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1.
在随机市场需求条件下,考虑风险规避型双渠道供应链中存在顾客退货时的最优决策问题,决策变量为两个渠道的商品售价和制造商批发价。以集中决策时的最优决策作为比较标杆,重点利用均值—方差方法分析了分散决策时风险规避型制造商和零售商的最优决策。结合灵敏度分析和数值试验,讨论了分散决策下的风险规避度,以及市场需求波动和顾客退货率对最优决策的影响。结果表明,高退货率不利于零售商、制造商及整个供应链的收益;风险规避度对收益的影响不是一成不变的,与需求波动大小有关;分散决策虽然引起了双边际效应,但制造商风险规避度的增加将降低双边际效应的负面影响。  相似文献   

2.
为了研究模糊需求下成员具有风险规避行为供应链的定价策略和协调机制,基于市场需求不确定的现实,将需求模糊化处理,构建了具有风险规避制造商和零售商的供应链决策模型,得到最优决策的显示解,设计了基于Shapley值的收益共享契约协调机制。研究结果表明,当市场需求的模糊程度发生变化以及制造商和零售商对风险规避的程度较大时,最优价格决策随市场需求减少可能性的增加而降低,随市场需求增加可能性的增加而保持不变;风险规避程度较大的制造商和零售商在规避风险的同时会丧失在市场需求可能增加情形下提高价格从而获得高收益的机会;风险规避的决策者会选择风险规避的对手作为合作伙伴;基于Shapley值的收益共享契约能够让模糊需求下的供应链达到完美协调。  相似文献   

3.
为了探讨参照效应对绿色供应链成员决策的影响,将消费者的随机参照价格引入到双渠道绿色供应链中,通过博弈论方法构建一个两阶段Stackelberg模型,讨论了线上线下的一致性定价策略。结果表明:当消费者的绿色偏好系数较高时,消费者参照价格的离散程度对制造商和零售商有利;否则,消费者参照价格的离散程度对制造商有利但对零售商不利;随着消费者参照价格敏感性系数的增大,制造商的期望利润先减小后增大,但零售商的期望利润单调下降;收益共享和成本分担组合契约能够协调双渠道绿色供应链。通过与单渠道绿色供应链均衡的比较发现,制造商进入线上渠道的条件受到消费者参照价格敏感性系数和离散程度的双重影响。在此基础上将模型拓展到差异化定价,讨论了不同定价策略对渠道成员的影响。  相似文献   

4.
针对制造商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统,探究了三周期环境下基于参考价格效应的成员动态定价决策。作为渠道主导方的制造商生产成本具有规模不经济性,其可能采用均一化或差异化两种批发价格策略。结合双方的定价时期,给出并比较了4种决策模式下的均衡价格和利润,分析了参考价格因子和规模不经济系数的影响。研究表明,零售商利用参考价格效应的行为在不同模式下将对制造商的批发价决策产生不同影响,规模不经济系数对各种模式的均衡价格及成员利润的影响程度也存在差异;制造商利润的最优模式依赖的不是自身决策目标,而是零售商的决策目标;绝大部分情况下,零售商以其三期总利润为目标比逐期优化的收益更高;双方逐期决策和以各期利润最大化的模式反而能够产出最高的系统总利润。  相似文献   

5.
为了探究生产成本扰动和风险规避对双渠道供应链决策的影响,考虑生产成本扰动和风险规避双因素,利用Stackelberg博弈对双渠道供应链定价和订购决策进行分析,在比较生产成本扰动和无生产成本扰动的基础上得到了最优定价决策。研究发现,集中供应链的零售价格和直销价格在生产成本扰动下具有一定的稳健性,其随风险规避程度的增大而减小;订购量在生产成本扰动下也具有一定的稳健性,其随风险规避的增加而增加。分散供应链中的零售价、直销价、批发价和订购量都具有一定的稳健性,因受风险规避的影响而不同,零售价、直销价格和批发价随风险规避的增大而减小,订购量则反之。无论是否出现生产成本波动,集中供应链的零售价和直销价均小于分散供应链,而订购量则相反。  相似文献   

6.
废旧汽车(ELV)回收再制造作为提升汽车产业可持续性的有效实践,由于回收质量、再制造成本的不确定导致决策者的风险不确定性,以废旧汽车回收再制造环节为对象,考虑废旧汽车回收质量的不确定及决策者的风险规避特性,运用Stackelberg博弈模型分析了再制造商与零售商的风险规避度对废旧汽车回收再制造供应链定价策略、参与者利润、ELV回收质量、以及供应链整体利润的影响。研究表明:随着零售商风险规避度的增大,再制造商的销售价格增加,而零售商的零售价格持续减低;随着再制造商风险规避度的增加,再制造商销售价格与零售商零售价格保持下降趋势;ELV回收质量与再制造商与零售商的风险规避度呈负相关的关系,且ELV回收质量越低,废旧汽车回收再制造供应链的期望效用越小。最后,建议废旧汽车回收时的定价决策要综合考虑再制造商与零售商的风险规避度以及废旧汽车回收质量。  相似文献   

7.
具有服务差异的双渠道供应链竞争策略   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为研究渠道服务竞争和网络渠道接受程度对双渠道供应链系统的影响,建立了价格和服务敏感的双渠道竞争模型,分析了集中和分散情形下存在服务差异的双渠道供应链中制造商和零售商的最优决策,对比了双渠道和单一渠道供应链在渠道服务水平和供应链利润等方面的差异,并通过数值实验分析了网络渠道接受程度对供应链成员利润分配的影响.研究表明,存在差异化服务的双渠道供应链中,达到Stackelberg均衡时传统零售渠道的最优决策会导致网络直销渠道需求为零,渠道间服务竞争使得双渠道供应链优于单一渠道供应链.另外,消费者对网络渠道的接受程度影响到双渠道供应链成员的利润分配,占优制造商会根据网络渠道接受度选择最优的渠道策略.  相似文献   

8.
针对零售商损失厌恶行为往往导致其决策偏离最优的现象,从顾客渠道偏好和零售商损失厌恶因素角度研究混合渠道的库存决策。基于渠道偏好构建了风险中性制造商和损失厌恶零售商的混合渠道库存决策模型,探讨了独立库存和零售商集中库存下制造商和零售商的最优库存策略,并通过数值模拟分析需求不确定性、损失厌恶及决策方式等因素对库存策略的影响。研究表明,独立库存模式下的集中决策是分散决策的Pareto改进,零售商集中库存模式下的集中决策提高了制造商和供应链的利润,却降低了零售商收益;损失厌恶零售商的订货量随需求不确定性增大,呈现先增后减趋势;对于零售商和供应链,零售商集中库存模式占优,面临损失厌恶零售商,制造商倾向于选择独立库存模式以维护自身利益。数值分析进一步表明,当制造商能提供合理利润共享契约并适当调节库存水平时,零售商集中库存模式将比独立库存模式更能协调具有损失厌恶零售商的混合渠道。  相似文献   

9.
为研究零售商双渠道结构和回收品质量对闭环供应链最优决策的影响,构建了包含一个制造商、一个零售商和一个第三方组成的闭环供应链模型,在双渠道闭环供应链基础上,考虑零售商线上和线下渠道并存以及回收品存在质量差异的情况,在零售商主导的前提下,利用Stacke1berg博弈理论求得集中决策与分散决策下的供应链成员最优定价和利润.结果 表明:分散决策下的闭环供应链没有达到Pareto最优,采用利润共享费用分担契约实现供应链协调后,供应链中各主体企业的利润得到提高,供应链整体利润达到集中决策水平;回收品质量不会影响正向供应链中的定价决策,但与逆向供应链中的回收价格、回收数量和供应链的整体利润正相关.最后通过数值分析验证了结论和协调机制的有效性.  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨供应商、银行和零售商组成的供应链的均衡解和协调机制,建立了基于双向期权契约的各参与主体的收益模型,其中,零售商存在资金约束且具有风险规避特征。分析了风险规避零售商的最优采购策略以及供应链协调的条件。研究表明:随着风险规避度的增大,零售商的实物产品订购量和期权订购量增大;在风险规避系数一定的情况下,银行利率与零售商的实物订购量正相关而与期权订购量负相关;零售商的实物订购量与看涨期权执行价格和看跌期权执行价格正相关;期权订购量与看跌期权执行价格负相关;在零售商风险规避度一定的情况下,双方调整期权批发价格、看涨期权执行价格和实物批发价格能有效协调供应链。  相似文献   

11.
An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...  相似文献   

12.
The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.  相似文献   

13.
Giannuzzi LA  Utlaut M 《Ultramicroscopy》2011,111(11):1564-1573
30 keV Ga+ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z2, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z2. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z2, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.  相似文献   

14.
This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...  相似文献   

15.
分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.  相似文献   

16.
针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。  相似文献   

17.
The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...  相似文献   

18.
The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....  相似文献   

19.
Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.  相似文献   

20.
Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.  相似文献   

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