Improved thermal, structural and electrical properties of epoxy for use at high voltages

In this paper, the epoxy elasticity factors were investigated by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to improve toughness and reduce brittleness of existing epoxy resin. Dumbbell shaped specimens were made and tested at rates of 0, 20 and 35 parts per hundred resins (phr). TMA and DMTA temperatures ranged from -20 to 200 /spl deg/C and TGA ranged from 0 to 600 /spl deg/C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of elastic epoxy was measured by thermal analysis. Also investigated were the thermal expansion coefficient (/spl alpha/), the high-temperature characteristics, modulus and the loss factor (Tan /spl delta/). We analyzed the structure using FESEM and have found elastomer particles (elastic-factors) in the elastic epoxy matrix. We have made elastic epoxy by adding elastomer particles to existing epoxy. Generally, the toughness of elastic epoxy can be improved by changing the structure of existing epoxy of poor impact-strength. In addition, we measured the permittivity and Tan /spl delta/ for investigation of the electrical properties of elastic epoxy. The permittivity and Tan /spl delta/ depend on the elastomer composition. Namely, the permittivity and Tan /spl delta/ increase according to the elastomer contents. For experimental analysis results, 20 phr was considered an excellent specimen.     

Effects of rapid thermal annealing in different ambients on structural, electrical, and optical properties of ZnO thin films by sol-gel method

We studied the effects of rapid thermal annealing in different ambients on the structural, electrical and optical properties of the sol-gel derived ZnO thin films. All the films after annealing showed highly degree of (002) oriented in the X-ray diffractometry (XRD) patterns. The effects of annealing ambients on electrical properties of the films were studied. Carrier concentration, resistivity and mobility were found to be distinguished after annealed in different ambients. The sample with the lowest resistivity of 0.095 ??·cm and the largest mobility of 105.1 cm²/v·s was achieved after annealing in vacuum. XPS results indicated that more oxygen vacancies existed on the ZnO surface when annealed in vacuum than that in O₂.     

钴的添加对涂膏型镍电极电化学性能的影响

以发泡镍作为电极基体,将金属Co粉以不同比例添加到氢氧化镍粉末中制备了涂膏型镍电极。采用恒电流充放电测试、循环伏安(CV)及交流阻抗分析(EIS)等方法对镍电极的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Co的添加可以使镍电极的放电比容量、活性物质利用率、抗膨胀能力及循环稳定性等得到明显改善和提高,但Co也会降低镍电极的放电电位,因此其添加量要适当控制,一般以3%～5 %(质量百分数)比较适宜。添加有Co的镍电极具有更高的反应活性及更小的电化学反应阻抗,因而表现出优良的电化学性能。     

Study of structural and electrical properties of Ag-starch nanocomposites

ABSTRACT

In the present work, Ag nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction were used to synthesize Ag-starch nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to ascertain the formation of Ag-starch nanocomposites. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements reveal that the conductivity of starch increases with increasing concentration of Ag nanoparticles. I-V data was further analysed to ascertain the actual conduction mechanism responsible for charge transport in starch and Ag-starch nanocomposites. Poole-Frenkel (PF) emission was found to be dominant conduction mechanism responsible for increased conductivity of Ag-starch nanocomposites.     

钴添加剂添加方式对镍电极性能的影响

通过外掺和共沉积的方式制备了两种不同钴含量的镍电极,对电极的充放电性能进行了测试.实验表明钴的添加方式在对镍电极性能的改进中起了很大的作用,外掺法显著改善了镍电极的性能,共沉积却不能起到相应的效果.同时,通过循环伏安法和X射线衍射法对钴元素的作用机理进行了研究探讨,提出了一种新的见解:以外掺方式加入的钴在充电过程中能够生成导电性能良好的CoOOH,从而提高电极性能;而以共沉积加入的钴形成了导电性能不好的Co(OH)3,因而不能有效提高电极性能.     

Investigation on structural and electrical properties of BZT ceramics synthesized at low temperature

Abstract

Due to environmental concerns, lead free ceramics such as KNN- NBT and BT have growing interest in applications such as actuators and sensors. Among them Barium Zirconate Titanate (BZT) has become most attractive because it is derived from two perovskite lattice i.e. Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) and Barium Zirconate (BaZrO₃). It has been reported that Zirconium substitution in titanium lattice enhances the material properties. In the present paper BZT was prepared using solid state route. By adding a mixture of Li₂CO₃ as a sintering aid, the sample could be sintered at 1150?°C having around 94% of the theoretical density. Prepared samples were then subjected to XRD analysis. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of single phase material. It is observed that the electrical properties of such low-temperature sintered samples are comparable with BZT samples prepared via conventional sintering at a high temperature. It is also observed that the curie temperature shift towards room temperature for a samples sintered at low temperature.     

Modulation on the electrical and optical properties of Na and Rh co-doped Ruddlesden-Popper layered Ca3Ti2O7

Layered perovskite Ca_2.91Na_0.09Ti_2-xRh_xO₇ (x?=?0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction. Room temperature ferroelectricity has been confirmed. The remanent polarization increases with an increase of Rh content, which is due to a larger oxygen octahedral distortion by Rh doping. The coercive field increases with Rh doping as the pinning effect of oxygen vacancies reduce the mobility of domain wall. Remanent polarization and coercive field are caused by different mechanisms, so it is possible to modulate them independently to meet the requirement of application in ferroelectric field. The concentration of oxygen vacancy increased with Rh doping, leading to the significant increase of leakage current density. The bandgap of samples doped with Rh drastically decrease and the visible light response of the sample was improved by Rh doping due to the formation of impurity energy levels within the band gap.

     

The effects of sintering temperature on structural,electrical, and magnetic properties of MgFe1.92Bi0.08O4

Journal of Electroceramics - In this article, MgFe1.92Bi0.08O4 ceramics were prepared by the solid-state synthesis method followed by sintering at 1000, 1050, 1100, and 1150 °C. The...     

Morphotropic phase boundary and electrical properties of lead-free bismuth sodium lanthanum titanate—barium titanate ceramics

The important properties of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been investigated from Bismuth Sodium Lanthanum Titanate and Barium Titanate system: (1 − y)(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_{(1 − 1.5x)}La _x TiO₃(BNLT)—yBaTiO₃(BT) where x = 0.017 and y = 0 − 0.2, respectively. The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was found to be around y = 0.1 by the x-ray diffraction and dielectric measurement at various amount of BT. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant (ε _r ) at various value of y showed the diffuse phase transition exhibiting the relaxor type ferroelectrics. The degree of diffuseness increased at a high doping content of about y = 0.15 where the second phase transition (T₂) of the ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase disappeared. Moreover, this sample had the maximum piezoelectric coefficient (d ₃₃) of about 112 pC/N with relatively low dielectric constant. The optimum sintering temperatures and the microstructures of the dense BNLT-BT ceramics were also examined.     

Effect of Na on the structural and electrical properties of lead-free sodium potassium niobate ceramics

K_1-xNa_xNbO₃ (where x = 0.48, 0.53, 0.56 and 0.60) (KNN) perovskite structured ferroelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that single orthorhombic phase was formed for KNN. Dielectric anomalies around 200°C and 370°C were identified as ferroelectric-ferroelectric and ferroelectric-paraelectric transition temperatures for KNN compound. The electrical behavior of KNN ceramics was studied by the help of impedance spectroscopy technique in the different temperature range. The impedance response in KNN ceramics could be resolved into a single contribution, associated with the bulk/grain. The conductivity studies confirm that the activation energies are strongly frequency dependent. A decreasing trend of Z′ with rise in temperature suggests the presence of negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) in the material in the low frequency region but tends to merge in the high frequency region at almost all temperatures.     

镍电极电化学性能研究——电镀钴层和添加二氧化锰的影响

通过充放电曲线和交流阻抗谱的测定及循环伏安试验 ,探讨了添加二氧化锰和在镍箔上电镀钴层对氢氧化镍粉末压制的镍电极性能的影响。结果表明 ,镍箔上的镀钴层在充电过程中可被氧化为导电性良好的CoOOH ,为氢氧化镍粒子与镍基体之间提供良好的电子通道 ,CoOOH也可通过迁移、扩散 ,在氢氧化镍粒子之间提供良好的电子通道 ,从而降低电极的扩散电阻 ,增加其质子导电性 ,提高Ni(OH) 2 /NiOOH的氧化还原可逆性 ,提高活性物质的利用率及镍电极的放电容量 ;而二氧化锰和钴镀层的协同作用可进一步提高电极的扩散传质性能 ,显著提高其容量和容量保持率     

Effects of complex doping on microstructural and electrical properties of PZT ceramics

The influence of complex dopants including donor and acceptor ions on microstructure and electrical properties of PZT (Zr/Ti = 53/47) ceramics was investigated. The prepared PZT ceramics modified with complex soft dopants, La⁺³ and Nb⁺⁵, showed that the piezoelectric properties were enhanced and stable with the compositional variations, which made it possible to establish the higher reliability and reproducibility of the piezoelectric performances. For 1.0 mol% La and 1.2 mol% Nb doped composition, the maximum value, k _P = 0.66, was obtained. Unlike single element doping, the complex doping of both the donor and acceptor ions caused various compensation effects for the piezoelectric properties of the PZT ceramics. The improved piezoelectric properties, i.e., enhanced Q _m with remaining higher k _p , were obtained in the PZT composition complexly doped with La⁺³ and Fe⁺³. For 1.0 mol% La and 2.0 mol% Fe doped PZT composition, relatively high Q _m and k _p values of 580 and 0.53, respectively, were obtained. It was also shown that the PZT composition had the rather lowered dielectric constant, ε _r = 800, and considerably low loss, tanδ = 0.003. By changing the dopants compositions, the properties can also be tailored over wider range.     

Effect of Cr2O3 addition on the microstructure and electrical properties of Mn-Ni-Co oxides NTC thermistors

The as-sintered Mn_1.1Ni_1.4Co_0.5O₄ crystallized in the solid solution of cubic spinel Mn-Ni-Co oxides, along with a small amount of the cubic spinel Ni-rich oxide phase. On the other hand, the Cr-substituted Mn_1.1Ni_1.4 Co_{0.5− x} Cr _x O₄ (0.07 ≤x ≤q 0.35) showed a single phase of cubic spinel Mn-Ni-Co-Cr oxides. This indicates that the substituted Cr suppressed the decomposition in the oxides. In addition, the Cr hindered the grain growth during sintering and increased the porosity. The electrical resistivity, the B _25/85 constant, and the activation energy of the Mn_1.1Ni_1.4Co_{0.5− x} Cr _x O₄ NTC thermistors increased with increasing Cr content. It is demonstrated that the Cr-substituted Mn_1.1Ni_1.4Co_{0.5− x} Cr _x O₄ NTC thermistors provided a variety of electrical properties, depending on the composition.     

CoO对低钴贮氢电极电化学性能的影响

介绍了采用傅立叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、循环伏安、交流阻抗方法研究CoO对低钴贮氢合金电化学性能的影响。结果表明,随着活化次数的增加,放电中值电压逐渐增大,出现第二放电平台,使放电容量进一步提高。1C放电时,放电电压和放电容量分别提高170mV和10.5 mAh/g;10C放电时,高倍率放电性能提高21.7%。CV表明,随着扫速的加快,电极的氧化、还原峰位差逐渐加大,可逆性降低,反应向Co生成的方向进行;EIS表明,添加CoO降低了合金电极接触电阻和电荷传递阻抗,改善了电化学反应活性。     

添加Ho对烧结Nd-Fe-B永磁材料磁性能与温度稳定性的影响

用常规工艺制备烧结( Pr-Nd )33.0-xHoxFebalCu0.20Al0.75B1.15(x=0,1,3,5)永磁材料.研究了Ho元素添加对材料磁性能和温度稳定性的影响.适量添加Ho有利于抑制合金铸锭中α-Fe的形成;制作的烧结磁体,其主相晶粒一定程度上细化、尺寸分布比较均匀;内禀矫顽力明显提高,剩磁有所下降...     

Effects of nano- and micro-filler mixture on electrical insulation properties of epoxy based composites

This paper focuses on the electrical insulation properties of a newly prepared composite material by nano- and micro-filler mixture. Nano- and micro-filler mixture composites were made by dispersing nano-scale layered silicate fillers and micro-scale silica fillers in epoxy resin. To investigate the effects of nano- and micro-filler mixture, the thermal expansion coefficient and insulation breakdown properties by a needle-plate electrode method were measured for the filler mixture composite and the conventional filled epoxy. The filler mixture composite had almost the same thermal expansion coefficient as the conventional filled epoxy. In a continuous voltage rising test, the filler mixture composite had 7% higher insulation breakdown strength than the conventional filled epoxy. Moreover, under constant AC voltage (10 kV at 1 kHz), the filler mixture composite had an insulation breakdown time of more than 20,000 minutes whereas the conventional filled epoxy had a breakdown time of 830 minutes. Electron microscope observation showed that the area surrounded by dispersed micro-scale silica fillers were also filled with the nano-scale layered silicate fillers. Furthermore, the estimate of spacing between the fillers and the filler/epoxy interface area showed a more densely-packed structure of the filler mixture composite than the conventional filled epoxy. The morphological feature of the filler mixture composite seems to improve its insulation breakdown strength and time.     

溅射功率对CoFeB薄膜磁与结构特性的影响

以不同功率溅射制备了CoFeB合金薄膜样品并在高真空下退火处理。发现低功率生长的薄膜始终具有磁各向同性,而高功率生长的薄膜随着退火温度的升高,由起始的单轴磁各向异性逐渐向磁各向同性转变。X射线衍射分析也印证了CoFeB薄膜随退火温度的升高,薄膜由非晶态逐渐向结晶态转变。当退火温度高于400℃时,低功率生长的CoFeB样品的矫顽力大于高功率生长薄膜的矫顽力。同时发现低功率生长的CoFeB的(110)峰值高于高功率生长的样品峰值,表明低功率生长的薄膜晶粒尺寸更大。     

Effects of silicon content,thickness and heat treatment on iron loss properties of high silicon electrical steel sheets

The magnetic properties of high-silicon steel sheets ranging in thickness from 0.35 to 0.03 mm and silicon content from 3 to 7.5 percent is investigated. The minimum iron losses are obtained with the silicon higher than 6.5 percent at the high-frequency range over 30 kHz. The sheet thickness dependency index m is estimated. The heat treatment effects to soft magnetic properties also are studied.