采后硅酸钠处理对苹果梨黑斑病的影响

以苹果梨作为实验材料,研究硅酸钠处理对苹果梨采后黑斑病的影响,实验结果表明:体外试验硅酸钠对黑斑病具有抑制作用,其中100mmol/L的硅酸钠抑制率达94.5%。     

烟草灰霉病菌嘧菌酯抗药性突变菌株的诱导及其生物学习性分析

  目的  为了解烟草灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯潜在的抗药性风险。  方法  通过紫外诱变诱导烟草灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯的抗药性突变菌株,分析其对嘧菌酯的敏感性和生物学习性。  结果  嘧菌酯对烟草灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发具有较高的抑制作用,其抑制孢子萌发的EC₅₀为2.28 mg/L。紫外诱变获得5株不同抗性水平的嘧菌酯抗药性突变菌株,对嘧菌酯抗性是诱变前菌株的1.69~10.41倍。继代培养11代后,各突变菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性稳定;突变菌株菌丝生长速度高于或低于初始菌株;所有突变菌株的分生孢子产量和萌发率均低于初始菌株;突变菌株菌核产量同初始菌株一致或有所降低;所有突变菌株具有致病力,部分致病力强于初始菌株。  结论  嘧菌酯对烟草灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发具有较强的抑制作用;若使用嘧菌酯防治烟草灰霉病,存在烟草灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯产生抗药性的风险。      

嘧菌酯对甜瓜采后处理条件的筛选

以厚皮甜瓜(Cucumis melon L·)作为实验材料,研究嘧菌酯不同条件的处理对厚皮甜瓜采后粉霉病和白霉病的控制效果。实验结果表明,采后不同浓度的嘧菌酯处理,其中以100mg/L的效果最好;嘧菌酯处理温度和处理时间对病害控制的效果影响也很大,以50℃、2min的处理效果最佳;嘧菌酯先处理后接种的效果优于先接种后处理,且接种与处理间隔时间越长,对病害的控制效果也越差;体外条件下,嘧菌酯对Fusarium sp孢子萌发具有强烈的抑制作用,对Fusarium sp的菌丝生长也具有一定的抑制作用。      

链格孢霉毒素细交链格孢菌酮酸的研究进展

链格孢霉（Alternaria）是污染食品和饲料最普遍的真菌之一。细交链格孢菌酮酸（tenuazonic acid,TeA）是链格孢霉毒素中最为重要的一种,可广泛污染蔬菜、水果及谷物。本文综述TeA毒素的来源及污染情况、理化性质及其毒性、检测方法等,并就未来研究方向进行展望。     

棘孢木霉与30%霜霉·嘧菌酯协同防治烟草镰刀菌根腐病

为筛选防治烟草镰刀菌根腐病高效、安全的复配剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定生防棘孢木霉Tr-0111、化学杀菌剂30%霜霉·嘧菌酯对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的毒力及两者的相容性,同时测定两者混配对尖孢镰刀菌的毒力系数,并通过盆栽试验评价其对烟草镰刀菌根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,30%霜霉·嘧菌酯和棘孢木霉Tr-0111对尖孢镰刀菌均具有较强的毒力,其EC₅₀值分别为0.064 3 mL/L、2.36×10² cfu/mL,且两者相容性好。除V_{30%霜霉·嘧菌酯}∶V_Tr-0111=4∶6时无增效作用,其他8个混配比例均具有增效作用,其中V_{30%霜霉·嘧菌酯}∶V_Tr-0111=7∶3时增效比率最高,为1.16,抑菌率为68.37%。盆栽试验结果表明,V_{30%霜霉·嘧菌酯}∶V_Tr-0111=5∶5时,对烟草镰刀菌根腐病的防效最好,为78.18%,其次为7∶3和1∶9,防效分别为77.27%和72.7...     

嘧菌酯处理对厚皮甜瓜POD和CAT活性的影响

以厚皮甜瓜(Cucumis melonL.)作为实验材料,研究嘧菌酯处理对厚皮甜瓜采后过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响,实验结果表明:甜瓜经50、100、200mg/L嘧菌酯浸泡处理后,其果实的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有所变动,其中,100mg/L嘧菌酯处理,两种酶的活性均处于稳定上升趋势,到第14天达到最高值,此后呈下降趋势,但到第21天时,酶活性仍高于对照。     

继代培养对链格孢菌生长及产毒的影响

目的 探究连续继代培养对链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)菌株的生长以及产毒的影响。方法 将10株链格孢菌在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(potato dextrose agar, PDA)上连续继代培养,分析菌株的生长、产孢情况;利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)检测并分析主要链格孢霉毒素[包括交链孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)、交链孢烯(altenuene, ALT)、细交链格孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)]的含量变化。结果 在PDA培养基中,连续继代培养链格孢菌极易出现角变、菌丝变白、菌丝生长速率加快等菌株退化现象。随着继代培养次数的增加,菌株生长速度加快,菌落直径变大,角变率增大;10株链格孢菌中有7株(MY-4、MY-12、MY-15、MY-73、MY-80、MY-103、MY-117)产孢量随着继代次...     

烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯及其添加水杨肟酸后的敏感性检测

为了解烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性现状,采用菌丝生长速率法,检测了采自山东和湖北烟区的33株烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性,分析了水杨肟酸协同下烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响。结果表明:嘧菌酯对所有供试烟草赤星病菌的EC₅₀介于60.5230~111.7918 mg·L-1,平均为83.9068±2.4339 mg·L-1;嘧菌酯对采自山东烟区和湖北烟区的赤星病菌的平均EC₅₀分别为82.7986±2.5515 mg·L-1和88.0230±6.6785 mg·L-1。在水杨肟酸协同作用下,嘧菌酯对所有供试烟草赤星病菌毒力的EC₅₀介于19.9090~35.6684 mg·L-1,平均为29.2007±0.7801 mg·L-1,比嘧菌酯单独作用毒力提高了0.70~2.98倍,平均提高了1.87倍;添加水杨肟酸的嘧菌酯对采自山东和湖北烟区的赤星病菌毒力的平均EC₅₀分别为28.5494±0.8914 mg·L-1和31.6197±1.3290 mg·L-1,与嘧菌酯单独作用相比,毒力分别提高了1.90和1.78倍。研究表明,嘧菌酯对烟草赤星病菌的菌丝生长具有一定的抑制作用,添加水杨肟酸能够显著提高嘧菌酯对烟草赤星病菌的毒力,但不同菌株之间的提高倍数有差异。      

中草药提取液对采后西兰花主要致腐菌的抑制作用研究

为探讨中草药提取液对采后西兰花致腐菌芸苔生链格孢菌和核盘菌的抑制效果,采用生长速率法、滤纸片法对不同中草药提取液的抑菌效果进行对比,然后利用西兰花活体验证试验做进一步验证,筛选出抑菌效果较好的中草药种类,并进一步通过体积浓度梯度稀释法,对其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)进行了探讨。结果表明:不同天然植物提取液对采后西兰花主要致腐微生物链格孢菌和核盘菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中山豆根、肉豆蔻提取液的抑菌效果较强。山豆根、肉豆蔻提取液对链格孢菌的MIC均为占培养液体积(V/V)的10%、MBC分别为占培养液体积(V/V)的20%和40%;山豆根、肉豆蔻提取液对核盘菌的MIC分别为占培养液体积(V/V)的20%和10%,MBC分别为占培养液体积(V/V)的40%和20%。     

二氧化氯气体对葡萄链格孢菌的抑制作用

该文研究了二氧化氯气体(ClO 2)对链格孢菌的抑制作用,为降低采后葡萄贮藏过程中交链孢霉腐病带来的损失提供依据。用1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0μg/L ClO 2分别对离体链格孢菌处理10、20、30 min,以不做任何处理为对照组,通过测定菌落生长、孢子形成、芽管伸长抑制率及倒置显微镜观察菌丝形态来探究ClO 2对其抑制效果。并用3.0、6.0、9.0μg/L ClO 2对接种了链格孢菌的葡萄处理30 min,置于28℃的培养箱中贮藏,通过测定病斑直径、发病率及相关酶活性来探索ClO 2对交链孢霉腐病的抑制作用。结果表明,离体实验中,与对照组相比,ClO 2处理组均能显著抑制链格孢菌菌落生长、孢子形成及芽管伸长。且接种了链格孢菌的活体实验中,ClO 2处理组均能抑制果实的病斑直径及腐烂率,延缓果实中丙二醛含量的积累,维持较高的抗氧化活性,其中采用9.0μg/L ClO 2处理果实30 min效果最好。     

采后硅酸钠处理对马铃薯干腐病的抑制

研究了采后硅酸钠处理对马铃薯干腐病(Fusarium solani)的影响。结果表明:硅酸钠对F.solani菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用;浸泡处理可明显降低马铃薯损伤接种F.solani的病斑直径,其中以100mmol/L处理效果最好;在25~45℃范围内,100mmol/L的硅酸钠在35℃的浸泡处理对降低损伤接种F.solani的病斑直径效果最好;处理效果随浸泡时间的延长而增加。     

采后热处理对黄瓜颜色变化的影响

为了探索采后热处理对黄瓜颜色的影响,以"津优10"黄瓜为试材,对黄瓜进行了不同温-时组合的热处理实验,测定了黄瓜在Hunter表色系统下亮度L、红绿度a、黄蓝度b、色泽角H°、饱和度C及色差△Eab变化,并对各颜色指标变化进行了统计学及动力学分析。结果表明,热处理黄瓜的最佳颜色评价指标是L或△Eab,热处理时间比热处理温度对两个颜色指标的影响更显著,黄瓜的失水率与L呈显著的负相关关系,但与△Eab呈显著正相关关系,热处理黄瓜的L及△Eab在贮藏期间的变化分别符合一级与零级化学反应动力学模型。相关结论可为黄瓜采后热处理的工艺优化及品质预测提供参考。     

采后热水和乙醇处理对枸杞鲜果腐烂的控制及品质的影响

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Effects of potassium sorbate on postharvest brown rot of stone fruit

The effect of potassium sorbate (K-sorb), a low-toxicity chemical, to control Monilinia spp. was investigated. Preliminary in vitro studies found the MIC of K-sorb for conidial germination and mycelial growth was, respectively, 260 and 1,250 mg/ liter. Immersion of naturally infected peach and nectarine fruit in a solution (15 g/liter) of K-sorb for 120 s reduced brown rot by over 80% in four of five trials. Although treated fruits showed a significant reduction in firmness with respect to the control, they did not reach the overripe stage and retained acceptable quality parameters. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action for K-sorb, the inhibition of enzymatic activity by K-sorb was also tested. In a radial diffusion assay, the addition of K-sorb to agarose reduced polygalacturonase (PG) activity across the concentrations considered. The greatest reduction (54.3%, with respect to the control) was obtained at a sorbate concentration of 15 g/liter. PG kinetic activity of Monilinia laxa observed by a spectrophotometric assay peaked after 40 min in all samples tested. PG activity was significantly higher in the control than in the samples with increased K-sorb concentrations. In conclusion, based on these findings, K-sorb can be recommended as a low-toxicity antifungal compound against Monilinia spp. in peaches and nectarines with its mode of action probably depending in part on the inhibition of PG activity in M. laxa.     

Effects of postharvest sodium silicate treatment on pink rot disease and oxidative stress-antioxidative system in muskmelon fruit

Sodium silicate (Si) at 100 mM was used as a postharvest treatment agent of induction resistance on muskmelon (Cucumis melon L. cv. Yindi) to investigate the mechanism of controlling pink rot disease, which caused by Trichothecium roseum. Si treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the lesion diameter of melons inoculated with T. roseum during storage. Si treatment increased the content of superoxide (O₂^•−) and could be further raised by challenged with T. roseum inoculation. The content of hydroxyl radical (·OH) in inoculated fruit was also increased. Both malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were also accumulated with Si treatment and challenged inoculation. Si treatment maintained membrane integrity in non-inoculated fruit, as compared to untreated control. Si treatment and challenge inoculation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO), while markedly decreased the activity of catalase (CAT) and ascorbic peroxidase (APX). Si treatment and challenge inoculation also enhanced the content of ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH). These findings suggested that the effects of sodium silicate on postharvest disease in muskmelon fruit may be associated with the elicitation of antioxidant defense system in fruit.     

Effect of chitosan on incidence of brown rot,quality and physiological attributes of postharvest peach fruit

The effect of chitosan (5.0 and 10.0 mg ml ⁻¹) on the incidence of brown rot (caused by Monilinia fructicola), quality attributes and senescence physiology of peaches was investigated. It was found that both concentrations of chitosan reduced the incidence of brown rot significantly and delayed the development of disease compared with the control, but were less effective than the fungicide prochloraz. Chitosan‐treated peaches were firmer and had higher titratable acidity and vitamin C content than prochloraz‐treated or control peaches. Compared to control (water‐treated) peaches, chitosan‐treated peaches showed lower respiration rate, less ethylene and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and better membrane integrity. Hence it can be concluded that chitosan has the potential to control brown rot, preserve valuable attributes and prolong the shelf life of postharvest peaches, presumably because of its antifungal property and inhibition of the ripening and senescence process of postharvest peaches. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

采后果实褐腐病防治技术研究进展

褐腐病是采后核果果实最重要的侵染性病害之一,会严重危害贮藏期的果实,造成大量损失。低温贮藏、气调贮藏、热处理、辐射处理、微波处理等物理防治技术对采后果实褐腐病的防治有一定的效果。化学杀菌剂能够高效控制采后果实褐腐病,但其有污染环境、易产生耐药性的缺陷,天然杀菌剂的应用、生物防治尤其是拮抗菌防治技术弥补了化学杀菌剂在控制采后褐腐病方面的不足,采前技术如喷钙、使用拮抗菌也能有效控制采后果实褐腐病。采前采后技术综合防治果实褐腐病将是未来的发展方向。本文从物理、化学、生物防治技术及几种技术复合等角度综述了各防治技术对采后果实褐腐病的控制作用,为综合防治褐腐病、减少商业损失提供了一定的科学依据。     

油菜素内酯对豇豆冷害的控制

为研究油菜素内酯(Brassinolide,BR)处理对豇豆冷害现象的控制,将豇豆分别用0.5、1、2、4、8μmol/L BR溶液浸泡10 min后沥干,用0.03 mm厚度的PE保鲜膜包装后置于4℃冷库中贮藏,每2 d测定豇豆的感官评分和冷害率,通过此研究发现1μmol/L BR处理效果最佳;然后将豇豆用1μmol/L BR溶液浸泡10 min后沥干、用0.03 mm厚度的PE保鲜膜包装后置于4℃冷库中贮藏,每2 d测定与成熟衰老相关生理生化指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,1μmol/L BR处理能够延缓失重率、相对电导率、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的上升,抑制可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的下降,提高过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性,抑制多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,CAT)活性,保鲜效果显著(p<0.05)。      

微波处理对慈菇采后呼吸及品质的影响

研究微波对慈菇采后贮藏期间的呼吸生理,营养品质的影响。以江苏宝应产新鲜慈菇为材料,在微波功率120W下处理60s,以不进行微波处理试样为对照。原料处理后采用PE保鲜透气袋包装,分别在(25±5)℃和(4±0.5)℃的温度环境下贮藏,每间隔5d检测呼吸速率、失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、淀粉含量等。实验结果表明:微波处理能够抑制慈菇失水、呼吸速率,同时抑制新鲜慈菇硬度快速下降和可溶性固形物的上升,保持了慈菇的良好品质,对慈菇淀粉含量没有显著影响。