矿化垃圾一种可再生的燃料矿藏

分析了10年陈矿化垃圾组分特性，讨论了矿化垃圾用作可再生燃料的经济性与潜力及可行性。研究发现矿化垃圾中的可燃成分以塑料为主，另有木竹和纤维。与新鲜垃圾相比水份低，制作燃料（垃圾衍生燃料）无需干燥步骤，过程卫生，无臭气，制成工艺可望更简单。矿化垃圾作为再生燃料利用不仅可以回收能源，而且为城市垃圾的处理提供了经济、长效机制。     

车用替代燃料发展状况与前景

交通部门发展车用替代燃料的迫切性日益增加。各种车用替代燃料将在技术革新、政策扶持和市场竞争的推动下实现重大技术突破和快速发展,呈现并行递进的态势。预计天然气汽车将继续在特定领域得到推广应用,油电混合动力车和电动汽车将来主要用于中短途交通,非粮生物燃料和可再生氢燃料未来将成为重型卡车、航运和航空等长途交通工具的最经济可行的清洁替代燃料,而插电式混合动力车将在中间市场发挥最大作用。建议我国继续支持天然气汽车的推广应用,大力发展非粮生物燃料和新能源汽车。     

城市生活垃圾能源的利用

随着工业生产的发展和人民生活水平的提高,工业废弃物和生活垃圾量急剧增多.同时.垃圾成份也逐渐变化;一方面因为民用能源逐渐以煤制气、液化石油气和电能为主、民用燃煤减少,使得灰渣量大大减少;另一方面轻工业生产所废弃的纸、布、塑料、橡胶、木料等大量增多.垃圾堆放不仅侵占土地,污染环境,而且造成可燃物流失.如按我国城市垃圾年     

车用替代燃料

按照美国1992年能源政策法(EPAct),替代燃料包括:乙醇、天然气、氢、生物柴油、电力、甲醇、丙烷和p系列燃料。这些燃料在全世界用于各种车辆。使用这些替代燃料,一般能减少污染物的排放。     

高效清洁安全的车用替代能源──车用甲醇燃料

汽车是人类最重要的道路运输和乘用工具,其动力主要来自于汽柴油等液体燃料。而甲醇除了来源广,体量大,纯度高,输送便利外,在点燃式内燃机的使用性能方面与汽油相比,显示出优良的燃烧性(燃烧充分)、动力性(高效节能)、环保性(排放清洁)和安全性(与乙醇相当)。本文列举了甲醇燃料特性数据及上海焦化公司甲醇燃料在甲醇车上试验数据,充分论证甲醇燃料是最现实的车用替代能源。而要完美实现甲醇燃料替代需要从汽车和燃料二个方面解决好的相互适应性问题。     

浅析中国燃料乙醇的生产状况

随着世界石油资源的日益枯竭和石油价格的飞涨,发展可再生能源已成为世界各国经济发展的重要战略.目前中国在燃料乙醇生产方面具有较大的发展,从经济学角度对当前国内外的燃料乙醇生产进行对比,分析目前中国乙醇生产的不足.     

汽车替代燃料的现状分析与展望

世界能源危机与环境污染问题促使汽车行业能源体系转型,可再生、节能、环保、清洁的新型汽车替代燃料成为汽车行业的新宠.根据燃料是否可再生,将汽车替代燃料分为不可再生汽车替代燃料和可再生汽车替代燃料,并对天然气、液化石油气、醇醚类燃料、氢能源、植物油燃料、生物质裂解气燃料等汽车替代燃料与汽油、柴油等传统汽车燃料进行了分析和比较,总结了汽车替代燃料相对于传统汽车燃料的优点与缺点,并对汽车替代燃料的发展前景进行了展望.     

车载燃料电池诊断装置的研究

介绍了一种特殊的车载燃料电池诊断装置,该装置包括控制单元、燃料气体供给单元、电力调整单元、冷却单元和电力消耗单元.该装置可以精确地再现车辆行驶期间燃料电池堆的异常情况,便于在修理车间对其进行彻查,及时发现并排除故障.当燃料电池的冷却系统或燃料气体供给系统受到损坏时,利用该诊断装置的冷却单元和燃料气体供给单元也可以对燃料电池堆进行准确的诊断.     

异丁醇汽油混合燃料整车试验研究

在不对车辆进行任何改造的情况下,将不同比例的异丁醇汽油混合燃料及纯汽油添加到车辆,研究其对整车热机怠速稳定性、排放性能、非满载爬坡能力的影响。结果表明:I10~I50的异丁醇汽油混合燃料的热机怠速质量评定较好;双怠速(高怠速及怠速)条件下,THC排放、NOx排放和过量空气系数随异丁醇含量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;I10,I20燃料在双怠速情况下的CO排放较大。除I10外,其余4种混合燃料的1档低速行驶稳定性良好;除I40和I50的提速性和动力性稍微欠佳、非满载爬坡能力不足外,其余3种混合燃料表现较好。     

Investigation and analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell dynamic response characteristics on hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicle

The number of working points and response speed are two essential characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The improper setting of the number of working points and response speed may reduce the life of PEMFC and increase the hydrogen consumption of the vehicle. This paper explores the impact of the response speed as well as the working points of the PEMFC on the hydrogen consumption in the real-system level. In this paper a dynamic model of the PEMFC system is established and verified by experiments. The model is able to reflect the dynamic response process of PEMFC under a series different number of working points and different response speed. Based on the proposed model, the influence of working points and the response speed of PEMFC on the hydrogen consumption in the vehicle under different driving cycles is analyzed and summarized, for the first time, in the open literature. The results highlight that the hydrogen consumption will decreases in both cases that with the increase of working point number and increase of response speed. However, the reduction range of hydrogen consumption trends to smaller and may reach to an optimal level considering the trade-off between the hydrogen saving and the other costs, for example the control cost. Also, with a more complex driving cycle, the working points and response speed have a greater the impact on the hydrogen consumption in the vehicle applications.     

The computer-aided analysis for the driving stability of a plug-in fuel cell vehicle using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

In order to analyze the driving stability of a plug-in fuel cell vehicle (PFCV), a computer-aided simulator for PFCVs has been developed. PFCVs have been introduced around the world to achieve early commercialization of an eco-friendly and highly efficient fuel cell vehicle. The plug-in option, which allows the battery to be recharged from the electricity grid, enables a reduction in size of the fuel cell system (FCS) and an improvement of its durability. As such, the existing limitations of the fuel cell - such as its high cost, poor durability, and the insufficient hydrogen infrastructure – can be overcome. During the design phase of PFCV development, simulation-based driving stability test is necessary to determine the sizes of the electric engine of the FCS and the battery. The developed simulator is very useful for analyzing the driving stability of the PFCV with respect to the capacities of the FCS and battery. The simulation results are in fact very close to those obtained from a real system, since the estimation accuracy of PFCV component models used in this simulator, such as the fuel cell stack, battery, electric vehicle, and the other balance of plants (BOPs), are verified by the experiments, and the simulator uses the newly-proposed power distribution control logic and the pre-confirmed real driving schedule. Using these results, we can study which one will be the best in terms of driving stability.     

Life cycle study of coal-based dimethyl ether as vehicle fuel for urban bus in China

With life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a life cycle model of coal-based dimethyl ether (CBDME) as a vehicle fuel is established for China. Its life cycle from well to wheel are divided into three phases. They are feedstock extraction, fuel production and fuel consumption in vehicle. The primary energy consumption (PEC) and global warming potential (GWP) of CBDME pathway are analyzed and compared with coal-based diesel (CBD) as a latent rival to replace conventional petroleum-based diesel (CPBD).     

Commercial vehicle auxiliary loads powered by PEM fuel cell

The commercial vehicles are in leadership in emission production for on-road vehicles. This high rate of emission is released in highly populated areas where diesel driven internal combustion engines are running in inefficient operating ranges. Except the propulsion, the internal combustion engine is powering the auxiliary devices such as refrigerator unit, etc. The auxiliary units are significant contributor to the overall pollutant production. In this paper the auxiliary load power supply for refrigerator unit is shifted from internal combustion engine to PEM fuel cell. The decrease in CO₂ accumulated emissions was estimated by simulation model containing vehicle model (tire, brake, differential, gearbox and driver model), diesel engine model and auxiliary power demand model. Four stroke diesel engine was modeled and investigated. For this investigation the fully filled truck was used for simulating 100% weight load. The gross weight is 7500 kg.The novelty of the approach is the simulation performed on realistic combination of city and urban road cycle. The focus was on modelling the realistic truck driving cycle in order to correctly predict emission and fuel consumption reduction. Since initial investigation are performed on constant load demand of fuel cell, simplified model of PEMFC was applied. PEM fuel cell stack was designed in order to meet the demands of auxiliary consumers. The H₂ consumption and size of hydrogen tank was estimated based on assumed 8-h daily drive. Finally, the migration of power supply for auxiliary units on commercial vehicle from internal combustion engine showed potential of fuel savings and CO₂ reduction of up to 9% for a given case on this specific test cycle.     

Thermal analysis and management of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks for automotive vehicle

The thermal management of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is crucial for fuel cell vehicles. This paper presents a new simulation model for the water-cooled PEMFC stacks for automotive vehicles and cooling systems. The cooling system model considers both the cooling of the stack and cooling of the compressed air through the intercooler. Theoretical analysis was carried out to calculate the heat dissipation requirements for the cooling system. The case study results show that more than 99.0% of heat dissipation requirement is for thermal management of the PEMFC stack; more than 98.5% of cooling water will be distributed to the stack cooling loop. It is also demonstrated that controlling cooling water flow rate and stack inlet cooling water temperature could effectively satisfy thermal management constraints. These thermal management constraints are differences in stack inlet and outlet cooling water temperature, stack temperature, fan power consumption, and pump power consumption.     

车用燃料生命周期评估

以国际标准化组织的生命周期评价标准为依据,确定了车用燃料生命周期评估的系统边界和评价指标,给出了模型主要的计算公式,并进行了国外车用燃料全生命周期的能源消耗和排放评价。     

液化天然气(LNG)-柴油双燃料汽车的开发

阐述了液化天然气(LNG)—柴油车的总体设计方案，主要是在保留原机的所有结构和柴油燃烧工作方式不变的前提下，增加了一套LNG供气系统和柴油—天然气双燃料电控喷射系统。系统既可以在柴油—LNG双燃料状态下工作，也可以在全柴油状态下工作，双燃料的工作状态由电子转换开关控制。试验表明天然气替代率高迭84％，经济效益和环保性能突出。