防爆柴油机喷雾降温系统及其性能研究

针对防爆柴油机排气降温系统加装废气水洗箱装置极大增加发动机排气系统阻力的问题,自行设计和搭建了排气喷雾降温系统,并对降温效果的影响因素如喷雾流量、雾滴粒径、喷射方式、两级喷雾比例等在1 500r/min、700N·m工况点进行了试验研究。结果表明:雾滴粒径越小越有利于雾滴在高温排气中的蒸发;采用逆流喷射方式和适当增加第二级喷雾流量比例增加了喷雾降温效果;系统中加入换热管增加了循环冷却水对排气的降温,减少了喷雾的用水量。在1 500r/min、700N·m工况下采用带有换热管的喷雾降温系统可以把排气温度降低到67℃,满足防爆要求。     

斜盘式轴向液压柱塞泵流量脉动特性分析

为减小轴向液压柱塞泵的流量脉动,利用仿真软件AMESim对柱塞泵进行建模和仿真分析,得到不同转速、阻尼孔直径、柱塞数目、斜盘倾角等条件下的流量脉动曲线。结果表明,柱塞数小于10时,偶数个柱塞的柱塞泵的流量脉动比奇数个柱塞大,且流量脉动随柱塞数的增加有所减小;在一定流速范围内,流量脉动随转速的增加而减小;转速不变时,流量脉动幅度随阻尼孔直径的增大而变大;柱塞泵的流量脉动随斜盘倾角的增大而增大。     

具有整体围带和凸台拉筋汽轮机长叶片阻尼振动特性实验研究

阻尼围带和凸台拉筋结构在大型汽轮机叶片中被广泛采用来增加叶片阻尼,降低其振动应力.设计并建造了阻尼结构叶片振动特性实验台,对一具有阻尼围带和凸台拉筋汽轮机长叶片的阻尼器接触面施加不同转速下的正压力进行了振动特性测试,得到了不同转速正压力下叶片的频响曲线和模态阻尼比.试验结果表明:只有围带接触时,随着转速的增加,叶片模态阻尼比先增后减;围带和拉筋都接触时,也存在同样的现象.当转速大于2 600r/min后,叶片的共振频率基本不变且模态阻尼比与自由叶片时基本一致.     

基于单片机的活塞温度测量系统设计

通过触发开关、巡弋开关模块、存储器模块设计,开发一套存储式活塞温度测量系统.经过固化封装,系统误差标定,可以达到较高的测试精度.在天然气发动机上进行了试验验证,得到了发动机外特性上速度由1 000 r/min到2 100 r/min的活塞温度变化趋势.结果表明,该系统具有性能稳定,可靠性高的特点.     

灯泡贯流式水轮机在小流量工况下的内流特性分析

为了研究灯泡贯流式水轮机在小流量工况下的内流特性,以某水电站贯流式水轮机为研究对象,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型对全流道进行数值计算,分析在小流量工况下尾水管恢复系数和全流道流动情况,并定量分析水轮机部分过流部件的压力脉动情况。结果表明：在小流量工况下当电站水头和导叶开度不匹配时,尾水管的恢复系数减小,当尾水管恢复系数减小2%~3%时,机组效率降低1%;受转轮主流区和尾水管死水区的相互作用,在尾水管边壁会形成漩涡结构,有明显的回流且在边壁存在高速流体;在小流量工况下,机组主要受低频压力脉动影响,转轮进口处的主频是由在转轮转动和导叶提供机组环量时产生的,在尾水管中主要受频率为0.2 Hz的低频压力脉动影响,压力脉动系数沿尾水管出口方向依次增大,最大为1.75%。     

汽油机新型润滑系统一维仿真及试验研究

介绍了主油道油压反馈控制的汽油机新型润滑系统。在稳态仿真计算中,对比分析了正常工况(90℃)和极限工况(140℃)下各管路润滑油的压力、流量和流动速度。以正常工况下发动机3 500 r/min升至4 500 r/min的加速过程为例,进行了瞬态特性的仿真。并用机油泵的性能试验和发动机台架试验进行验证。试验结果表明:发动机油压、流量、流速均在合理的范围内;润滑系统在瞬态过程中压力波动收敛性好,油压稳定性较高;机油温度在90～140℃时,系统有理想的匹配适应性。     

一种用于测量内燃机瞬态进气量的新型流量计

本文提出了一种新型的带有微压传感器的双纽线流量计的设计方案,定量地探讨了一元非定常流流量计算公式中的惯性力项特征量C_n 的影响问题,通过实验和分析,确定了C_n 的函数表达式,给出了实用的流量计算公式。在195型柴油机上进行的实测表明:该流量计运用电测技术,在内燃机进气量测取方面,不仅能测量平均流量,而且还能完成瞬态流量的测定。文中还针对单缸机低转速下稳压箱系统测量流量存在的误差进行了分析探讨。     

不同工况下水泵水轮机尾水管压力脉动特性与改善措施研究

不稳定水流诱发的压力脉动是引起水力机械振动进而影响水泵水轮机安全运行的重要原因.为研究不同流量下水泵水轮机尾水管涡带形态的演变,分析空化系数对涡带形态的影响,基于FBM湍流模型,针对水泵水轮机五种典型运行工况进行非定常数值模拟,重点比较了不同流量与空化系数对尾水管涡带形态的影响.结果表明,当机组运行在0.5倍和1.1倍...     

某型核电汽轮机次末级叶片失效原因分析及优化改型设计

介绍了某型核电汽轮机次末级叶片的失效情况,并根据失效叶片断口分析和动频测量试验结果分析了叶片失效的原因。针对叶片失效的原因提出了优化设计方案,优化型叶片采用了能够提高结构阻尼的凸台拉筋整圈连接结构,并通过调频试验使叶片的共振转速避开2 820r/min~3 090r/min,以保证优化型叶片的安全运行。     

600MW超临界CFB垂直并联内螺纹管两相流压力降不稳定试验研究

在600 MW超临界CFB水冷壁变负荷实际运行条件下,以水冷壁实际采用的Φ28.6×5.8 mm的4头内螺纹管为研究对象,在高压汽水两相流回路上对垂直并联管中汽液两相流压力降型不稳定进行了试验研究.确定了压力、质量流速、进口过冷度以及上游可压缩容积对垂直并联内螺纹管两相流压力降型脉动的影响.结果表明,随压力增大,发生脉动的临界热负荷增加,界限干度逐渐升高,系统稳定性增强,脉动周期先变长后变短,脉动的振幅逐渐减小.本试验中,当压力P＞6 MPa时,就不再有压力降脉动发生;随着质量流速的增加,脉动发生的界限热负荷升高,而脉动的周期减小;进口过冷度对密度波脉动呈现单值性影响,随进口过冷度增加,界限热负荷单调增加,界限干度的变化表现出不同的趋势,在较低的质量流速下,随着过冷度的增加,界限干度单调下降;在较高的质量流速下,随着过冷度的增加,界限干度单调上升;上游可压缩容积对界限热负荷的影响较小,随充气比的增大,脉动的周期和幅值逐渐增大.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.