双通道计算全息及仿真再现

本文在单通道罗曼Ⅲ型计算全息的基础上 ,介绍了双通道计算全息的编码原理和制作技术 ,并用计算机仿真得到了双通道计算全息图的再现像 ,实现了双通道计算全息制作再现全过程计算机处理 ,为评价编码方案和再现像像质提供了有效的方法     

利用数字全息和DMD实时观察温度场的研究

本文将数字微镜（DMD）应用于数字全息,提出了一种新的实时再现方法,该方法用CMOS采集全息图,经计算机编程处理后直接输送到DMD,经激光照射后实时再现物光场的干涉像,取代了以往数字全息中用计算机编程衍射计算实现干涉像再现的过程,达到了节省时间,实时观察的目的。文章以温度场检测为例,将DMD再现的干涉像与计算机衍射计算再现的结果进行了对比,证明了该方法的可行性和准确性。     

数字全息显微再现像横纵向尺寸与放大倍数的关系

数字全息显微再现像是物体经过显微物镜之后放 大像的再现,因此,再现像和放大像 的纵向尺寸易被混淆,认为再现像与放大像的纵向尺寸相等。为了辨识再现像的纵向尺寸, 本文分析了数字全息显微再现像的横纵向尺寸与放大倍数的关系。首先根据光学衍射理论, 对再现像的横向尺寸与放大倍数的关系和纵向尺寸与放大倍数的关系进行了理论分析,得到 了数字全息显微再现像的横向尺寸与放大像相同,都被放大Mβ倍,而再现 像的纵向尺寸未 被放大。其次,以测量石英玻璃上刻蚀的圆孔为样本,调整样本与显微物镜的距离,以M β1= 20.29 ,Mβ2= 17.51 和Mβ3= 15.3 三种横向放大倍数进行了数字全息显微实验。 实验结果表明,三个再现像的纵向尺寸近似为570nm, 与被测物纵向尺寸相等,未受放大倍数的影 响。并且相应再现像和放大像的横向尺寸近似相等,最大差值约为0.58 μm。因此,本文从 理论和实验两方面证明了再现像的横向尺寸被放大了Mβ,而再现像的纵向 尺寸等于被测物 的纵向尺寸,不受放大倍数的影响,且可由被测物引入的光程差计算得到。本文的分析对比 为准确计算数字全息显微再现像的横纵向尺寸提供技术 支撑。     

减少计算全息再现散斑的多图象平均方法

本文提出了减少计算全息再现散的多图象平均方法。计算机模拟实验和光学实验表明，该方法能有效地抑制计算全息再现的散斑噪声，提高信噪比，得到高质量的再现像。     

数字全息再现像的细节显示和视觉畸变矫正

在分析数字全息系统的最小分辨距离和再现像平面上的采样间隔的基础上，提出了一种在用菲涅耳变换法再现数字全息图时，能清楚显示再现像细节的简单方法，这种方法能有效地提高再现场的显示分辨率。通过给由CCD记录的数字全息图补零，可使再现像平面上采样间隔减小，使再现像具有更多的像素，得到保留了更多记录信息的高质量再现像。用同样的方法，也可以矫正由于CCD靶面尺寸在水平和竖直方向上的不一致造成再现像的视觉畸变。实验结果表明此方法有很好的效果。     

再现光对数字彩色全息图再现像质量的影响

基于色彩合成的数字彩色全息方法，研究了不同波长的再现光对数字彩色全息图再现像质量的影响。引入了偏移因子，进一步分析再现光对再现像的影响。在保证再现光与记录光波长相同的条件下，三基色全息图的分色再现像能够准确重合，并经过色彩合成可获得原物体清晰的彩色再现像。理论推导和实验结果证明：该方法对消除色串扰有很好的效果。     

全息再现中几种消零级方法的像质评价及其改进

全息图再现过程中,由于占据了大部分能量的零级亮斑的存在,降低了再现像的对比度,影响了对原始物的观察和记录,因此需要将其进行消除,使有用的再现像变得清晰。文章对五种常用的消除零级像的方法进行了介绍和理论分析,将其应用到计算全息中,分别做了数字再现的模拟仿真实验,并利用两种常用的再现像质量评价标准对消零级效果进行了比较。研究结果表明,所介绍的消零级方法都能够比较有效地消除零级亮斑,提高再现像的对比度。由再现像质量评价标准综合对比得出,频谱滤波消除零级像亮斑得到的效果最好,但这与人眼的直观感受不一致。在对评价方法优缺点及零级像频谱分析的基础上,提出了一种基于中心亮斑衰减率的再现像质量局部判别法,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够得到与人眼直接观察数字和光学再现像一致的结果,因此可以认为是有效的。     

利用传统全息片实现合成孔径数字全息的研究

分析了传统全息片的微观结构,介绍了细光束成像和合成孔径数字全息记录、再现的基本原理,研究了利用传统方法拍摄的散射物体透射式、振幅型全息片实现合成孔径数字全息的方法,给出了实验结果。理论分析和实验结果表明,利用传统透射式、振幅型全息片,通过光学显微镜放大制作子数字全息图和合成孔径数字全息图,经计算机处理是可以得到完整再现像的,其性质与细激光束照射成像一致。用子全息图再现像的复振幅叠加方法和采用子全息图再现像的强度叠加方法均可实现合成孔径数字全息图的再现,且强度叠加方法的视觉效果要好些,但它们对缩小再现像中散斑的尺寸没有帮助。用子全息图拼接成的合成孔径全息图得到的再现像效果最好,可以缩小再现像中散斑的尺寸,信噪比、分辨率均有提高。要得到更好的再现像,需要用更多的子数字全息图拼接成尺寸更大的合成孔径数字全息图。     

数字全息技术在反源问题中的应用

本文从数字全息记录与再现技术特点出发,探讨数字全息技术在反源问题中的应用。分析了用数字全息图探测光波复振幅的方法。讨论了数字全息再现原始像的方法,并将其应用于光源的重构。     

基于数字透镜区域采样的计算全息色差补偿方法

针对计算全息彩色光电再现过程中,由成像区域中心点不重合引起的色差问题,提出一种基于数字透镜区域采样的补偿方法。通过改变数字透镜的采样区域,实现再现像位置的移动,再现像的偏移量与数字透镜采样区域的偏移量在水平和竖直方向等大反向。实验使用单个空间光调制器的空分复用法,以蓝色再现像为基准,调节红色和绿色再现像的位置,实现了计算全息色差的补偿,结果证明了所述方法的可行性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks