基于快速反射镜的模糊自适应PID控制算法研究

针对机载平台在振动、扰动和快速机动条件下光电系统高精度稳定指向的需求,开展宽频带视轴稳定技术的相关研究,并针对该稳定系统的核心—快速反射镜,提出一种改进型的模糊自适应PID控制算法。该算法在经典PID控制算法基础上,引入模糊设计思想和参数自整定方法,解决了复杂工作环境下控制系统数学模型不易获取、控制参数时变等因素对稳定系统的影响,为保证远距离机载光电载荷的高精度目标定位及目标瞄准提供技术支撑。仿真结果表明,该控制算法相比经典PID控制具有响应速度快、稳态性能好、抗干扰能力强等优点,具有良好的控制效果。     

快速反射镜自适应反演PID复合控制系统设计

为了提高复合轴系统的光束跟踪性能,必须考虑不可测扰动对快速反射镜系统的影响。针对可测量扰动,设计了自适应反演前馈控制算法,并由此得到启发,设计了用于抑制不可测量扰动的自适应反演PID(proportional-integral-derivative)控制系统,用自适应算法提高系统稳态精度以及对不同扰动的适应性,用PID控制器修正系统的误差信号改善系统动态性能。仿真结果表明,相较于PID控制算法,自适应反演PID复合控制系统的误差均方差值下降了34.76%,相较于自适应控制算法,自适应反演PID控制系统的误差均方差值下降了13.3%,自适应反演PID复合控制系统的稳态精度相比经典PID控制和自适应反演控制系统均得到了明显的提升,采用复合算法时上升时间相较自适应算法减少了48.9%,超调量相较经典PID算法减少了80.5%,系统动态性能得到较大改善。     

基于模糊PID控制的龙门刨床直流调速系统设计

为解决龙门刨床拖动控制系统因负载变化或扰动出现时,传统调速系统不能达到预期效果等问题,将模糊PID控制技术运用到龙门刨床电力拖动调速系统中。文章介绍了模糊PID控制算法原理,并采用其控制技术设计了转速调节器。实验和经验表明:该串级调速系统由于采用了模糊PID控制策略,转速调节器的PID参数通过模糊控制规则在线实时调整,系统具有静态精度高、超调量小、响应快速、运行稳定、自适应能力强、鲁棒性能好的特点。     

天基平台快速反射镜扰动信号抑制方法

天基平台快速反射镜在工作过程中受到空间电离辐射和天体摄动力的影响,会在音圈电机和负载输出端引起电流以及位置扰动,降低系统稳态精度和跟踪精度.为了减小扰动对系统的影响,在音圈电机输出电流路径和负载输出位置路径分别设计了扰动观测环节用于实现对特定扰动的抑制.首先,分析了天基环境下各扰动信号对系统输出精度的影响;然后,在系统...     

模糊PID控制系统的设计与研究

为了解决工程中二阶系统的控制问题,在此对PID控制与模糊控制的原理进行了研究,并将二者的优势相互结合,设计了一种具有参数自整定功能的模糊PID控制系统。对PID参数初值的确定,隶属度函数的选取,模糊控制规则表的设计做了较为深入的研究。并利用Matlab/Simulink软件对控制系统进行了仿真研究。对阶跃输入下PID控制系统与该文设计的模糊PID控制系统的响应情况做出了定量的比较。结果表明对于二阶延迟系统,模糊PID控制器的超调量与调节时间均小于传统的PID控制,能显著提高控制效果。     

装配误差对快速反射镜控制精度影响及其抑制方法

快速反射镜(faststeeringmirror,FSM)的反射镜组件在装配过程中的装配误差会造成反射镜质心偏离系统几何中心,基座角运动时该装配误差会在系统中产生不平衡力矩。为了研究该力矩对快速反射镜控制系统精度的影响,建立了装配误差作用下快速反射镜控制系统的等效扰动模型,并提出了一种改进干扰观测器(disturbance observer,DOB)用于抑制该扰动。仿真结果表明,无论扰动的频率是否在系统闭环带宽的作用范围内,不平衡力矩的存在都会降低系统的跟踪精度,改进DOB环节的引入可以有效地抑制等效扰动对控制系统性能的影响,当等效扰动的频率为116 Hz时,对扰动幅值极值的抑制可达14.81%。     

自由空间光通信精跟踪模糊控制系统的设计

针对空间光通信中捕获、瞄准和跟踪(ATP)技术的精跟踪系统对信标光斑实时准确跟踪需求,设计了基于前馈补偿的比例,积分和微分(PID)模糊控制系统,采用camera-link接口的高帧频CMOS相机和大规模FP-GA芯片设计了精跟踪处理控制平台,并将图像处理、前馈补偿和PID模糊控制等功能全部集成在FPGA芯片内部。实验结果表明,前馈补偿模糊PID控制具有更强的系统适应性,精跟踪系统带宽达到300 Hz,对大于100 Hz的高频振动频谱仍然有很好的抑制补偿效果,尤其对于低于60 Hz的主要扰动频谱具有很好的跟踪补偿效果,抖动压缩比达到90%以上,抖动均方差小于1 pixel,定位精度约为1μrad。     

两轴柔性支承快速反射镜结构控制一体化设计

为了预测并确认结构设计阶段快速反射镜系统的频率特性和时域性能,对一种两轴柔性支承快速反射镜进行了结构控制一体化研究和测试。提出了一种新型柔性支承结构,根据激光系统光束传输要求的快速反射镜指标,设计了快速反射镜系统的主要结构参数;研究了系统的动态数学模型,确定了闭环系统的控制方式和控制参数;建立了系统摆动部分的刚柔耦合模型,获得了结构非线性模型,基于非线性模型对控制系统和运动系统进行了联合仿真测试。联合仿真结果显示,系统在运动方向的谐振频率为54 Hz,与有限元和理论计算结果的误差均为3.8%,系统位置闭环带宽为203 Hz,符合设计要求。时域输出结果显示,系统的超调量为3.5%,调节时间为10 ms,与理论计算结果的偏差分别为3%和5 ms。     

三电平逆变电源的二自由度控制系统设计

本文对三电平逆变电路作深入研究,应用二自由度控制设计模拟PID控制电路,保证系统在阶跃信号给定条件下的恒流系统输出和良好的抗扰动性能。本文采用二自由度控制设计三电平逆变电路控制系统,设计了每个环节的传递函数和应用二自由度控制算法进行满足若干性能要求的扰动与跟随两个调节器的设计,结合抽象出来的被控对象数学模型,应用MATLAB软件进行了仿真,并和常规方法设计的PID调节器的控制系统进行了多方面比较,明确了所选择参数的控制可行性及控制方法的优越性。     

快速反射镜状态模型构建方法及其控制系统设计

为减少快速反射镜状态空间建模过程中所需的结构参数数量,提出了一种基于系统辨识的状态模型构建方法,采用该方法建立状态模型时只需使用音圈电阻和电感两个结构参数。基于状态模型,设计了一套由降阶观测器、状态反馈、内模和镇定补偿器构成的组合控制系统,利用状态反馈完成对内模和镇定补偿器的设计,通过设计降阶观测器实现对电流和角速度的获取,组合系统可同时实现对输入信号的渐进跟踪和干扰的抑制。在SIMULINK中建立仿真模型,仿真结果显示,不考虑干扰作用时,相较于不完全微分PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)控制系统,组合系统的调节时间下降了53.6%,超调量上升了131.2%;加入干扰信号后,不完全微分PID控制系统的动稳态性能有明显下降,而组合系统的输出性能基本不受影响。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.