山梨酸在肉制品中的应用

本实验通过山梨酸对香肠质量影响研究发现:添加0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％山梨酸对香肠肉馅稳定性无显著影响(P>0.05);但可极显著改善香肠的颜色(P>0.01)。在30℃情况下,添加0.2％和0.4％的山梨酸可分别延长香肠货架期2.0和4.0倍。同时发现在香肠腐败之前,山梨酸浓度基本无变化。     

脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠质构的影响

研究了不同脂肪添加量(0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)对熏煮香肠质构品质的影响。结果表明:随着脂肪添加量的增加,熏煮香肠的感官硬度逐渐下降,感官弹性先升高后下降,感官质构总分逐渐下降,但添加量20%、30%、40%的感官质构总分差异不显著(P>0.05);熏煮香肠的机械测定硬度、胶着性、回复性、内聚性、咀嚼性随着脂肪添加量的增加逐渐减小(P<0.05),而脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠的黏着性无显著影响(P>0.05)。硬度与脂肪含量呈现较好的线性关系:硬度值=-1 075.9×脂肪添加量+7 875.5(R2=0.932 8);依据质构机械测定值建立的Fisher线性判别方程能准确判别熏煮香肠的脂肪添加等级。     

燕麦膳食纤维发酵香肠的研制

为提高传统发酵肉制品的食用安全性并增加其膳食成分,该研究研发了一种燕麦膳食纤维发酵香肠。该实验以植物乳杆菌添加量、燕麦膳食纤维添加量、发酵温度为单因素,探究不同条件下发酵香肠的亚硝酸盐残留量、质构参数以及感官品质的变化。植物乳酸杆菌添加量为0.4%时,对香肠的咀嚼性影响显著(P<0.05),但对黏性几乎无显著影响(P>0.05),添加量超过0.3%可显著降低亚硝酸盐含量;膳食纤维添加量对香肠的硬度和黏性影响不显著(P>0.05),当添加量超过4.5%时,显著提高了咀嚼性,不超过3.5%的剂量具有较高的感官评分;发酵温度对香肠的质构影响不显著(P>0.05),当温度高于36℃时,虽然亚硝酸盐含量下降,但咀嚼性升高,感官评分降低。通过响应面优化后预测的最佳配方和发酵条件分别为植物乳杆菌JYLP-0020冻干粉0.5%、燕麦膳食纤维粉2.33%、发酵温度35℃。该产品特点是在一定程度上增加了膳食成分,降低了食品脂肪含量,符合大众追求健康安全食品的理念。     

大豆蛋白在乳化香肠中的应用效果研究

研究了大豆蛋白在乳化香肠中的添加效果,讨论了大豆蛋白添加量和大豆蛋白品种对乳化香肠品质的影响。通过对质构、色度、感官品质、pH等指标测定及成本分析可知,当大豆蛋白添加量较小(1%)时,乳化香肠的上述指标没有显著性(P>0.05)改变;添加量较大(5%、10%)时,显著影响香肠的品质,如显著(P<0.05)提高乳化香肠的黏弹性,机械强度有一定的下降,色度值显著(P<0.05)下降,pH升高。结果分析表明,当添加量较小时(1%),添加是可行的,当添加量较大(5%、10%)时,需要加入着色剂和酸度剂进行颜色和pH调节,有待于进一步讨论。所选不同品种的大豆蛋白之间在主要指标上没有显著性(P>0.05)差异。      

脂肪颗粒大小及添加量对中式香肠品质的影响

采用析因设计研究脂肪颗粒大小(5、8、10 mm)与脂肪添加量(30%、20%和10%)对中式香肠品质的影响。结果表明:脂肪颗粒大小对香肠成品率、烘烤时间、口感、色泽、多汁性和组织状态有显著影响(P<0.05);脂肪添加量对成品率、烘烤时间、嫩度、硬度、咀嚼度、亮度值(L~*)和口感、香味、色泽、多汁性及组织状态有显著影响(P<0.05);脂肪颗粒大小和脂肪添加量对香肠香味、色泽及整体接受度有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。通过对4组香肠的质构特性及感官品质进行评价,发现4组香肠的咀嚼度、风味、多汁性和整体接受度无显著差异(P>0.05),但在减少香肠配方中脂肪添加量时,减小脂肪颗粒有利于改善香肠的硬度和组织状态,且当香肠中的脂肪颗粒大小为5 mm、脂肪添加量为20%时,其总体品质最好。     

黑松露不同预处理温度对中式香肠品质的影响

目的 探究黑松露不同预处理温度对中式香肠品质的影响。方法 将黑松露添加到中式香肠中,采用不同温度对黑松露进行预处理,考察其对中式香肠品质的影响。结果 直接添加黑松露在中式香肠中,可引起脂类水解,使酸价与b*值显著升高(P<0.05),L*值、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性及感官评分显著降低(P<0.05),对a*值和内聚性无显著影响(P>0.05)。当60℃处理黑松露30 min后添加到中式香肠中,感官品质最好,与空白组(未添加黑松露)相比挥发性化合物相对含量差异显著。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squaresdiscriminantanalysis,OPLS-DA)发现2种挥发性化合物相对含量显著降低[变量权重重要性(variable importance in projection, VIP)>1.0, Student t检验的P<0.05和差异倍数(fold change, FC)<0.5], 29种挥发性化合物相对含量显著增加(VIP>1.0, P<0.05, FC>2)。结论 当黑松露...     

玉米淀粉及川明参添加量对川明参香肠品质的影响研究

以猪肉为主要原料,在传统四川风味香肠的加工工艺基础上,考察分别添加2%、4%、6%、8%、10%的玉米淀粉以及6%、8%、10%、12%、14%的川明参粉对川明参香肠的化学组成、质构特性和感官评价的影响。结果表明:淀粉及川明参粉添加量对香肠质构特性中的硬度、弹性、凝胶性影响显著(P<0.05),对品质特性中的持水率和蒸煮率影响显著(P<0.05),对蛋白质含量、pH影响不显著(P>0.05)。当玉米淀粉添加量为6%、川明参粉添加量为10%时,香肠的质构和感官品质较好,为香肠的标准化和工业化生产提供了理论参考。     

真空搅拌及紫花芸豆蛋白添加量对香肠品质特性的影响

研究真空搅拌及紫花芸豆蛋白添加量对香肠品质特性的影响.分别制备添加0%、2%、3%、4%、5%(与瘦肉的比重)紫花芸豆蛋白的香肠,每组香肠肉馅再分为3组,分别在常压(S0)、0.04 MPa(S1)和0.08 MPa(S2)3个条件下搅拌10 min.比较香肠的出品率、pH值、色泽、质构及感官特性等指标.结果表明:搅拌真空度的增大可显著提高肉馅盐溶性蛋白的溶出量(P<0.05),与紫花芸豆蛋白的添加量无关;各添加水平香肠的出品率和水分含量与搅拌真空度和紫花芸豆蛋白的添加量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);当添加量不超过4%时,香肠的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度及回复性与添加量呈正相关(P<0.05);搅拌真空度的增加对香肠的质构特性及感官特性具有积极作用,0.08 MPa搅拌组香肠的质构指标优于常压搅拌组香肠(P<0.05);添加4%紫花芸豆蛋白的香肠的总体可接受度评分最高.     

山梨酸纳米粒在中式香肠中抑菌及抗氧化作用

采用离子凝胶法制备的山梨酸纳米粒腌制中式香肠,研究其对中式香肠抑菌及抗氧化性能的影响。在中式香肠自然风干20 d后,定期检测各处理组微生物及理化指标,并进行比较。结果表明:在贮藏的72 d中,山梨酸纳米粒组中式香肠的霉菌酵母总数显著低于空白处理组(P0.05),在贮藏后期(56~72 d)显著低于空白纳米粒组(P0.05),表明以纳米粒形式存在的山梨酸可直接发挥其抑菌作用与缓释性能。此外,在整个贮藏期间,其硫代巴比妥酸值显著低于空白纳米粒组和空白处理组(P0.05);其酸价、pH值显著低于空白处理组(P0.05);表明山梨酸纳米粒具有抑制脂肪氧化的作用。     

复合发酵剂的筛选及其对发酵香肠加工过程中品质的影响

采用自制复配发酵剂(嗜酸乳杆菌与肉糖葡萄球菌),通过接种不同浓度的发酵剂,探究其对香肠发酵和成熟过程中理化和感官品质的影响。结果表明:添加发酵剂的发酵香肠在发酵和成熟过程中pH值、水分活度降低速度显著低于自然发酵香肠(P<0.05),且添加发酵剂有利于增加香肠的风味和风味物质种类。自制发酵剂接种量107 CFU/g、配比为1∶3时,香肠的a*/b*值较高,与商业组香肠的a*/b*值差异不显著;香肠的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性显著高于自然发酵香肠(P<0.05),与商业组香肠无显著差异,且总体接受度最高。因此该条件下生产的发酵剂可有效改善发酵香肠品质,具有很好的商业应用前景。     

清酒乳杆菌对发酵风干肠品质的影响

该研究采用清酒乳杆菌（Lactobacillus sakei，L. sakei）作为发酵菌株制备发酵风干肠，研究其对发酵风干肠品质的影响，以自然发酵产品作为对照组，在发酵成熟过程中的第0、3、6、9天测定产品的菌落总数、乳酸菌数、pH值、水分含量、水分分布、嫩度、色差、过氧化物值（Peroxide Value，POV）、硫代巴比妥酸值（Thiobarbituric Acid Value，TBARS）、脂肪酸含量和感官评分等指标，研究发酵菌株对风干肠品质的影响。试验表明，L. sakei接种组的乳酸菌数和菌落总数显著高于对照组（P<0.05），L*值、a*和b*显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；L. sakei接种组在发酵终点时，水分含量降至32.15%，pH值降至4.41，保证了发酵风干肠的安全性；POV值和TBARS值显著低于对照组（P<0.05），表明L. sakei具有较好的抑制脂肪氧化作用；L. sakei接种组的总体可接受性更高，发酵后期酯类物质种类和含量均高于对照组。综上，L. sakei的添加改善了产品的品质和风味。     

山梨醇对预调理猪肉糜制品品质的影响

研究无磷持水剂山梨醇对预调理肉糜制品(猪肉丸)品质的影响.将0%、1%、5%、8%、10%的山梨醇分别加入猪肉丸中,研究其对猪肉丸的持水、质构、感官指标的影响.结果表明:山梨醇的添加能够显著减少猪肉丸滴液损失、解冻损失、蒸煮损失,提高猪肉丸得率(P<0.05);对猪肉丸的硬度有明显的改善作用(P<0.05),但对质构的其他指标影响不显著;感官各项指标加权综合评分,添加量为5%时,评分最高.     

RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITY OF NITRITE REDUCTION BY GLUCONO-δ-LACTONE AND ASCORBIC ACID IN TURKISH-TYPE FERMENTED SAUSAGE (SUCUK)

The primary goal of this study was to determine the residual nitrite-reducing effects of glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) and ascorbic acid (AA) in Turkish-type fermented sausage. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of processing variables, e.g., nitrite (0–200 mg/kg sausage), GDL (0–0.5% w/w) and AA (0–500 mg/kg sausage) on pH, moisture, residual nitrite, proteolysis, lipolysis, peroxide, yield and sensory score of the sausage. AA significantly ( P <  0.01) decreased the residual nitrite level; however, quadratic effect of AA showed an inverse effect. GDL did not produce the same effect on the residual nitrite level. The processing variables had no prominent effect on the proteolysis, lipolysis and peroxide. GDL and AA addition showed a negative effect on the yield and sensory scores of the sausages. The regression model predicted the optimum residual nitrite content to be 0.75 mg/kg. The critical values for nitrite, GDL and AA to obtain this optimum level were 147.56 mg/kg, 0.17% and 565 mg/kg, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Residual nitrite level is a major problem in the Turkish-type fermented sausage product with respect to some health concerns, residual nitrite causes a possible formation of the carcinogenic N -nitrosamines. The results of this study can be applied to reduce the residual nitrite level in sausage and to find the optimum levels of nitrite, glucono-δ-lactone and ascorbic acid levels to maintain the characteristic sausage quality properties. Based on the results, ascorbic acid can be used to reduce the residual nitrite levels in the sausage.     

红心火龙果替代部分脂肪对香肠蛋白质理化特性和脂质氧化的影响

传统香肠的脂肪含量通常较高，不符合低脂健康的消费发展需求，研究脂肪替代物，创制新型低脂香肠制品具有重要意义。本研究以猪后腿肉为原料，并以火龙果果肉替代香肠原始配比中10%、30%、50%的脂肪，分析其对香肠蛋白质溶解度、色差、感官品质、巯基含量、表面疏水性、荧光强度、酸价及硫代巴比妥酸反应物值（TBARs）等的影响。结果表明，随火龙果比例的增加，总蛋白、肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白溶解度均显著增加（P<0.05），与对照组相比，30%组分别增加12.1%、8.4%和18.6%。感官评价结果表明，30%组各方面都高于其他组。与对照组相比，10%组巯基含量显著增加，表面疏水性显著减少（P<0.05）。综上，红心火龙果替代部分脂肪加入至香肠中能够增加蛋白质溶解度、提升感官品质、抑制脂质氧化，且当添加量为30%时，香肠品质最佳。     

Antioxidant activity of carrot juice in gamma irradiated beef sausage during refrigerated and frozen storage

The antioxidant activity of carrot juice in gamma irradiated beef sausage was studied. Four batches of beef sausage were prepared, in which the first batch was formulated with water as the control. The other batches were formulated with unconcentrated carrot juice, carrot juice concentrated by 35% and 60%, respectively. Samples were irradiated at doses of 0, 3 and 4.5 kGy. Then the extent of oxidation in raw sausages was determined during refrigerated and frozen storage through the determination of peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) for lipid oxidation and carbonyl content for protein oxidation. The raw sausages were sensory evaluated during storage for colour, appearance and odour, while the grilled samples were sensory evaluated for their colour, odour, taste, texture and juiciness post-treatment only. Irradiation and storage significantly increased the PV, TBARS and carbonyl content in the samples formulated with water. The carrot juice significantly decreased the oxidative processes in the samples proportionally to the juice’s concentration. Furthermore, the sausages that were formulated with carrot juice had a high acceptable sensory scores as compared with the control samples.     

Effect of alternative preservatives on the microbial quality, lipid stability and sensory evaluation of boerewors

Boerewors is a South African fresh sausage preserved with 450mg/kg sulphur dioxide (SO(2)). The preservative effects of rosemary (Ros; 260mg/kg) and chitosan (Chi; 10g/kg) were compared to SO(2). Eight boerewors models were formulated. Microbial, colour, lipid and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Chi and Chi in combination with other preservatives had a significant effect on reducing total bacterial, coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts, comparable to SO(2). Chi, however, had a better effect on decreasing yeasts and mould counts than SO(2). Chi showed good colour properties comparable to SO(2). Ros showed comparable lipid stability to SO(2) but better when compared to Chi. Ros had a better effect on the sensory taste when compared to Chi, but SO(2) was still preferred. Reduced levels of 100mg/kg SO(2) showed good antimicrobial and colour effects in combination with Chi and in combination with Ros as antioxidant and improving the sensory properties. Alternative preservatives can be used to reduce the SO(2) content of boerewors.     

基于营养均衡设计的低温乳化肠在贮藏期间品质及微生物的变化

针对基于营养均衡设计的低温乳化肠中,其高不饱和脂肪酸、高碳水化合物、富含维生素的状况,本文以品质(感官评定、质构、色差、脂肪氧化情况)及微生物(菌落总数、大肠菌群)变化为指标,研究营养均衡设计的低温乳化肠在贮藏期间品质及微生物的变化规律,从而进一步指导工业生产。结果表明,在常温25℃贮藏的此类产品,存放3d以后,产品的感官品质显著下降、菌落总数严重超标;在0～4℃贮藏的产品42d内菌落总数、大肠菌群均未超标,脂肪氧化情况并不显著(p>0.05),但产品在35d后褪色(p<0.05),硬度、咀嚼性增大(p<0.05),感官品质不理想,失去食用价值。      

Sensory Attributes and Instron Measurements of Reduced-Nitrite Poultry Frankfurters With Sorbic Acid or Potassium Sorbate

Poultry frankfurters (0 and 40 ppm nitrite) with sorbic acid or potassium sorbate were studied. Flavor characteristics were influenced by nitrite but not by ascorbic acid or potassium sorbate. Frankfurters with sorbic acid were softer and those with potassium sorbate were firmer than those without. Nitrite alone increased firmness. Sorbic acid appeared to counteract that increased firmness and potassium sorbate enhanced the increase in firmness when those compounds were used in combination with nitrite in the poultry frankfurters. Simulated-teeth attachments for the Inston gave results similar to sensory firmness scores. Frankfurters with sorbic acid added had lower pH than frankfurters from other treatments.     

玉米谷蛋白水解物抗氧化活性及其对香肠品质改善的研究

以玉米谷蛋白为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶进行酶解,得到玉米谷蛋白水解物.先对玉米谷蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性进行测定,再以pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物、酸价、质构、色差及感官评价为指标,评价其对中式香肠品质的改善效果.结果表明,玉米谷蛋白水解物具有良好的Fe2+螯合能力以及DPPH自由基和羟基自由基清除能力,其EC50分别为0.3...     

玉米淀粉添加对低脂乳化香肠持水力的影响

乳化香肠的低脂化是当前的发展趋势,本论文拟研究不同添加量玉米淀粉(2％、4％、6％)替代脂肪对低脂乳化香肠品质特性的影响.研究结果表明:随着玉米淀粉添加量的增加,乳化肉糜的乳化稳定性和蒸煮损失率均得到改善;乳化香肠的压力持水力和感官品质均呈现增加的趋势,蒸煮损失率则呈现降低的趋势;同时还发现玉米淀粉的添加对乳化香肠的色...