移动Ad Hoc网络中基于剩余生存时间的链路稳定性路由协议

在移动Ad Hoc网络中,链路的稳定性是网络性能的保证。提出一种基于剩余生存时间的链路稳定性路由协议—RLT-LSRP,该协议中当节点检测到分组接收功率小于某一阈值时,依据分组接收功率的变化来区分节点间相对运动的趋势,结合节点的动态属性和三角形几何定理,选择链路剩余生存时间最长的路径进行数据转发,在链路断开之前提前启动路由修复机制。实验结果表明:RLT-LSRP协议能够有效地减少路由失效次数,增强路由的稳定性,延长网络的生存时间。     

高速移动网络中AODV路由协议的改进

在节点高速移动的网络环境中,网络拓扑结构变化频繁,易导致路由中断。传统的AODV路由协议选择跳数最少的路径作为路由,而不考虑链路的稳定情况,并且只在路由中断后才开始路由修复,因此,无法适应节点高速移动的网络环境。针对上面存在的问题,提出一种对AODV进行改进的协议。该协议在选择路由时,考虑节点接收信号功率、路由跳数和节点剩余能量等因素,在路由维护阶段引入链路状态预测机制,使路由在失效前启动局部路由修复。仿真结果表明,相对于传统AODV协议,该改进协议提高了数据包的投递率,缩短了端到端的传输时延,能更好地适应节点高速移动的网络环境。     

基于AODV协议的路由预测及预修复

针对移动Ad Hoc网络中节点链路断裂、路由需要不断进行维护的问题,在按需距离矢量路由(AODV)协议基础上结合链路质量指示器,添加对节点电池电量的监测功能,根据节点剩余能量进行路由预测及预修复,在对链路状况提前做出判断的基础上及时进行路由切换,避免路由频繁中断.仿真表明,改进协议提高了数据包投递率,降低了端到端延迟时间,使网络更加稳定高效.     

车辆自组织网络中基于稳定路径的路由协议

车辆自组织网络中网络拓扑的高动态性及节点的高速移动会导致路径频繁断裂。针对该问题,提出一种基于稳定路径的路由协议。利用节点的移动信息预测链路的使用寿命连结失效时间（LET）,通过同方向行驶的节点组建链路,并选用最大LET的链路构建路径,使路径趋于稳定,同时减少控制开销。仿真结果表明,与DSR算法相比,该路由协议能增强路由稳定性,提高网络吞吐量。     

基于链路稳定性的MANET组播路由协议

移动自组织网络环境中,选择稳定路由可以提高数据传输率并能有效降低控制信息减少网络拥塞。根据无线自组网的特点,提出了一种新颖的基于信号强度评价链路稳定性的方法,并且基于此方法构建组播路由协议。协议中节点能够根据信号强度预估链路稳定性,选择稳定路由,及时发现修复即将断开的链路。仿真结果表明,协议可以明显提高数据传输率,并且控制开销较低。     

基于节点运动信息的链路稳定路由设计及其仿真分析

为MANETs路由构建了通过节点运动数据来实现的链路稳定路由LDPR,利用节点运动信息对链路生存时间进行初步预测,同时加入了双路由结构。采用LDPR路由来估计二个节点的链路连通时间时需考虑二个节点相对速度矢量。LDPR路由先对链路生存时间进行预测,确保链路发生断开前使备份路由处于工作状态。在路由被建立后,利用源节点来计算路由生存时间。参数优化结果得到:当节点数上升后,路由的开销率也不断增大,吞吐量发生了减小,传输时延也更大。相比较AODV路由,LDPR路由的开销率以及传输时延都较低,吞吐量较高,可见提出的LDPR路由运行效率更高。     

基于改进MAODV协议的WMN的组播路由算法

以基于树的组播路由协议MAODV为参考标准,结合WMN的特点及其对路由的影响,提出了WMN网络中基于链路稳定性的路由选择和基于链路可持续时间预测的组播路由改进算法MAODV-PPS,并进行了相应的数学理论分析和算法流程设计。该算法是在选择路径时比较反映各路径局部拓扑稳定性的路径稳定因子,选取相对稳定的路径转发数据;并在路径维护阶段,通过对路径上相邻节点间的能量变化率来预测链路可持续连接时间,当该时间小于链路断链阈值时,主动激活路由修复。仿真表明：该算法不仅稳定性好,路由跳数少,而且具有较好的网络扩展性和负载适应性,与已有的路径稳定性选择和链路预测算法相比,计算简单更符合实际应用。     

基于演化图论的可靠的VANETs路由协议

车载网络（VANETs）属于移动无线网络的特例,具有鲜明的特性。传统无线网络的路由协议难以直接应用于VANETs。节点的高速移动,引起网络拓扑动态变化,导致VANETs的通信链路频繁断裂。高动态网络的链路可靠性问题引起广泛的关注。为此,针对高速公路VANETs的路由可靠性进行分析,对演化图论进行扩展,建立扩展后的演化图论模型（EEGM）,并利用EEGM获取VANETs拓扑的动态信息,从而预先获取可靠路由的信息。在此基础上,提出基于演化图论的可靠路由协议（EG-RAODV）。仿真结果表明,与同类的其他协议相比,提出的路由协议在分组传输率、端到端传输时延、路由请求消息率以及链路断裂数方面得到了提升。     

Ad Hoc网络基于能量消耗的动态源路由协议

为了节省路由能耗,增加网络中节点生存时间,提出一种基于能量消耗的Ad Hoc网络动态源路由协议（ECDSR）。该协议以路由剩余能量、路由能耗预测、路由能量延时3个参数作为路径能量评价的参数。其中剩余能量参数反映了节点当前的剩余能量状态,能耗预测参数反映了节点能量的变化情况,能量延时参数能够保护低能量节点,屏蔽能量状况差的路由路径。仿真结果表明该协议相对于动态源路由（DSR）可以在网络时延和协议开销增加不明显的前提下,提高网络的生存时间等网络性能。     

基于链路生存时间的AOMDV协议的研究

针对AOMDV路由协议中,以跳数作为路径选择标准不能提供足够稳定的链路,使得路由的整体开销较大的问题,提出基于链路生存时间的AOMDV协议(LET-AOMDV)。该协议中每个节点通过GPS获取移动的速度和方向,计算链路持续时间,同时根据牛顿插值公式估算出节点剩余能量所能使用的时间,选择路由有效时间最长的路径,从而提高链路的稳定性。NS2仿真结果表明,与AOMDV协议及MP-AOMDV协议相比,采用LET-AOMDV协议能够减少路由请求次数,降低路由开销,减少时延,同时增加网络的吞吐率。     

MANET 中基于链路稳定性路由的跨层传输控制协议

在MANET中,通信节点的移动会造成端到端通信路由的时常中断.传统TCP协议只有拥塞控制机制,对由于节点移动造成的数据包传输丢失和超时也作为拥塞处理,使得端到端传输性能低下.为解决这一问题,采用跨层设计思想,将传输控制与链路稳定性路由结合,提出了一种基于链路生存时间概率的传输控制协议(transmissioncontrol protocol based on probability of link residual lifetime,简称TCP-PLRT).该协议通过在路由稳定时跨层收集路由层链路生存时间概率信息来实现对端到端连接稳定性的认知,并针对路由不稳定、路由中断、路由恢复,分别制定了路由切换、数据存储转发、ACK再确认三大机制.这使得TCP-PLRT协议具有对由移动造成的路由中断进行提前预判和有效处理的能力.仿真结果表明,TCP-PLRT协议能够极大地减小由节点移动带来的端到端传输性能的下降,减少分组重传,提高端到端的吞吐量.     

Fuzzy Based Reliable Load Balanced Routing Approach for Ad hoc Sensor Networks

Energy management and packet delivery rate are the important factors in ad hoc networks. It is the major network where nodes share the information without administration. Due to the mobility of nodes, maximum energy is spent on transmission of packets. Mostly energy is wasted on packet dropping and false route discovery. In this research work, Fuzzy Based Reliable Load Balanced Routing Approach (RLRA) is proposed to provide high energy efficiency and more network lifetime using optimal multicast route discovery mechanism. It contains three phases. In first phase, optimal multicast route discovery is initiated to resolve the link failures. In second phase, the link quality is estimated and set to threshold value to meet the requirements of high energy efficiency. In third phase, energy model is shown to obtain total energy of network after transmission of packets. A multicast routing is established Based on path reliability and fault tolerant calculation is done and integrated with multicast routing. The routes can withstand the malicious issues. Fuzzy decision model is integrated with propose protocol to decide the performance of network lifetime. The network simulation tool is used for evaluating the RLRA with existing schemes and performance of RLRA is good compared to others.     

MF-DLB: Multimetric forwarding and directed acyclic graph-based load balancing for geographic routing in FANETs

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) comprising unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) emerges as a promising solution for numerous military and civil applications. Transferring data collected from the environment to the ground station (GS) is a primary concern for meeting the communication demands of most of these applications. However, the highly mobile UAVs with limited communication range, resulting in frequent topology change and intermittent connectivity, make data routing challenging. In such scenarios, geographic routing is a viable solution due to its scalability and robustness. However, the basic forwarding mechanism of geographic routing favors the neighboring UAV nearest to the destination, impacted substantially by link failures and routing holes in a dynamic environment. Additionally, routing decisions ignoring the current load over UAVs contribute to performance degradation due to the high concentration of data traffic near the GS. Thus, to address these issues, a geographic routing protocol named MF-DLB comprising multimetric forwarding (MF) and a directed acyclic graph-based load balancing (DLB) scheme is proposed to enhance packet forwarding in FANETs. MF takes account of multiple metrics related to connectivity, geographic progress, link lifetime, and residual energy to select the next hop with a stable communication link while effectively bypassing the routing holes. The second scheme, DLB, focuses on proactively maintaining routing paths near GS for load distribution among underutilized nodes to address the congestion problem. Simulations performed in network simulator ns-3 confirm the outperformance of MF-DLB over other related routing schemes in terms of different performance metrics.     

Link stability based multicast routing scheme in MANET

The group-oriented services are one of the primary application classes that are addressed by Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in recent years. To support such services, multicast routing is used. Thus, there is a need to design stable and reliable multicast routing protocols for MANETs to ensure better packet delivery ratio, lower delays and reduced overheads. In this paper, we propose a mesh based multicast routing scheme that finds stable multicast path from source to receivers. The multicast mesh is constructed by using route request and route reply packets with the help of multicast routing information cache and link stability database maintained at every node. The stable paths are found based on selection of stable forwarding nodes that have high stability of link connectivity. The link stability is computed by using the parameters such as received power, distance between neighboring nodes and the link quality that is assessed using bit errors in a packet. The proposed scheme is simulated over a large number of MANET nodes with wide range of mobility and the performance is evaluated. Performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two well known mesh-based multicast routing protocols, i.e., on-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) and enhanced on-demand multicast routing protocol (EODMRP). It is observed that the proposed scheme produces better packet delivery ratio, reduced packet delay and reduced overheads (such as control, memory, computation, and message overheads).     

A Novel Gradient Boosted Energy Optimization Model (GBEOM) for MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network that is comprised of a set of nodes that move randomly. In MANET, the overall performance is improved through multipath multicast routing to achieve the quality of service (quality of service). In this, different nodes are involved in the information data collection and transmission to the destination nodes in the network. The different nodes are combined and presented to achieve energy-efficient data transmission and classification of the nodes. The route identification and routing are established based on the data broadcast by the network nodes. In transmitting the data packet, evaluating the data delivery ratio is necessary to achieve optimal data transmission in the network. Furthermore, energy consumption and overhead are considered essential factors for the effective data transmission rate and better data delivery rate. In this paper, a Gradient-Based Energy Optimization model (GBEOM) for the route in MANET is proposed to achieve an improved data delivery rate. Initially, the Weighted Multi-objective Cluster-based Spider Monkey Load Balancing (WMC-SMLB) technique is utilized for obtaining energy efficiency and load balancing routing. The WMC algorithm is applied to perform an efficient node clustering process from the considered mobile nodes in MANET. Load balancing efficiency is improved with a higher data delivery ratio and minimum routing overhead based on the residual energy and bandwidth estimation. Next, the Gradient Boosted Multinomial ID3 Classification algorithm is applied to improve the performance of multipath multicast routing in MANET with minimal energy consumption and higher load balancing efficiency. The proposed GBEOM exhibits ∼4% improved performance in MANET routing.     

An Energy-Aware Geographic Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are characterized by multi-hop wireless links and resource constrained nodes. To improve network lifetime, energy balance is an important concern in such networks. Geographic routing has been widely regarded as efficient and scalable. However, it cannot guarantee packet delivery in some cases, such as faulty location services. Moreover, greedy forwarding always takes the shortest local path so that it has a tendency of depleting the energy of nodes on the shortest path. The matter gets even worse when the nodes on the boundaries of routing holes suffer from excessive energy consumption, since geographic routing tends to deliver data packets along the boundaries by perimeter routing. In this paper, we present an Energy-Aware Geographic Routing (EGR) protocol for MANET that combines local position information and residual energy levels to make routing decisions. In addition, we use the prediction of the range of a destination''s movement to improve the delivery ratio. The simulation shows that EGR exhibits a noticeably longer network lifetime and a higher delivery rate than some non-energy-aware geographic routing algorithms, such as GPSR, while not compromising too much on end-to-end delivery delay.     

移动Ad Hoc网络的可靠多播路由协议

在移动Ad Hoc网络环境中，分组的重传和路由的重构比有线网络更频繁。在网络多播树变化的情况下提供高的分组传输率是移动Ad Hoc网络多播路由的主要难题。文中提出了一种基于协议转接概念的移动Ad Hoc网络的可靠多播路由协议(RMRP)，该协议较好地减少了移动Ad Hoc网络中大量的路由重构和数据分组的重传。仿真实验显示RMRP具有较高的传输率和较低的端到端分组延迟。     

面向能量和链路优化的水声移动传感器网络路由协议设计

针对水声移动传感器网络中存在水声通信环境恶劣、通信环境复杂多变以及节点能量受限造成的水声移 动传感器网络能量不均和路由链路断裂问题, 提出一种基于能量与链路度量路由的改进按需平面距离向量路由 (AODV)协议. 引入了以能量阈值为基准描述网络节点能量状态的能量指标以及以邻居节点间距离为基准描述链路 状态的链路指标, 并以综合考虑网络路由链路中节点的能量指标、路由链路指标以及路由链路跳数的路由度量作 为协议选择路径的优先条件, 并以此进行路由修复. 仿真实验表明, 本文所设计的改进AODV协议可提升网络整体 数据量、均衡网络节点能量、延长网络的生存周期.