夹杂物对FGH95粉末高温合金切削加工力学特性的影响

FGH95粉末高温合金作为一种高强度、高耐热性的镍基高温合金,常用在制造先进航空发动机的压气机盘、涡轮盘、涡轮轴以及涡轮盘挡板等高温承力转动部件,是一种典型的难加工材料.FGH95粉末高温合金中非金属夹杂物的成分、含量、分类、形貌对粉末高温合金材料性能有着重要的影响.从切削加工角度,采用力学分析和显微镜观察的方法研究了FGH95粉末高温合金中非金属夹杂物对切削加工刀具的影响,分析了切削加工时非金属夹杂物的力学特性,提出了夹杂物在切削加工过程中的变形机理.     

高频磁场电磁净化模拟

为了更准确地分析高频交变电磁场对金属熔体中的非金属夹杂物的去除效果,分别利用硅含量为18%、12.6%和10%3种铝硅合金所生成的尺寸为100、50和10μm的硅块来模拟非金属夹杂物以进行电磁净化实验研究.实验证明:生成的硅块可以更好地模拟金属液中单个的非金属夹杂物;施加电磁场后发现,电磁挤压力对单个尺寸在100和50 μm的非金属夹杂物的去除效果明显,同时也可以去除10 μm左右的非金属夹杂物.     

高温合金差示扫描量热分析(DSC)的影响因素研究II：粉末粒度和显微组织

对固溶强化型625镍基高温合金粉末进行升、降温差示扫描量热分析（DSC）试验,研究了<37μm、45-53μm、75-105μm、105-150μm、150-355μm不同粉末粒度对相变温度的影响。采用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）、电子探针（EPMA）和同步辐射X射线衍射（SXRD）对625合金粉末的形貌、元素分布和相组成进行表征。结果表明：不同粒径PM625粉末均为树枝晶结构,枝晶间距在2~10μm范围,元素 Ni和Cr倾向分布于枝晶干,Mo和Nb偏析于枝晶间。不同粒度的PM625粉末中均仅存在基体γ相。PM625粉末DSC加热曲线固相线附近区域拐点尖锐,表现为合金开始熔化温度（偏离基线的拐点）与名义固相线温度（切线交点）差异很小,不同粒度间的差异仅为2-5℃。合金完全熔化后重新冷却的过程中原始粉末的低偏析特性消失,冷却曲线固相线区域圆弧较大,名义固相线和终凝温度差较大,为53-65℃。DSC试验升温过程中不同粒径粉末的固、液相线以及初熔温度最大差异分别为3℃、2℃和2℃,降温过程不同粒径粉末固、液相线温度差分别为6℃和2℃。0-355μm粉末粒径范围内,粒径对固溶强化型PM625高温合金粉末相变温度无明显影响。     

高温合金差示扫描量热分析(DSC)的影响因素:粉末粒度和显微组织

对固溶强化型625镍基高温合金粉末进行升、降温差示扫描量热分析(DSC)试验,研究了不同粉末粒度(37,45～53,75～105,105～150,150～355μm)对相变温度的影响。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、电子探针(EPMA)和同步辐射X射线衍射(SXRD)对625合金粉末的形貌、元素分布和相组成进行表征。结果表明:不同粒径PM625粉末均为树枝晶结构,枝晶间距在2～10μm范围,元素Ni和Cr倾向分布于枝晶干,Mo和Nb偏析于枝晶间。不同粒度的PM625粉末中均仅存在基体γ相。PM625粉末DSC加热曲线固相线附近区域拐点尖锐,表现为合金开始熔化温度(偏离基线的拐点)与名义固相线温度(切线交点)差异很小,不同粒度间的差异仅为2～5℃。合金完全熔化后重新冷却的过程中原始粉末的低偏析特性消失,冷却曲线固相线区域圆弧较大,名义固相线和终凝温度差较大,为53～65℃。DSC试验升温过程中不同粒径粉末的固、液相线以及初熔温度最大差异分别为3, 2和2℃,降温过程不同粒径粉末固、液相线温度差分别为6和2℃。0～355μm粉末粒径范围内,粒径对固溶强化型PM625高温合金粉末相变温度无明显影响。     

粉末高温合金中SiO2夹杂物与基体的界面反应机理及对其变形行为的影响

通过人工植入夹杂物的方法,采用SEM、EPMA、TEM、纳米压痕和微纳CT研究了FGH96粉末高温合金中30和60μm SiO2夹杂物在粉末态、热等静压(HIP)和热挤压(HEX)过程中形貌、尺寸以及化学成分的演变规律,深入揭示了SiO2夹杂物与基体发生界面反应的机理,定量研究了夹杂物在粉末态、HIP态以及HEX态下尺寸的变化,表征了夹杂物在挤压棒材中的三维形貌。结果表明,在粉末态时,夹杂物呈长条状或板条状;在HIP过程中,夹杂物与基体发生了置换反应,形成了内部Ti O2、外部Al2O3并弥散分布于γ基体的复合夹杂物,确定了形成氧化物的物相种类,揭示了界面反应机理,同时,30μm SiO2周围未出现γ'相贫化区,60μm SiO2周围形成了γ'相贫化区,合金基体较γ'相贫化区具有较高弹性模量和纳米硬度,γ'相贫化区为软化区,反应后30和60μm SiO2夹杂物尺寸分别约为35和75μm,体积得到进一步增大;在挤压过程中,60μm SiO2由于贫化区的存在表现出与30μm SiO2不同的变形行为,并通过SEM观察统计的夹杂物尺寸与理论计算和微纳CT测试结果进行了对比验证。     

镍基粉末高温合金FGH4096中γ′相完全溶解温度的测定

通过JmatPro软件测试了镍基粉末高温合金FGH4096平衡相图,并根据γ′相平衡态溶解温度采用OM和SEM等方法研究了不同固溶温度下的γ′相溶解结果。结果表明,热力学软件JmatPro计算的FGH4096合金中的γ′相在930~1100 ℃大量溶解,完全溶解温度在1100 ℃以上。从1110 ℃到1130 ℃晶粒尺寸从16.1 μm长大至18.2 μm,变化不明显,从1130 ℃到1160 ℃,晶粒迅速从18.2 μm长大到28.6 μm。镍基粉末高温合金FGH4096中的γ′相起到强化作用的同时,对晶粒长大具有阻碍作用,随着固溶温度从1110 ℃升至1130 ℃,γ′相含量减少,其对晶粒的钉扎作用降低,导致晶粒有所长大。1130 ℃以上时,γ′相完全溶解,γ′相钉扎作用消失,晶粒迅速长大。最终确定FGH4096合金中γ′相实际的完全溶解温度为1130~1140 ℃。     

PREP 工艺制取镍基高温合金粉末中的异常颗粒

采用等离子旋转电极制粉工艺(PREP)制取镍基高温合金粉末并对其中的一种异常颗粒进行了观察、分类、统计和分析。结果表明,合金粉末中存在粉末与升华物、熔渣、陶瓷、有机物粘连为一体的异常颗粒。这类异常颗粒的产生与母合金的纯净度、夹杂的性质、雾化制粉工艺参数有密切的关系。筛分和静电处理异常颗粒的能力与所粘连夹杂物的尺寸、形态以及化学组成和密度、介电常数等物理性质有关。与筛分处理相比,静电后1 kg粉末样品中粘连夹杂的颗粒减少了63%;在50~150μm的成品粉中,粘连熔渣的颗粒占残存夹杂物总量的36%,粘连陶瓷颗粒为4%,粘有机物颗粒占11%。     

基于损伤力学的含夹杂粉末高温合金FGH96低周裂纹萌生寿命预测

研究FGH96粉末高温合金中夹杂物对低周疲劳寿命的影响,提出基于损伤力学理论的低周裂纹萌生寿命预测模型,在建立损伤演化方程后提出损伤表征参数.对含夹杂物和不含夹杂物的粉末高温合金试样在530℃和600℃下进行疲劳试验,并对具有椭圆形、半椭圆形、多边形和条形表面/亚表面夹杂物的试样进行模型验证,然后通过有限元模拟进行应力...     

镍基变形高温合金的热处理组织转变及金相分析

概述了镍基变形高温合金的强化方式及不同热处理制度下的显微组织转变,对晶粒度、夹杂物、析出相的转变机理以及金相评定方法进行了归纳总结,以期为镍基变形高温合金的组织性能优化及检验提供参考。     

PREP工艺制造的镍基高温合金粉末中夹杂物

夹杂物是影响粉末冶金产品质量的主要因素之一。采用SEM、XRD、EPMA等手段通过对等离子旋转电极制粉工艺(PREP)制取的镍基高温合金粉末中夹杂物的形貌特征、化学组成的研究,将不同工序处理后粉末中的夹杂物进行分类,统计分析其存在形式、尺寸、数量及分布。结果表明:粉末中的夹杂物按产生机制和来源主要分为陶瓷、熔渣、有机物、粉末粘连夹杂物或升华物形成的异常颗粒。经过筛分和静电处理后,残留在成品粉末中的陶瓷占夹杂物总数量的7%,熔渣占53%,有机物占40%。筛分和静电分离去除各类夹杂物的能力主要与成品粉末的粒度和夹杂物的密度、介电常数及其尺寸、形态有关。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.