焙烧锂辉石对碱硅酸反应的抑制效果

以试验室焙烧锂辉石(DS)为原材料,研究了在40℃和80℃养护条件下,单掺DS和双掺DS与粉煤灰(FA)取代部分水泥,对沸石化珍珠岩集料和某高活性集料M成型不同砂浆碱集料反应膨胀的影响.试验表明:碱含量为2.5%时,在40℃和80℃养护条件下,DS掺量10%对沸石化珍珠岩集料砂浆试件ASR有效抑制,90 d龄期时试件膨胀值仍小于0.1%.DS掺量10%对高活性集料M砂浆试件ASR抑制效果不大.养护温度不同膨胀值变化趋势不同.DS掺量固定,随着FA掺量的增加,对2种集料砂浆碱集料反应膨胀抑制效果越好.     

粉煤灰对ASR的抑制及有效性评估

以中国快速砂浆棒法为基础，分别研究了在40，60，80℃养护条件下低钙粉煤灰对硅质砾石、沸石化珍珠岩和石英玻璃碱硅酸反应(alkali silica rection,ASR）膨胀的抑制作用。讨论了集料碱活性、养护温度对粉煤灰抑制ASR效果的影响和建立粉煤灰及其它矿物外加剂抑制ASR有效性评估方法的技术路线和问题。结果表明：粉煤灰抑制ASR的效果与集科碱活性和养护温度密切相关。一定养护温度下，集科活性越大，抑制效果越差；对特定活性集料，养护温度越高，抑制效果越差。粉煤灰对不同集料和同种集料不同养护温度下ASR膨胀抑制效果差异，主要与ASR历程有关，即与集料ASR本身特性有关。特定集料和养护条件下粉煤灰对ASR膨胀的抑制效果不能简单推广至其它种类不同的集料和养护条件。粉煤灰抑制ASR有效性应根据工程评价目的和要求分别确定。快速评估方法的结果与混凝土长期性能之间的相关性需进一步研究。     

碱含量对粉煤灰抑制ASR效果的影响

采用粉煤友部分等量替代水泥,用砂浆棒快速法和混凝土棱柱体法分别进行了不同掺量的粉煤灰抑制集料ASR的试验研究。结果表明：随着混凝土砂浆中的总碱含量的增加,粉煤灰对集抖ASR膨胀的抑制效果减弱。在同等条件下,用粉煤灰部分取代高碱水泥比取代低碱水泥抑制集料的ASR膨胀更有效。     

高温下锂化合物抑制碱硅酸反应的研究

系统研究了高温条件下锂化合物对碱硅酸反应(ASR)的抑制作用.含沸石化珍珠岩活性集料砂浆, 在150 ℃压蒸24 h后, 置于80 ℃养护至20 个月.研究发现:分别掺加n(Li)/ n(Na)为0.6的Li2CO3, LiOH·H2O, Li2SO4·H2O, LiCH3COO·2H2O, LiNO3, LiF能长期有效地抑制ASR膨胀, 且抑制效果依次增强.在碱含量为2.0%时, 掺加相同n(Li)/n(Na)的锂化合物, 其对膨胀的长期抑制效果与溶解度有关.随着锂化合物阴离子表面电荷密度的增加, 其对膨胀的抑制效果依次增强.此外 , 本工作还探讨了锂化合物抑制ASR的作用机理.     

煤矸石掺合料的制备及对混凝土碱-骨料反应影响

通过强度评价法,研究了煅烧温度、恒温时间及冷却方式三种热处理技术对未燃煤矸石活性的影响,并将制备的煤矸石掺合料与粉煤灰、矿粉进行了性能对比.在此基础上,通过胶砂流动度和快速砂浆棒试验,研究了煤矸石掺和料的细度、掺量对其稠度和碱-骨料反应的影响.试验结果表明:机械和热活化的煤矸石粉具有微集料和活性效应,对拌合物稠度有一定的改善作用,对混凝土膨胀有一定的抑制作用,其中细度比掺量影响的权重大.当地煤矸石在750 ℃下煅烧3 h、细度达到1150 m2/kg且掺量控制在5%时,煤矸石掺和料对工作性的改善,以及混凝土碱-骨料反应膨胀抑制效果最好.     

煤矸石胶凝材料的试验研究

采用煤矸石活化料、矿渣和熟料作为主要原料,外掺复合激发剂来制备煤矸石胶凝材料。研究了煤矸石活化料掺量、石膏掺量以及激发剂对煤矸石胶凝材料性能的影响;并借助XRD和SEM分析了其水化机理。试验结果表明:煤矸石活化料掺量为60%时,煤矸石充填胶凝材料的3 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别达到了15.2 MPa、22.8 MPa和35.5 MPa;石膏掺量为4%时,煤矸石充填胶凝材料的3 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别达到了15.7 MPa、24.4 MPa和37.8 MPa;复合激发剂最佳掺量为5%,煤矸石充填胶凝材料的3 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别达到了27.5 MPa、35.4 MPa和55.4 MPa。     

激发剂对碱矿渣水泥砂浆中碱-硅酸反应的影响

采用硅酸钠溶液为激发剂制备碱矿渣(AAS)水泥砂浆,在80 ℃的1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中养护以加速碱-硅酸反应(ASR)进程,研究了激发剂碱含量和硅酸盐模数对ASR膨胀破坏的影响。结果表明,AAS砂浆中出现了危险性ASR膨胀破坏。激发剂中Na₂O掺量大于4%(质量分数)时,砂浆在14 d龄期的ASR膨胀率超过0.1%,且当激发剂硅酸盐模数在1.2~2.0范围内时膨胀率更大。ASR产物主要分布在集料颗粒表面与AAS凝胶相接触的界面区,附近可观测到明显的裂缝扩展。ASR膨胀破坏同时引发了砂浆抗压强度损失。     

煅烧煤矸石再生细骨料混凝土徐变性能

为研究不同煅烧温度、煤矸石掺量、粉煤灰掺量及水胶比对再生细骨料混凝土抗徐变性能的影响,采用4因素3水平的正交原理,对不同试验条件下再生细骨料混凝土进行120 d的干缩和徐变性能研究.结果 表明:对于养护28 d后的试件,影响其抗压强度最大的因素是煤矸石掺量的不同;干缩变形量从基础养护起第80 d为分界线,分快速干缩和稳定干缩两阶段,同时受煅烧温度和水胶比影响较大,但适当的粉煤灰掺量和煅烧温度不仅能抑制干缩,而且能致密空隙并降低水化热;持续荷载120 d时,构件整体徐变变形增大,分为快速、慢速和稳定3个阶段,受煅烧温度和煤矸石掺量影响较大,同时徐变变形与时间存在相对较高的相关性.     

煤矸石的热力-化学复合活化研究

采用不同温度下的煅烧和添加化学激发物质的复合活化方法对煤矸石用作高性能水泥辅助性胶凝材料时潜在活性激发效果进行了实验探讨。实验结果表明,原始煤矸石未经任何处理直接用作水泥混合材时基本上不表现出火山灰活性,会导致水泥强度大幅度降低。煤矸石经600~900℃加热处理之后再与水泥混合使用,表现出显著的火山灰活性,水泥强度得到明显改善。用芒硝或水玻璃作为激发剂对煤矸石施加热力化学复合活化,在适宜的掺量范围内水泥强度,尤其是早期强度,得到进一步改善。采用水玻璃的场合活化效果优于采用芒硝的场合。煤矸石热力化学复合活化的适应范围为热处理温度600~800℃,水玻璃掺量不超过4%。     

几种超细矿粉抑制混凝土碱骨料反应的试验研究

利用ASTM C441方法检验了矿物质超细粉对混凝土碱硅酸反应ASR的抑制作用，并利用小混凝土柱法检测了其抑制碱碳酸盐反应ACR的效果。试验表明，矿渣、粉煤灰、沸石等混合材掺入混凝土中均可以抑制ASR的发生，且偏高岭土和沸石粉的效果优于粉煤灰，粉煤灰又优于矿渣。矿物质混合材对ACR膨胀也有抑制作用，但效果不明显，掺30％的粉煤灰和30％A型偏高岭土超细粉试件的28d膨胀率为0．0953％和,0.108％，掺加其它混合材的小混凝土柱膨胀率则在0．12％-0．16％之间。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。