Ti—6Al—4V合金微动磨损的表面防护

分析对比了Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ合金经喷丸后抛光、火焰喷涂Ｃｕ涂层、等离子喷涂锡青铜、Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ－Ｉｎ和ＷＣ／Ｃｏ－Ｉ涂层、爆炸喷涂ＷＣ／Ｃｏ－Ⅱ、Ｎｉ－６０和化学镀镍磷镀层等处理后，在室温和５００℃下的抗微动磨损性能。结果表明：ＷＣ／Ｃｏ－Ｉ涂层有较好的综合防护效果。     

高速火焰与等离子喷涂WC／Co涂层的性能比较

分析比较了超音速喷涂与等离子体喷涂的ＷＣ／Ｃｏ涂层的形貌,显微组织结构,孔隙率,硬度及其耐磨性,结果表明超音速火焰喷涂的ＷＣ／Ｃｏ涂层具有与粉末相近的相结构,也说ＷＣ颗粒在超音速火焰喷涂过程中,只有极少部分被分解和氧化,同时涂层具有很高的致密度,硬度和良好的耐磨性,涂层与基体的结合情况也得到很大的改善。     

不同热喷涂技术制备镍基涂层的摩擦磨损性能

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术和低压等离子喷涂技术，在铜基体上制备镍基涂层，研究涂层在室温下的摩擦磨损特性，探讨涂层的磨损机理。结果表明，HVAF制备的镍基涂层具有较好的耐磨性，主要原因是在涂层中存在Ni3B、M23C6、M7C3等硬质相，其磨损机理为磨粒磨损，而低压等离子喷涂技术制备的镍基涂层组织出现大量的非晶态，硬度低，磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损的综合作用，并以疲劳磨损为主。     

铁基高温等离子弧喷焊合金及其耐磨机理的研究

通过高温硬度、高温磨损试验，成功地研究出了铁基Ｃｒ－Ｎｉ－Ｗ－Ｎｂ系高温耐磨料磨损等离子弧喷焊合金粉末，可替代价格昂贵的Ｎｉ基和Ｃｏ基喷焊粉末。同时，系统地研究了合金元素对高温耐磨性的影响规律及耐磨机理。     

真空熔烧Ni基合金—WC复合涂层的耐磨特性研究

在 Ｍ Ｐ Ｘ２０００ 型盘销式摩擦磨损试验机上,对真空熔烧 Ｎｉ基合金 Ｗ Ｃ复合涂层进行了无润滑的摩擦磨损试验。结果表明,低 Ｗ Ｃ添加量（２５％ 、３５％ ）的复合涂层有着优良的耐磨性,而高 Ｗ Ｃ添加量（６０％ ）涂层的耐磨性则较差。涂层磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损。     

WC—CoWC—NiWC钎焊涂层耐磨性研究

采用真空钎焊工艺,交硬质合金粉（ＷＣ－Ｃｏ,ＷＣ－Ｎｉ,ＷＣ）及钎焊合金（ＮｉＣｒＢＳｉ）焊到４２ＣｒＭｏ钢基体表面,研究了不同硬质全金粉对钎焊涂层抗磨料磨损性能的影响,初步分析了涂层磨损机制。     

先进喷涂技术制备316L不锈钢涂层的结构与性能研究

相较于铝、铜等有色金属涂层,316L不锈钢涂层具有较高硬度和耐磨性、良好的耐腐蚀等特性,在诸多工业领域均有迫切需求。本文采用冷喷涂和大气等离子喷涂技术制备了316L不锈钢涂层,分别借助扫描电镜、显微硬度和磨损试验等检测手段研究了涂层的微观结构、显微硬度和磨损特性,对比探讨了涂层的磨损机理。试验结果表明,大气等离子喷涂制备的316L不锈钢涂层层状结构明显,存在大量的孔隙。而冷喷涂316L不锈钢涂层非常致密,且无明显氧化。冷喷涂涂层较低的孔隙率和沉积过程中的加工硬化现象,使得冷喷涂316L不锈钢涂层的硬度明显高于大气等离子喷涂涂层,具有更好的耐磨性。冷喷涂涂层在摩擦过程中的摩擦磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损,而大气等离子喷涂制备的316L不锈钢涂层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损的复合磨损形式。     

超音速火焰喷涂结晶器铜板Ni60A涂层真空退火研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术在结晶器铜板表面制备了高硬度、高耐磨性的Ni60A涂层,研究了真空退火对喷涂层显微组织、显微硬度及高温磨损性能的影响。采用金相显微镜、场发射扫描电镜和X衍射仪分析了喷涂层的显微组织、磨痕形貌和相结构,利用显微硬度计和销盘高温磨损仪检测了喷涂层的硬度和高温耐磨性。结果表明:喷涂层主相为固溶体相γ-(Ni,Fe),此外还有Cr23C6和NixSi相;真空退火后喷涂层显微硬度减小,但涂层组织变得更加致密,涂层500℃高温摩擦系数明显降低,磨损机理均为较轻的黏着磨损。     

超硬质相在高温磨损中的行为及抗磨性

通过高温硬度、高温磨损试验,研究了铁基Ｃｒ－Ｍｏ－Ｗ－Ｖ－Ｎｂ系高温耐磨料磨损等离子弧粉末堆焊合金,可以替代价格昂贵的镍基和然基等离子弧堆焊合金。同时系统地研究了合金元素及其硬质相在高温磨损中的行为及堆焊合金抗磨性。即Ｃｒ７Ｃ３「（Ｃｒ,Ｆｅ）７Ｃ３」、ＣｒｅＣ「（Ｃｒ,Ｆｅ）３Ｃ」、ＷＣ、Ｗ２Ｃ、ＮｂＣ、Ｖｃ硬质相对堆焊层的组织、硬度和耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明：硬质相的形态、数据和大小不同对堆     

氮化钛 / 氧化钛复相陶瓷涂层的干滑动摩擦磨损性能

目的研究等离子喷涂Ti N/Ti O复相陶瓷涂层的微观组织结构、显微硬度及干滑动摩擦磨损行为和机理。方法采用等离子喷涂技术,在45#钢表面制备Ti N/Ti O复相陶瓷涂层。分析涂层的相组成,测试涂层的硬度。通过磨损试验研究Ti N/Ti O复相陶瓷涂层的磨损行为,并观察涂层的磨损形貌,测试磨损表面的成分组成,探讨Ti N/Ti O复相陶瓷涂层的磨损机理。结果 Ti N/Ti O复相陶瓷涂层均匀致密,平均厚度为350μm,具有明显的层状结构,孔隙率为4.3%,显微硬度为1444HV0.1。在载荷30~50 N、转速370~1102 r/min的范围内,Ti N/Ti O复相涂层与GCr15对磨的摩擦系数为0.0963~0.2778,磨损量为1.32~6.8 mg。随着载荷的增加,摩擦系数下降;随着载荷和转速的增加,磨损量增加。结论等离子喷涂制备的Ti N/Ti O复相涂层组织致密,显微硬度高,在低速低载荷时表现出较好的耐磨性,但随着载荷和转速的增加,耐磨性降低。涂层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

Non-vacuum sintering process of WC/W2C reinforced Ni-based coating on steel

Ni-based composite coatings containing varied contents of tungsten carbides on low carbon steel were fabricated. Effects of sintering temperature and tungsten carbides contents on the surface, interface, microstructure and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Vickers microhardness tester, bulk hardness tester and pin-on-disc tribometer. The results indicated that with appropriate sintering temperature (1230 °C), smooth coating surfaces can be achieved. Favorable interfaces about 200 μm can be got that both the chemical composition and property of the interfacial region showed gradual transitions from the substrates to the coatings. Microstructure of the coatings consists of tungsten carbides and M7C3/M23C6 in the matrix. With excessive sintering temperature, tungsten carbides tend to dissolve. Ni-based coatings containing tungsten carbides showed much higher level of bulk hardness and wear resistance than ISO Fe360A and ASTM 1566 steels. With increasing contents of tungsten carbides from 25% to 40%, bulk hardness of Ni-based coatings gradually increased. Ni-based coating with 35% tungsten carbides performed the best wear resistance.     

High-temperature galvanic coatings of molybdenum,tungsten, and carbides thereof from ionic solutions. II. Physicochemical properties

Physicochemical (thickness, hardness, adhesion to support, wear resistance, abrasive resistance, porosity, corrosion stability) properties of high-temperature galvanic coatings of molybdenum, tungsten, and carbides thereof are studied.     

Propylene flow,microstructure and performance of WC–12Co coatings using a gas-fuel HVOF spray process

Five WC–12Co coatings were deposited by a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) system using constant oxygen flow and varying propylene flow. The phase composition, microstructure, as well as abrasive and sliding wear performance of the as-sprayed coatings were investigated. The degree of tungsten carbide (WC) decarburization in the as-sprayed coatings increases while the coating porosity decreases with the increase of the propylene flow. The coating hardness, fracture toughness, resistance to abrasive and sliding wear increases with the increase of the propylene flow, reaches maximum and then decreases. At the low flow of the propylene, relatively loose coating microstructure is formed, which leads to fracturing and pulling off the WC particles during abrasive and sliding wear process. Herewith, at the high flow of the propylene, the high degree of the WC decarburization and high brittleness of the coating leads to micro-cutting during abrasive wear as well as to cracking and delamination of the coating in the sliding wear process.     

Tribological characteristics of WC-based claddings using a ball-cratering method

Tungsten carbide-based thick coatings are used as wear resistant claddings or surface overlays in industrial applications to counter erosive and/or abrasive wear problems. Three-body abrasive wear behaviour of infiltration brazed tungsten carbide (WC) claddings was investigated using a ball-cratering method, a version with a free ball, with slurry containing 150–300 μm silica sand particles. Three WC claddings tested had different volume fractions and size distribution of carbides that resulted in their different bulk hardness and the matrix was a Ni–Cr based alloy. It was found that the wear rates of all WC claddings were almost constant with testing time or distance travelled by a rotating ball. The wear rates were independent of the slurry delivery rate and did not increase with increasing rotating ball roughness. The wear rates were affected by the material characteristics of WC claddings such as the volume fraction of carbides, directly related to bulk hardness, and carbide size distribution. SEM examination found that three-body rolling wear was a dominating wear mechanism. The softer matrix was worn out preferentially, leaving behind protruding and weakly-supported carbides. Small solid carbides were then dislodged and larger cemented WC/Co carbides were gradually worn out by a combination of microcracking and attrition.The abrasive characteristics of WC claddings in the ball-cratering tests were then compared to the characteristics of nominally identical materials in the standard ASTM G65 and G76 tests, as reported in the literature, and similarities and differences found are reported. Also, the in-field wear mechanisms found in the WC cladding were compared to the mechanisms observed in the ball-cratering tests.     

High stress abrasive wear behavior of some hardfaced surfaces produced by thermal spraying

Steel surfaces were thermally sprayed with nickel chromium boron (NCB) powder (with and without tungsten carbide) using an oxy-acetylene torch. The sprayed (hard) surfaces and substrate were characterized for abrasive wear properties. Test parameters such as load and sliding distance were varied. A significant improvement in the abrasive wear resistance (inverse of wear rate) was noted for the thermally sprayed surfaces as compared to that of the substrate. Wear surfaces, subsurface regions, and debris were examined in order to ascertain the operating wear mechanisms. Substrate (mild steel), because of its low hardness, suffered severe wear through the cutting, ploughing, and wedging action of the hard abrasive (silicon carbide). Deep cuts on the worn surface, a bulky transfer layer, subsurface cracks, and large-size debris were observed. However, wear was reduced due to high hardness of the layer of NCB powder on the substrate, which resisted the penetration of abrasive into the surface. Presence of tungsten carbide in the layer of NCB powder further reduced the wear of the corresponding specimen because of very high hardness of the tungsten carbide. Shallow wear grooves and finer debris were observed for the NCB coating with and without tungsten carbide. Cutting was the predominating wear mechanism in the case of coatings.     

Influence of WC addition in Co-Cr-W-Ni-C flame sprayed coatings on microstructure, microhardness and wear behaviour

In present paper the influence of the tungsten carbide (WC) particle addition on the microstructure, microhardness and abrasive wear behaviour of flame sprayed Co-Cr-W-Ni-C (EWAC 1006) coatings deposited on low carbon steel substrate has been reported. Coatings were deposited by oxy-acetylene flame spraying process. Wear behaviour of coatings was evaluated using pin on flat wear system against SiC abrasive medium. It was observed that the addition of WC particle in a commercial Co-Cr-W-Ni-C powder coating increases microhardness and wear resistance. Wear behaviour of these coatings is governed by the material parameters such as microstructure, hardness of coating and test parameters (abrasive grit size and normal load). Addition of WC in a commercial powder coating increased wear resistance about 4-9 folds. WC modified powder coatings showed better wear resistance at high load. Heat treatment of the unmodified powder coatings improved abrasive wear resistance while that of modified powder coating deteriorated the wear resistance. SEM study showed that wear of coatings largely takes place by microgroove, crater formation and scoring. Electron probe micro analysis (E.P.M.A.) of unmodified and WC modified powder coating was carried out for composition and phase analysis.     

钒对铁基碳化钨耐磨堆焊层组织和性能的影响

在自研制的碳化钨管状药芯焊条中添加不同含量的钒元素（0%~3%）并制备堆焊合金,通过SEM,XRD,EDS等研究分析手段,研究不同钒含量对碳化钨耐磨层组织性能的影响规律.结果表明,钒含量与堆焊层中碳化钨颗粒的溶解程度密切相关,钒优先将碳化钨颗粒分解出的碳原子以碳化钒形式固定,从而抑制了碳化钨颗粒的分解,钒元素含量决定了碳化钨溶解的强弱,含有2%钒元素的堆焊层中生成适量碳化钒有效抑制了碳化钨的溶解.钒元素的加入还能强化碳化钨堆焊层基体金属的硬度,降低堆焊层中碳化钨颗粒剥落的风险,有效提高了堆焊层的耐磨性.     

Sliding and abrasive wear resistance of thermal-sprayed WC-CO coatings

We studied the resistance of the coatings to abrasive and unlubricated sliding wear of 40 WC/Co coatings applied by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), high-energy plasma spray (HEPS), and high velocity plasma spray (HVPS), using commercial and nanostructured experimental powders. The hardness of the coatings varies from 3 to 13 GPA, which is much lower than that of sintered samples (10 to 23 GPA) because of the porosity of the coatings. Phase analysis by x-ray diffraction revealed various amounts of decarburization in the coatings, some of which contain WC, W₂C, W, and η phase. The abrasive and sliding wear resistance is limited by the hardness of the samples. For a given hardness, the wear resistance is lowered by decarburization, which produces a hard but brittle phase. Nanocarb powders have the shape of thin-walled hollow spheres that heat up rapidly in the gun and are more prone to decarburization than commercial materials. The work shows that, in order to obtain the performance of nanostructured coatings, the powder and spray techniques must be modified.     

WC-6%Co硬质合金的冲击磨粒磨损性能研究

用MLD-10型动载磨粒磨损试验机研究了不同晶粒度YG6硬质合金的冲击磨粒磨损性能。对试样进行了失重测量,并用FESEM分析磨损试样表面形貌。结果表明,硬质合金的耐磨性能与粘结相自由程、WC晶粒度有关;在本实验条件下,随着WC晶粒度或粘结相自由程增加,合金耐磨性先增加后减小,特定WC晶粒度配比的混晶WC-6%Co合金的抗冲击耐磨性能最好。合金的磨损失效机制也发生了转变:细晶合金主要表现为WC颗粒的剥落;随WC晶粒度增加,合金主要表现为大颗粒WC破碎后脱落。在以SiC为磨料的冲击磨粒磨损试验中,WC-6%Co合金的磨损是以WC颗粒的破碎和碎片脱落为主要的失效机制。     

球形碳化钨增强钴基堆焊涂层的组织及低温耐磨性

目的提升低温钢的摩擦磨损性能,为极地特殊船板的焊补和延寿技术提供试验依据。方法利用等离子转移弧技术,在低温钢E32表面堆焊制备3组球形不同碳化钨含量的钴基涂层,比较该改性涂层和E32钢在低温条件下(–20℃)的摩擦磨损性能。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、3D光学轮廓仪等研究手段,分析碳化钨含量对堆焊层耐磨损性能和显微组织的影响规律,并揭示其耐磨损机理。结果在载荷为50 N、滑动速度为20 mm/s条件下,经2 h干滑动摩擦磨损后,3组涂层较低温钢E32的摩擦系数和体积磨损率均下降,磨痕的宽度和深度均变小。富含WC、W₂C增强相以及Cr₂₃C₆、Cr₇C₃、Co₆W₆C和Fe₆W₆C等碳化物硬质相的涂层,显著提升了E32钢的硬度和低温耐磨性。涂层的低温耐磨性能随着碳化钨含量的增大而提高,未添加碳化钨的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,当碳化钨的质量分数为30%和60%时,主要磨损机理为三体磨粒磨损。结论通过在E32钢表面进行等离子转移弧堆焊,得到了结构致密、高硬度和抗低温耐磨性的球形碳化钨增强钴基表面改性涂层,在一定程度上提升了低温钢的服役寿命。