合作博弈理论对成本分配技术的改进

在对传统成本分配方法进行分析的基础上,运用合作博弈理论,建立了共同成本分配的模型,并运用沙普利值法对模型进行了求解.用算例证明了合作博弈成本分摊模型的有效性.     

碳交易政策下供应链横向减排合作研究

在碳交易政策下,分析了由单个供应商和多个零售商组成的两级供应链横向减排合作问题。通过比较零售商间分散决策和合作决策下的最优成本与排放,发现横向减排合作不仅能够降低总成本而且能够降低总排放。进一步,采用合作博弈中子模博弈的方法,得到了实现横向减排合作中各零售商都能帕累托改进的充分条件,发现提高碳交易价格对横向减排合作有激励作用。考虑减排成本的分摊关系到减排的效率,提出了兼顾效率和公平的基于核仁的DEA结合Sharply值的减排合作分摊方法,并通过数值算例检验分摊方法的有效性。     

考虑次品率的零售商库存联盟订货量与稳定性分析

通过建立含有次品率的确定性需求EOQ库存控制模型,探讨了在多个零售商结成联盟从同一供应商处联合订货且产品进行统一检测的情形下,零售商联盟的订货策略和联盟稳定性.得到了联盟的最优订货策略,并且由联盟的次可加性得出了结成联盟可以降低运作成本的结论.根据合作博弈中核与总体单调分配机制的概念提出了按比例对零售商合作联盟成本进行分摊的规则,并证明了在此规则下,大联盟是零售商联盟的稳定结构.通过数值例子对成本分摊规则的合理性进行了说明.研究结果为现实中零售商如何进行库存联盟和联盟之后如何制定运作策略提供了一定的参考.     

港口企业合作应对突发事件策略研究

针对突发事件造成港口企业服务能力不足的情况,建立了港口企业通过能力合作应对突发事件的能力决策模型,并对模型进行了求解。研究结论表明：在不同的约束条件下,能力受损的港口企业的最佳修复能力是不同的;最佳的修复能力因企业分担的转移成本的比例与获得的利益分摊比例也是不同的。因此,港口企业在进行外购能力时还要考虑成本和利益的分摊比例。     

基于合作博弈和数据包络分析的联合库存成本分摊

第三方物流集成供应是降低供应链成本的有效途径,而集成供应要解决的一个关键问题是联合库存成本在各供应商之间的分摊。针对多供应商集成供应问题,提出了一种基于合作博弈和数据包络分析的联合成本分摊方法,得出合理的联合库存成本分摊比例。该方法充分考虑了联合库存各参与企业投入产出的贡献,对各参与方来说公平合理。算例证明该方法具有较高的可操作性和合理性。     

重大工程多主体协同合作利益分配及创新激励机制研究

针对重大工程供应链中多主体协同合作利益分配以及创新决策问题，考虑到两阶段博弈中决策的不同情形，应用非合作-合作混合的双体博弈方法进行了研究。通过模型构建与求解得到各主体的最优创新努力、收益以及整个系统的最优收益，并在此基础上拓展模型，分析成本补贴和垂直整合两种激励机制对各主体最优创新努力、收益和供应链系统收益的影响。研究发现：重大工程多主体协同合作中存在创新投入不足的情况，导致供应链系统收益偏低；创新成本补贴机制以及垂直整合机制能够有效激励参与主体的创新积极性；成本补贴机制能够提高各主体以及整个供应链系统的收益，垂直整合机制对收益的影响主要取决于整合成本的区间范围。     

竞争供应链R&D投资策略与协同机制研究

基于2个开展R&D活动的供应商和2个竞争制造商组成的链与链竞争模型,研究了技术溢出条件下供应链企业R&D投资策略与协同机制。研究结果表明,纵向R&D合作投资是供应链系统博弈的占优策略,此时供应链系统收益、R&D投资水平均高于不合作情况,并且适度的技术溢出有利于提高供应链企业创新热情。但对于供应链成员企业而言,在自利动机驱使下,仅在一个有限的R&D成本分担比例区间内做出的决策与供应链系统一致,只有在该区间对成员企业的利益进行协调才能实现R&D合作的协同性。为此设计了基于合作满意度的R&D成本分担机制,通过建立不对称NASH谈判模型较好地协调了合作双方的利益,促进了供应链R&D协同效应的实现。     

考虑缺货成本的VMI利益分配

考虑缺货成本,从库存成本角度开展研究,通过对比实施VMI前后供应链库存成本模型,指出VMI短期内供应链收益来源于库存成本变化,且存在责任利益不一致的情况。针对供需双方不同地位,应用价格契约、斯坦科尔博格博弈模型与收益共享契约分别建立了零售商占优与供需双方地位平等情况下的利益分配模型,求解出零售商激励采购价格与收益共享系数的具体值,并采用算例进行分析。     

考虑低碳政策的供应链企业减__决策研究

旨在研究供应链企业面对低碳政策的减排决策方法。用Stackelberg博弈探讨了制造商主导的情境,建立了供应商-制造商的二级供应链在新形势下的利润优化模型,采用逆向求解法求解。得出了企业的最优减排量及最优产量,并通过数值模拟说明了该模型在实践中的应用。得知企业的最优减排决策是使自身的边际减排成本与从市场上购买对应数量的排放权的边际成本大致相等,再考虑顾客低碳偏好做以适当提升。且供应链中一方企业的减排会带动另一方减排,企业具有合作减排的动机,研发合作将是可行着力点。研究发现最优产量及最优减排量的参数灵敏度基本一致,加大低碳宣传力度提高顾客低碳环保意识是保证低碳经济良性成长和企业利润的关键。     

变质性产品零售商联合采购与运输联盟的稳定性分析

为了降低运作成本,采用合作博弈论对销售变质性产品的零售商联合采购与运输联盟的稳定性展开了分析。在确定性需求下得到了联合采购与运输联盟的最优订货策略。随后,提出了按边际成本进行分摊的规则可使大联盟保持稳定。通过研究发现,零售商进行联合采购与合作运输并不一定能降低联盟的总运作成本。通过数值例子对三种常见的成本分摊规则进行比较,发现在零售商数量较多时,按边际成本进行分摊的方案优势明显。     

Incentives for quality improvement efforts coordination in supply chains with partial cost allocation contract

In this paper, we consider quality improvement efforts coordination in a two-stage decentralised supply chain with a partial cost allocation contract. The supply chain consists of one supplier and one manufacturer, both of which produce defective products. Two kinds of failure cost occur within the supply chain: internal and external. The supplier and the manufacturer determine their individual quality levels to maximise their own profits. We propose a partial cost allocation contract, under which the external failure cost is allocated between the manufacturer and the supplier at different rates based on information derived from failure root cause analysis. If the quality levels of the supplier and the manufacturer are observable, we show that the partial cost allocation contract coordinates the supply chain, provided that the failure root cause analysis does not erroneously identify the manufacturer’s fault as the supplier’s, and the supplier does not take responsibility for the manufacture’s fault. In the single moral hazard model, where only the quality level of the supplier is unobservable, the optimal share rates require the supplier to take some responsibility for the manufacture’s fault. However, in the double moral hazard model, where quality levels of the supplier and the manufacturer are unobservable to each other, the optimal share rates require the supplier not to take responsibility for the manufacturer’s fault. It is noted that the root cause analysis conducted by the manufacturer may have its disadvantage in attributing the fault to the supplier when both sides are at fault. We also propose a contract based on the dual root cause analysis to reduce the supplier’s penalty cost. Numerical results illustrate that the partial cost allocation contract satisfies the fairness criterion compared with the traditional cost allocation contract.     

基于存货促销的供应链协调问题的研究

讨论了零售阶段需求依赖于货架展示量的供应链的协调问题,特别地,由于货架空间的稀缺,零售商的存货持有成本假设为非线性的成本函数。在一个零售商的情况下,给出了决策变量及供应链利润分配的显式解。当存在两个相同的零售商竞争时,给定市场份额按比例分配原则．证明此时存在唯一对称的Nash均衡解,供应商可以用相同的合同协调供应链。最后通过数值算例说明所得结果。     

Trading reliability targets within a supply chain using Shapley's value

The development of complex systems involves a multi-tier supply chain, with each organisation allocated a reliability target for their sub-system or component part apportioned from system requirements. Agreements about targets are made early in the system lifecycle when considerable uncertainty exists about the design detail and potential failure modes. Hence resources required to achieve reliability are unpredictable. Some types of contracts provide incentives for organisations to negotiate targets so that system reliability requirements are met, but at minimum cost to the supply chain. This paper proposes a mechanism for deriving a fair price for trading reliability targets between suppliers using information gained about potential failure modes through development and the costs of activities required to generate such information. The approach is based upon Shapley's value and is illustrated through examples for a particular reliability growth model, and associated empirical cost model, developed for problems motivated by the aerospace industry. The paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and discuss how it could be extended to other reliability allocation models.     

基于合作博弈分析的供应链结构的比较研究

利用合作博弈分析的理论和方法, 研究了Shapley值作为供应链合作成员收益分配机制的有效性,在此基础上利用Myerson值对不同供应链结构情况下的供应链成员的获利能力做出进一步分析.研究结果表明, 企业在进行供应链合作时,其自身的获利能力不仅取决于它对供应链利润的贡献,还取决于企业自身所在供应链的结构形式及其在供应链中所处的位置.     

Partner selection model for design chain collaboration

Due to increasing global competition and shorter new product life cycles, brand owners collaborate more often with design chain partners to bring a new product to market. This paper proposes a design partner selection model to minimise the overall design chain cost, taking into account communication cost, time-to-market, and quality. The model can be formulated as a stagecoach problem. Next, a dynamic programming algorithm is developed for this model to select the optimal partners through the design chain. Finally, a numerical example and a sensitivity analysis are presented. The results also reveal that design quality and manufacturing quality positively influence the total cost, and when brand owners need to speed up time-to-market to keep up with a competitor, the design quality will become less important.     

制造商主导下差别主体努力的闭环供应链决策研究

针对再制造节约成本和努力水平对闭环供应链成员回收决策产生影响的问题,构建制造商主导下M模式、R模式和T模式3种不同主体回收模式,利用Stackelberg博弈知识,建立模型,采用数学优化法求解闭环供应链废旧品回收过程中单位价格、回收数量以及回收商利润的最优值,运用对比分析法得出闭环供应链混合回收的最优决策。研究表明,再制造节约成本较大对主体回收均有促进作用;回收努力成本系数的增加,使节点企业利润和闭环供应链系统整体利润均呈现下降趋势,最终利用算例求解,检验结论的合理性。研究为供应链各个主体的最佳定价策略提供有效的参考。     

Integrated product design,shelf-space allocation and transportation decisions in green supply chains

In this paper, we examine a supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and retailer where the manufacturer undertakes greening efforts in terms of pack-size reduction and transportation cost reduction. The retailer decides on shelf-space allocation for the product. Both the players benefit from the greening efforts of the manufacturer. In such a setting, we examine strategic decisions of the players and compare and contrast the performance of the decentralised supply chain with the centralised supply chain. We also examine the effect of collaborative mechanisms by modelling two contracts in which the retailer offers a transportation cost reduction effort based contract and a two-part tariff contract. We find that the decentralised supply chain leads to lower greening efforts and shelf-space allocation decisions. We also find that the contracts improve pack-size reduction effort, transportation cost reduction effort and shelf-space allocation, while also improving the profitability of individual players. The findings demonstrate a scope for supply chain collaboration between manufacturer–retailer pairs in this setting. The paper uniquely combines three critical elements in supply chains, namely, product design, transportation and retailing decisions, and aims to provide insights into the decision making of players considering environmental waste and pollution. The paper also reflects consumer behavior and trade-offs that the supply chain players face.     

Tolerance allocation for compliant beam structure assemblies

This paper presents a tolerance allocation methodology for compliant beam structures in automotive and aerospace assembly processes. The compliant beam structure model of the product does not require detailed knowledge of product geometry and thus can be applied during the early design phase to develop cost-effective product specifications. The proposed method minimizes manufacturing costs associated with tolerances of product functional requirements (key product characteristics, KPCs) under the constraint(s) of satisfying process requirements (key control characteristics, KCCs). Misalignment and fabrication error of compliant parts, two critical causes of product dimensional variation, are discussed and considered in the model. The proposed methodology is developed for stochastic and deterministic interpretations of optimally allocated manufacturing tolerances. An optimization procedure for the proposed tolerance allocation method is developed using projection theory to considerably simplify the solution. The non-linear constraints, that ellipsoid defined by τ(stochastic case) or rectangle defined by T x (deterministic case) lie within the KCC region, are transformed into a set of constraints that are linear in σ(or T x )-coordinates. Experimental results verify the proposed tolerance allocation method.     

Modelling joint outsourcing and offshoring decisions

Offshoring and outsourcing have emerged as two most essential and important strategies for the manufacturing firms globally. This has happened due to the relentless forces of competition and globalisation, which has forced modern manufacturing firms to disaggregate themselves and reach for foreign investments, technological inputs through collaboration and cooperation among markets and partners. Outsourcing and offshoring simultaneously has potential to help the firm to meet three strategic goals i.e. ‘efficiency’ through cost minimisation; ‘exploration’ through an access to the right and technologically capable firm vendors/ Suppliers/ players; and ‘exploitation’ from development of global markets. Both outsourcing and offshoring have grown to a great extent either by the number of companies involved or by the number of multiple nations are involved. Hence, addressing both offshoring and outsourcing strategies together can provides value to the supply chain in economical and efficient way. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to model joint outsourcing and offshoring decision integrated with fuzzy-MCDM approaches using fuzzy data to optimise total cost through right selection of suppliers to meet demand of global markets, thus, achieving efficiency, exploration and exploitation. The model addresses qualitative and quantitative criteria in joint decisions and is also illustrated to show the cost effectiveness.