工程岩体三维构模中钻孔数据处理方法

钻探、物探等工程地质勘察数据是揭示工程岩体空间状态的原始数据,其大量原始数据的处理是工程岩体三维构模中存在的主要困难之一。从三维构模的角度出发,将工程岩体按几何特征抽象为连续性岩体、断裂岩体、倒转褶皱岩体和侵入岩体4种结构单元类型。由于钻孔数据是描述工程岩体的重要原始数据,且具有多尺度性的特点,以钻孔数据为例,提出原始数据的纵向概化准则、横向概化准则和纵横向协调准则的处理方法,解决工程岩体多尺度显示问题。根据地质学的地质数据解释方法,结合岩层层状分布的特点,提出工程岩体三维构模中急需的钻孔数据处理方法:原始数据纵向概化准则和原始数据层处理概化方法。利用层处理方法对实测钻孔数据进行概化处理,确定工程岩体所对应的结构单元类型,进而建立组合结构工程岩体三维模型,验证了所提出的钻孔数据处理方法的可行性。     

岩体工程与岩体力学仿真分析——各向异性开挖卸荷岩体力学研究

概述了岩体工程与岩体力学研究现状 ,讨论了现理论研究成果与岩体工程实际监测资料不相吻合的问题。分析其主要原因 ,是现岩体力学研究理论模型与岩体工程实际力学模型不相吻合所致。故应严格根据岩体工程实际力学动态相应进行岩体力学仿真分析 ,方可得到正确的分析成果。笔者曾提出“卸荷岩体力学”的概念 ,以归纳开挖卸荷岩体力学研究内容 ,已经高边坡和地下工程实例所验证 ,开挖卸荷岩体力学研究是岩体工程及其力学仿真分析的重要组成部分。     

岩体三维成像系统在岩土工程中的应用

岩土工程实践中,由于岩体结构面的存在,极大地影响了岩体的力学性能.深入开展对结构面的研究,为改善岩体的稳定性提供参考依据,具有重大意义.传统方法采用罗盘、尺子等对结构面进行研究,存在效率低、误差大等诸多缺点.本文介绍了一种新的方法,采用非接触式三维成像技术,对岩体的结构面进行测量、统计、分析,解决了传统测量方法的不足,...     

Recent advances of digitization in rock mechanics and rock engineering

In recent years,there are growing demands of representing rock mechanics and rock engineering in a digital format that can be easily managed,manipulated,analyzed and shared.The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive review of the status quo and future trends of digitization in rock mechanics and rock engineering.Research topics essential to the process of digitization are firstly discussed,including data acquisition,data standardization,geological modeling,visualization and digital-numerical int...     

基于率效应的岩石材料次加载面动态模型在岩体工程中的初步应用

为较准确反映岩体工程在地震荷载下的响应,结合Drucker-Prager屈服准则和次加载面理论,初步构建基于Drucker-Prager准则的次加载面应力路径模型,在此基础上,除计算弹性模量的率效应之外,还在Drucker-Prager准则上考虑强度的率效应,提出岩石材料的动态模型,并把该模型运用到滇中引水香炉山隧洞中。计算结果表明,相对于Drucker-Prager准则,应力路径模型能较好地描述玄武岩在循环荷载下体现的曼辛效应和棘轮效应,由于没有考虑率效应,表现出应力–应变曲线的斜率没有试验曲线大,且累计应变也比试验曲线大;在岩石循环加卸载过程中,动态模型得出的模量上比次加载面应力路径模型模拟的要大,同时变形量也较次加载面应力路径模型要小,因此该模型能较好地反映岩石的动态力学性质和变形性质;相比于Drucker-Prager准则下,采用动态模型得出隧洞的左侧监测点和右侧监测点的瞬时相对变形峰值增大了0.67 cm,同样底部和顶部以及左右两侧的永久相对变形也分别增大了0.19和0.77 cm,说明动态模型可以较好地反映围岩残余大变形;岩石动态模型相对于Drucker-Prager准则和线弹性本构,更具有滤掉高频的功能。说明该模型能很好地运用到岩石动力学中,同时也为准确分析岩体工程在地震作用下的响应奠定了一个很好的基础。     

岩体结构三维构模技术及其可视化系统研制

根据岩体的构造特征 ,将岩体内部划分成两大类四种基本类型的构造单元 ,即连续型非褶皱岩体、断裂型非褶皱岩体、褶皱型岩体、侵入型岩体 ,并建立相应的空间数据模型。利用柱体构模、表面构模、单轮廓断面构模、多轮廓断面构模技术分别进行这四种类型岩体的三维构模。在此基础上 ,开发岩体结构三维可视化构模系统。     

Design methodology for the safety of underground rock engineering

In order to optimise the safety of underground rock engineering construction and the long-term security of the resultant facilities, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the likely hazards. These risks or hazards fall into the four categories of known beforehand and relatively easily addressed, known beforehand and not easily addressed, not known beforehand and relatively easily addressed, and not known beforehand and not easily addressed. This paper describes how these four types of hazard can be incorporated into a design methodology approach, including the process by which the relevant mechanical rock mass parameters can be recognised for modelling and hence predictive purposes. In particular, there is emphasis on the fact that information and judgement are the keys to safety——whether the hazards are known or unknown before construction proceeds.     

岩土工程专业研究生岩体水力学课程教学改革思考

岩体水力学是一门课程新、内容广、实践性和前沿性强,具有重要学科地位的综合性交叉学科,是岩土工程专业研究生的重要专业课程。文章针对岩体水力学课程教学易出现的问题,如研究生学习兴趣不浓厚,专业基础知识薄弱,学校实验条件不理想和实践性教学环节不足,教师专业素养和学术水平有限等,探讨了岩土工程专业研究生岩体水力学课程的教学改革思路,结合自身教学实际情况,提出了岩体水力学课程的创新型教学内容及教学方法。     

多因素作用下隔河岩电站厂房高边坡变形机理及岩体稳定性研究

以有限元计算程序ADINA为平台,建立隔岩电站厂房高边坡的三维模型。基于卸荷岩体力学理论与方法,综合考虑了初始工况、开挖工况、卸荷工况、加固工况、蓄水工况和蠕变工况,在应力分析和变形分析的基础上,研究了多因素作用下隔河岩电站厂房高边坡的变形机理和岩体的稳定性,并绘出高边坡的变形机理图。为对分析的合理性进行验证,将蠕变工况的计算成果与监测成果进行对比,在验证合理性的基础上进一步对边坡的后期变形进行预测。同时,结合上述分析的成果,提出监测布置的建议。     

深部裂隙岩体锚固机制研究进展与思考

 高地应力、高地温、高渗透压以及强时间效应使得深部裂隙岩体表现出一定的延性、蠕变性等软岩力学特性,现有锚固理论落后于工程实践的现状,导致许多锚固工程设计多采用经验、半经验方法。几十年来,国内外诸多学者对深部岩体锚固机制开展了大量现场、室内试验及数值计算工作,岩体锚杆锚固作用机制方面的理论研究取得了丰硕成果,但由于深部岩体所处地质条件的复杂性,这些成果普适性和准确性较低。结合已有的锚固理论,运用合理的数值模拟方法与现场、室内试验对岩土锚固机制进行深入研究,进而指导锚固工程设计施工具有重大意义。对深部裂隙岩体锚固机制研究现状进行了系统全面的总结,归纳分析了该研究领域存在的关键科学问题,主要包括：选择合理的锚固力学传递计算模型、正确描述锚固体应力分布规律、建立合理的锚固界面力学模型。深部裂隙岩体锚固机制研究应综合考虑工程应用效果和加锚岩体形态、加锚构件效应等因素。     

岩土工程简介

简要叙述了岩土工程的基本概念、研究对象、工作内容和中心任务,介绍了岩土工程的基本特点,并对其今后的发展进行了简单的预测和展望,为进一步研究岩土工程提供了参考依据。     

Slope stability assessment of an open pit using lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach

Discontinuity waviness is one of the most important properties that influence shear strength of jointed rock masses, and it should be incorporated into numerical models for slope stability assessment. However, in most existing numerical modeling tools, discontinuities are often simplified into planar surfaces. Discrete fracture network modeling tools such as MoFrac allow the simulation of non-planar discontinuities which can be incorporated into lattice-spring-based geomechanical software such as Slope Model for slope stability assessment. In this study, the slope failure of the south wall at Cadia Hill open pit mine is simulated using the lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach. First, the slope model is calibrated using field displacement monitoring data, and then the influence of different discontinuity configurations on the stability of the slope is investigated. The modeling results show that the slope with non-planar discontinuities is comparatively more stable than the ones with planar discontinuities. In addition, the slope becomes increasingly unstable with the increases of discontinuity intensity and size. At greater pit depth with higher in situ stress, both the slope models with planar and non-planar discontinuities experience localized failures due to very high stress concentrations, and the slope model with planar discontinuities is more deformable and less stable than that with non-planar discontinuities.     

面对规划的三维数字城市数据管理

三维数据的有效管理是丰富集成应用的基础。在大量三维模型生产的基础上,如何实现既具有几何又具有纹理与属性信息的三维模型原始数据的有效管理,同时与应用系统进行无缝集成对接是当前三维数字城市的一个难点。本文通过对三维数字城市的数据体系与模型的研究,提出了对于各类三维模型的一体化集成与管理方法。以常州为例,通过数据的管理与三维应用系统的集成,实现了三维数据的高校管理与应用。     

基于网状含拓扑剖面的三维地质多体建模

针对传统的基于剖面建模方法使用平行的共面剖面的不足,提出基于网状含拓扑剖面的三维地质多体建模方法,利用一系列含有"结点–弧段–多边形"拓扑关系的、相互连接成网状的剖面,来进行多个地质体的三维模型构建,并且模型之间没有空隙和交叠。该方法将建模区域划分为若干网格分区,每个分区独立进行模型构建,最后将各分区模型拼合成为全区整体模型。建模过程中提供对模型的整体光滑。运用北京地区的实际数据,成功建立了北京市城市地质调查中的8个地质模型,证明该方法具有快速构建大区域高精度复杂地质模型的能力。     

Advances in statistical mechanics of rock masses and its engineering applications

To efficiently link the continuum mechanics for rocks with the structural statistics of rock masses,a theoretical and methodological system called the statistical mechanics of rock masses(SMRM)was developed in the past three decades.In SMRM,equivalent continuum models of stressestrain relationship,strength and failure probability for jointed rock masses were established,which were based on the geometric probability models characterising the rock mass structure.This follows the statistical physics,the continuum mechanics,the fracture mechanics and the weakest link hypothesis.A general constitutive model and complete stressestrain models under compressive and shear conditions were also developed as the derivatives of the SMRM theory.An SMRM calculation system was then developed to provide fast and precise solutions for parameter estimations of rock masses,such as full-direction rock quality designation(RQD),elastic modulus,Coulomb compressive strength,rock mass quality rating,and Poisson’s ratio and shear strength.The constitutive equations involved in SMRM were integrated into a FLAC3D based numerical module to apply for engineering rock masses.It is also capable of analysing the complete deformation of rock masses and active reinforcement of engineering rock masses.Examples of engineering applications of SMRM were presented,including a rock mass at QBT hydropower station in northwestern China,a dam slope of Zongo II hydropower station in D.R.Congo,an open-pit mine in Dexing,China,an underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station in southwestern China,and a typical circular tunnel in Lanzhou-Chongqing railway,China.These applications verified the reliability of the SMRM and demonstrated its applicability to broad engineering issues associated with jointed rock masses.     

大光包滑坡滑带碎裂岩体原位钻孔剪切试验研究

安县大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,滑坡南侧暴露长约1.8 km顺层滑带,其岩体高度碎裂化,引起广泛关注。为准确评价滑带碎裂岩体的强度参数,笔者在前人研究的基础上开展了细致的野外调查工作,采用法国Phicometre岩土两用原位钻孔剪切试验仪对大光包滑坡滑带碎裂岩体进行了原位剪切试验。将试验结果与Hoek–Brown岩体强度准则估值和基于工程地质类比法的力学参数建议值进行了对比分析。基于以上研究,提出了大光包滑坡南侧顺层滑带碎裂岩体力学参数建议值:内聚力为245~480 k Pa,内摩擦角为25.0°~26.5°。     

岩体结构面三维粗糙度评价的新方法

 为了获得具有明确几何意义及理论依据的岩体结构面粗糙度评价指标,结合结构面剪切破坏机制,阐明将结构面潜在接触部分作为粗糙度评价重要因素的理论依据;将结构面粗糙度评价指标与其力学性质建立联系,提出描述结构面三维粗糙程度的新参数–粗糙度指标 。 即岩体结构面的潜在接触部分在垂直于剪切方向的面的投影面积与结构面水平投影面积之比, 体现了结构面在剪切方向的三维几何信息,具有各向异性。基于三维激光扫描技术及Matlab编程,实现了结构面三维几何模型的建立及 的计算。以工程应用实例,展示 的计算过程;研究同一结构面不同精细程度的几何模型的 ,结果表明：基于 评价的结构面粗糙度具有各向异性,且同一剪切方向的结构面 随其几何模型精细程度的增强而增大。对比研究 与Grasselli粗糙度评价方法,结果表明基于此2种方法的粗糙度评价结果具有相似性。此外, 可与结构面抗剪强度建立一定联系,为结构面抗剪强度估算模型的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Multiscale hierarchical analysis of rock mass and prediction of its mechanical and hydraulic properties

Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of foundation rock and surrounding rock mass are the main factors that affect the stability of underground engineering. This paper presents the concept of multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models to describe the rock mass, including its structures in different scales and corresponding scale dependence. Four scales including regional scale, engineering scale, laboratory scale and microscale are determined, and the corresponding scale-dependent geological structures and their characterization methods are provided. Image analysis and processing method, geostatistics and Monte Carlo simulation technique are used to establish the multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models, in which the main micro- and macro-structures of rock mass in different geological units and scales are reflected and connected. A computer code is developed for numerically analyzing the strength, fracture behavior and hydraulic conductivity of rock mass using the multiscale hierarchical digital models. Using the models and methods provided in this paper, the geological information of rock mass in different geological units and scales can be considered sufficiently, and the influence of downscale characteristics (such as meso-scale) on the upscale characteristics (such as engineering scale) can be calculated by considering the discrete geological structures in the downscale model as equivalent continuous media in the upscale model. Thus the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass may be evaluated rationally and precisely. The multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models and the corresponding methods proposed in this paper provide a unified and simple solution for determining the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass in different scales.     

基于产业导向的数字化建模与仿真人才培养模式探索——以工程流体力学教学为例

《中国教育现代化2035》聚焦教育发展的突出问题和薄弱环节,指出要推动教育与产业发展有机衔接、深度融合,丰富并创新课程形式。数字化建模与仿真是信息技术能力培养的关键内容,新时期对高等院校的教学改革具有重要意义。当前应用型大学在数字化建模与仿真人才培养方面不能较好地满足企业的人才需求,要求高校以产业需求为导向在课程内容上进行教学改革。工程流体力学为仲恺农业工程学院的"校级优秀课程",在提升人才培养质量上发挥重要作用。教学团队积极利用现代信息技术,引入计算流体动力学仿真"三层次"教学方法,通过讲解和操作带领学生由浅入深的工程实例,为进一步提升课程和产业需求的适配性奠定基础。     

岩石地下工程数字教学平台建设

文章采用有限差分程序FLAC及科学计算软件Mathematica建立岩石地下工程数字教学平台。通过FLAC数值模拟,形象和直观地展现围岩中二次应力分布及规律,并解释了新奥法初期支护的原理;采用Mathematica对理论解析解进行可视化处理,形象展现围岩力学参数对二次应力分布的影响。该平台对于提高学生学习兴趣、加深理论知识理解和拓展数值分析能力具有重要意义。