrolysis of the ultra-filtered fraction above 50 kDa and the heat-treated fraction of water-soluble NSP from both cultivars revealed they are mostly composed of mannan and galacturonans (homogalacturonan, xylogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan). The NSP tested were able to activate the macrophages, but the effects on the phagocytic activity and the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide production were dependent on the polysaccharide concentration and the cultivar origin. Despite some specific differences, the NSP from Nanicão and Thap Maeo banana fruits may be considered prospective food immunomodulators, which contribute to the promotion of a more responsive immune system.     

挤压对山药中非淀粉多糖理化性质和生物活性的影响

通过双螺杆挤压山药全粉制备挤压膨化山药粉,采用热水浸提醇沉法提取得到山药原粉多糖(CYP)和挤压山药粉多糖(ECYP),并对其理化性质、抗氧化活性及促进益生菌生长作用进行研究。ECYP的总糖和糖醛酸含量与CYP相比均有所提高。利用挤压膨化技术处理前后两种山药多糖均包含鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和木糖,摩尔百分比分别为2.90∶28.37∶31.63∶7.71∶4.91∶1.27∶18.20∶5.01和3.43∶18.90∶33.23∶13.60∶16.03∶2.26∶6.22∶6.32。抗氧化活性结果显示,CYP和ECYP均具有清除1-1二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基和2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS+·)阳离子自由基的能力,且ECYP的清除能力高于CYP。CYP和ECYP均有促进植物乳杆菌增殖活性,且ECYP更有助于植物乳杆菌的生长,挤压处理能够提高山药多糖的抗氧化效果和潜在的益生活性。     

Influence of non-starch polysaccharides on the in vitro digestibility and viscosity of starch suspensions

The effects of adding non-starch polysaccharides (xanthan gum, guar gum, konjac glucomannan, and pectin) on the starch digestibility and viscosity of raw starch suspensions in a mixed system were determined. Each type of polysaccharide was added to high-amylose corn starch suspensions at defined concentrations. High-amylose rice starch suspensions mixed with xanthan and guar gum were prepared for comparison. The extent of starch digestibility was determined by an in vitro method, and the glucose diffusibility from the dialysis tube in the presence of polysaccharides was measured. The added polysaccharides were observed to decrease the starch digestibility in a mixed system. When compared at the same concentration, xanthan gum showed the most pronounced suppressive effect on starch digestibility and glucose diffusibility from the dialysis tube. The addition of polysaccharides increased the viscosity of the starch suspension. Significant relations were found between the extent of starch digestibility and the apparent viscosity at low shear rate.