筋箍碎石桩复合体抗剪性能研究

筋箍碎石桩复合体抗剪性能对其稳定性分析至关重要。文章采用大型直剪仪,开展多组单根筋箍碎石桩及桩周土形成的复合体的直剪试验,深入分析了法向应力、桩周填土性质、筋材抗拉强度等因素对复合体抗剪性能的影响。试验结果表明：筋箍碎石桩复合体的抗剪强度大于普通碎石桩复合体,且筋材抗拉强度越大,加筋效果越明显,复合体抗剪强度的提高幅度越大;当桩周为砂土时,砂土相对密实度对复合体抗剪性能影响较小;当桩周为黏土时,黏土含水量越高,筋箍碎石桩复合体的抗剪性能越低。筋箍碎石桩复合体可能出现筋材胀裂破坏、筋材剪断破坏及桩身弯扭破坏等3种受剪破坏模式。此外,筋箍碎石桩复合体的抗剪强度可采用面积置换率法计算。     

夯实水泥土桩-土界面摩擦特性试验研究

夯实水泥土桩属于典型摩擦型桩,常用于处理大面积软土。为探究其桩土界面摩擦产生的原因及影响因素,通过一系列直剪试验,模拟了桩-土界面工作性状,探讨了夯实水泥土桩-土界面的接触特性,研究了水泥掺量、土的含水量、法向应力、养护龄期等因素对桩-土接触面摩阻力的影响规律。研究发现存在最优水泥配比,剪切带的影响范围与法向应力和摩擦角有关,龄期通过分阶段影响粘聚力和摩擦角提高接触面抗剪强度,研究结果对工程实践具指导意义。     

考虑超孔隙水压力的桩土界面直剪试验研究

采用大型恒刚度直剪仪,系统研究超孔隙水压力对黏性土中桩土界面剪切性能的影响。根据制定的测试超孔隙水压力方案,对4个粗糙度等级(混凝土表面锯齿状峰谷距为0、2、4、6mm)的不同含水率黏性土中桩土界面在不同剪切速率下进行剪切试验。针对界面粗糙度、黏性土含水率、剪切速率3个变化参数对界面抗剪强度的影响进行分析。结果表明：界面粗糙度越大,界面超孔隙水压力越小,有效法向应力越大,黏性土颗粒与混凝土表面吸附性越大,桩土界面抗剪强度越大;黏性土含水率越大,界面超孔隙水压力越大,有效法向应力越小,黏性土颗粒与混凝土表面吸附性不能完全发挥,桩土界面抗剪强度反而减小;在剪切速率0.4~1.0mm/min范围内,剪切速率越大,界面超孔隙水压力增幅较小,有效法向应力变化不大,桩土界面抗剪强度虽有减小,但不同剪切速率下超孔隙水压力对桩土界面抗剪强度的影响不明显。     

路堤荷载下土工织物散体桩复合地基离心模型试验

进行了2组不同筋材刚度土工织物散体桩复合地基路堤离心模型试验,和1组碎石桩复合地基路堤的对比试验,以研究其在真实应力条件下的性状及稳定性。研究结果表明:随着筋材刚度的增大,地基中的超孔隙水压力略有减小,桩顶和桩间土沉降明显减小,而桩顶和桩间土之间的差异沉降明显增大;桩土应力比随筋材刚度的增大先增长明显,而后趋于缓慢;当筋材刚度较低或上覆荷载很大时,土工织物散体桩可发生显著的弯曲变形而引起较大的沉降,碎石桩则在软土中容易发生鼓胀变形而引起很大的沉降,但两者均未在复合地基中形成剪切滑移的趋势。     

基于非饱和黏性土桩土界面剪切特性试验研究

通过自制的大型恒刚度直剪仪对非饱和黏性土进行桩土界面剪切试验,探讨了非饱和黏性土桩土界面剪切特性及受黏性土饱和度的影响规律。试验和研究结果表明:在分析了非饱和黏性土桩土界面土压力和孔隙水压力的变化规律后,得到桩土界面剪应力峰值和剪切破坏位移随黏性土饱和度的增大而降低的结论,同时还受界面粗糙度和法向应力的影响,界面粗糙度和法向应力越大,桩土界面剪应力峰值和剪切破坏位移越大,在法向应力不同时最大剪切破坏位移相差9.81~12.23 mm;桩土界面黏聚力在饱和度80%~90%时最大,摩擦角随着饱和度的增大呈衰减趋势,因此在桩基设计中需要考虑黏性土饱和度对桩土界面抗剪强度参数的影响,否则会使设计结果过于安全。     

筋土接触面直剪试验研究

为研究筋材与砂土接触面剪切特性,在改造的直剪仪上进行了筋材与砂土界面的直剪试验。结果表明:筋土接触面摩擦关系曲线符合摩尔-库仑强度准则。在本次试验的含水率范围内,筋土接触面的粘聚力随着含水率的增加而增加,摩擦角随着含水率的增加而减小。含水率为4%,筋土接触面的粘聚力和摩擦角随着砂土干密度的增大而增大。     

加筋土筋土界面抗剪强度影响因素试验研究

通过室内筋土界面直剪试验,考虑筋土界面抗剪强度的影响因素,进行了不同剪切速度、筋材空隙率及土体含水率下筋土界面直剪试验,分析了不同因素对筋土界面抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,剪切速度主要影响筋土界面的内摩擦角,对筋土界面黏聚力几乎没有影响,随着剪切速度的增加,内摩擦角变大,导致筋土界面抗剪强度增大。筋材空隙率主要影响筋土界面黏聚力大小,空隙率越大,筋材肋条对土颗粒的约束作用越小,筋土界面抗剪强度降低。筋土界面抗剪强度受土体含水率的影响较大,随着土体含水率的增加,筋土界面黏聚力和内摩擦角都明显减小,导致筋土界面抗剪强度显著降低。     

柔性基础下筋箍碎石桩复合地基变形机理及其沉降分析方法

筋箍碎石桩复合地基是一种新型的软土地基处理方法,其沉降分析是地基处理加固设计的重要依据。因此,首先结合柔性基础下筋箍碎石桩复合地基的工程特点,通过深入研究筋箍碎石桩复合地基变形力学机理,将复合地基划分为碎石桩筋箍段、非筋箍段和下卧层三部分,建立出筋箍碎石桩复合地基沉降计算模型。然后,通过考虑筋箍碎石桩复合地基筋箍段桩土相对滑移和非筋箍段桩土径向变形即“鼓胀效应”特点,引入典型桩土单元分析模型,分别建立出碎石桩筋箍段和非筋箍段压缩变形计算方法,进而提出了柔性基础下筋箍碎石桩复合地基沉降分析新方法。最后,通过工程实例计算,并与实测值及现有方法计算结果进行对比分析,表明该方法更能反映工程实际情况,克服了现有方法分析结果偏于危险的缺陷。     

大型土与结构相互作用恒刚度直剪试验装置研究

已有的土与结构接触面室内剪切试验多集中在恒荷载和恒位移加载条件下接触面力学特性的研究,而预制桩基础沉桩过程中桩土界面受力条件与恒刚度加载类似,即桩土界面法向应力随桩周土体法向位移是动态变化的。针对目前黏性土中桩土界面大型恒刚度的试验手段比较缺乏,自主设计研制了一种大型恒刚度直剪仪用于桩土界面力学特性的测试。该直剪仪考虑了桩周土体变形特点,剪切过程中桩土界面接触面面积始终保持不变,能够准确模拟桩土界面剪切试验;采用弹簧组加载系统和数控电机控制系统,法向可提供恒刚度边界条件,水平切向可按位移控制,能够实现桩土界面上直线和循环剪切的加载路径。试验结果表明:该直剪仪能够很好地再现黏性土中桩土界面在恒刚度加载条件下直线剪切的力学响应,为静压桩沉桩过程的桩土界面力学特性的研究提供了基础。     

土工格栅界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面作用特性直接影响着加筋土挡墙的安全与稳定性。因此,土工格栅与填料的界面技术指标在加筋土挡墙的设计中至关重要。本文在从试验方法、加载方式、试验箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度、压实度以及筋材夹持状况等几方面分析土工格栅界面摩擦特性影响因素基础上,进行了土工格栅在砂砾料和粘性土中的拉拔试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明:土工格栅与砂砾料接触面抗剪强度较高,而与粘土接触面抗剪强度很低;对于加筋土挡墙拉拔力较大的层位,应选用刚度大的土工格栅和砂砾料为填料。直剪摩擦试验不适合确定土工格栅接触面的抗剪强度。该试验结果对土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Sand–concrete interface response: The role of surface texture and confinement conditions

Sand–concrete interface direct shear tests were used to investigate the effects of surface roughness, surface waviness, mean sand diameter and relative density on interface strength and behavior under different confinement conditions. Extreme concrete surface textures, including smooth, rough and rough–wavy textures, were reproduced. Surface plowing was assessed via image analysis, laser scanning and extended multifocal micrographs. The experimental results showed that smooth concrete surfaces exhibited high values of interfacial–to–internal friction angle ratios, ranging 88–90%, due to the angular shape of sand particles. The rough concrete surfaces generated higher interface strength than smooth concrete surfaces; however, the interface strength was still inferior to the surrounding sand strength. Surface plowing, which identified a mixed shear plane at the sand–concrete interface, was developed as particles were detached from the surface, thus inhibiting the interface friction angle from reaching the sand friction angle. Higher sand–concrete interface strength was achieved as surface waviness increased, and interface friction angles greater than the surrounding sand friction angle were reached. Under a constant normal stiffness condition, significantly high interface strength is achieved due to the increase of the current normal stress, which was directly influenced by the initial normal stress, stiffness, surface roughness, mean sand diameter and relative density; surface waviness did not have a marked effect on the normal stress variation. Based on these results, multiple regressions were proposed to estimate the sand–concrete interface strength by the interfacial–to–internal friction angle ratio and the effect of the constant normal stiffness condition.     

Centrifuge modeling of geosynthetic-encased stone column-supported embankment over soft clay

Geosynthetic-encased stone column (GESC) has been proven as an effective alternative to reinforcing soft soils. In this paper, a series of centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the performance of GESC-supported embankment over soft clay by varying the stiffness of encasement material. The enhancement in the performance of stone columns encased with geosynthetic materials was quantified by comparing the test with ordinary stone columns (OSCs) under identical test conditions. The test results reveal that by encasing stone columns with geosynthetic material, a significant reduction in the ground settlement, relatively faster dissipation of excess pore pressure and enhanced stress concentration ratio was noticed. Moreover, with the increase in the encasement stiffness from 450 kN/m to 3300 kN/m, the stress concentration ratio increased from 4 to 6.5, which signifies the importance of encasement stiffness. In addition, a relatively lower value of soil arching ratio observed for GESCs compared to OSCs indicate the formation of a relatively strong soil arch in the GESC-supported embankment. Interestingly, under embankment loading, GESCs fail by bending while OSCs fail by bulging. The stress reduction method can be used to calculate the settlement of GESC-supported embankment with larger stress reduction factor than that in the OSC-supported embankment. Finally, the limitation of the construction of the embankment at 1 g was addressed.     

冻融循环对冻土-混凝土界面冻结强度影响的试验研究

为研究冻融循环作用对冻土-混凝土界面冻结强度的影响,对不同冻融循环次数、法向应力、试验温度及土体初始含水率条件下的冻结界面进行了系列直剪试验,研究经历冻融循环后界面峰值剪切强度、残余剪切强度及强度参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:冻融循环对界面剪切应力与水平位移曲线形态影响很小,经历20次循环后曲线仍是应变软化型。冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响强于对残余剪切应力的影响,表明其对界面胶结冰含量产生影响。当土体初始含水率较低且温度较高时,冻融循环使界面峰值剪切强度增加,但变化量较小。然而在含水率较高(20.8%)及试验温度较低时(-5℃),峰值剪切强度随着冻融循环增加而降低。因此在土体含水率较高且冻结温度较低时,对于发生小变形的冻结界面需要重视冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响。不同初始含水率、试验温度下冻融循环对残余剪切强度的影响较小且变化规律不明显。在试验温度为-1℃,-3℃,-5℃时,峰值黏聚力随冻融循环增加分别表现为增加、波动和下降,推测是由于界面胶结冰含量不同而引起。峰值摩擦角和残余摩擦角随冻融循环次数增加略有变化。     

Shear strength and failure mechanism of needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner

The internal shear strength of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) within composite liner systems is crucial for the stability of landfills and should be carefully considered in the design. To explore the shear strength and failure mechanism of the extensively used needle-punched GCL, a series of displacement-controlled direct shear tests with five normal stress levels (250–1000 kPa) and eight displacement rates (1–200 mm/min) were conducted. The shear stress to horizontal displacement relationships exhibit well-defined peak shear strengths and significant post-peak strength reductions. The monitoring results of the thickness change indicate that the degree of volumetric contraction is related to the reorientation of fibers and dissipation of pore water pressure. Furthermore, the peak and residual shear strengths both depend on the displacement rate because of the rate-dependent tensile stiffness of needle-punched fibers and shear strength of the soil/geosynthetic interface. Through additional tests and lateral comparison, it was discovered that the shear behavior of sodium bentonite, degree of hydration, and pore water pressures all affect the shear mechanisms of the NP GCL. In particular, the failure mode transfers from fiber pullout to fiber rupture with the increase in water content as the hydrated bentonite particles facilitate the stretching of needle-punched fibers.     

基于恒刚度剪切试验的预制桩侧阻退化估计

采用双向循环恒刚度剪切试验对预制桩的侧阻退化效应进行试验研究。研究显示，剪切应力（摩阻力）随剪切循环数的增加呈指数型衰减，衰减主要发生在开始的部分循环内，约 25 个循环后基本达到稳定。剪切过程中剪切带发生明显的剪缩，导致法向应力释放，此为摩阻力退化的 原因之一 。随剪切循环数的增加界面摩擦角发生指数型退化直至达到残余值，此为摩阻力退化的另一原因。法向刚度的大小决定剪切应力、法向应力和界面摩擦角衰减的速度和幅度，法向刚度越大，衰减越快且残余值越小。恒刚度剪切试验说明桩土界面摩擦力的退化与桩周土的坚硬程度密切相关，土体越硬则侧阻退化现象越明显。     

Analytical solutions for geosynthetic-encased stone column-supported embankments with emphasis on nonlinear behaviours of columns

This paper presents an analytical approach to predict the behaviours of geosynthetic-encased stone column (GESC)-supported embankments. The soil arching in the embankment and the nonlinear behaviours of stone columns are considered. Based on nonlinear elastic and elastoplastic constitutive models of stone columns, the nonlinear behaviours of GESCs, including settlement and radial deformation, are analysed. The deformations of GESCs, the surrounding soil, and the overlying embankment fill are compatible by applying stress continuity and volume deformation continuity at the bottom of the embankment fill. This method is verified via comparison with literature data and numerical analysis. The influences of parameters of the GESC, including encasement stiffness and column friction, on the performance of the embankment are investigated. Without considering the nonlinear behaviours of the column, the column-soil stress ratio is overestimated. It is more appropriate that the nonlinear characters of the column be considered in the analysis of GESC-supported embankments.     

Interfacial properties of geocell-reinforced granular soils

To provide an accurate response of Geocells under pull-out conditions such as what happened in retained backfills, interfacial characteristics of Geocell-backfill are required. A series of direct shear tests was carried out to investigate influence of soil physical properties on interfacial properties of Geocell-reinforced granular soils. Variable parameters encompass poorly graded coarse-grained soils with different medium particles sizes (3, 6 and 12?mm), different normal stresses (100, 200 and 300?kPa) and different relative densities (50 and 70%). To compare the developed strength of the shear plane, in unreinforced and Geocell-reinforced statuses, shear characteristics mobilized at the shear plane including friction angle, dilation angle and apparent cohesion have been evaluated. The results indicated improvement of the interface's shear strength characteristics due to the presence of Geocell. The shear strength in the Geocell-soil interface was increased by increasing the medium grain size and relative density of the soil. From the obtained results, for coarse aggregates (cell aspect ratio-ratio of Geocell's cells diameter (b) to the medium grains size (D₅₀)- smaller than 8.5), Geocell reinforcement was two times, at least, more successful than compaction effort, in improving shear characteristics of the unreinforced medium dense fill materials. It has been recommended using Geocells in environments with low normal stress and coarse aggregates. Furthermore, the results clarify that Geocell with cell aspect ratio equal to 4, has the best performance in improvement of interface's shear strength.     

滩涂地区土与不同结构材料接触面摩擦性能的试验研究

基于混凝土和钢两种不同结构材料,构成土—混凝土和土—钢两种复合体,采用江苏沿海滩涂地区土体,通过改进直剪仪研究土与不同结构材料接触面的摩擦性能及其时效性,并对两种不同结构材料进行沥青涂层,研究沥青涂层对其摩擦性能的影响。试验结果表明,法向应力越大摩阻力越大,摩阻力与法向应力呈近似直线关系。一般情况下,土与混凝土和钢两种结构材料接触面的摩阻力比纯土要低,粉质粘土—钢接触面的摩阻力比粉质粘土—混凝土高,粉土—混凝土接触面的摩阻力高于粉土—钢的摩阻力。随着法向应力的增加,摩阻力降低幅值由负转正,且越来越大。粉质粘土与混凝土和钢两种结构材料接触面的摩阻力具有明显的时效性,而粉土与其结构材料接触面摩阻力的时效性不明显。沥青涂层对接触面摩擦性能也有一定的影响,法向应力较小时,沥青涂层会降低摩阻力,法向应力较大时,沥青涂层反而会增加摩阻力。接触面的摩擦性能与土的类型、法向应力、结构材料、沥青涂层等均受不同程度的影响。