两种由薄片式压电元件构成的换能器对比测试

为简化压电换能器制作工艺和减小结构尺寸,利用薄片式压电元件良好的力电转换特性,根据压电换能器结构不同的能量转换方式,设计并制备了冲击型和弯曲型两种换能器.通过建立对比试验,分析了两种结构的工作原理以及换能器的发电性能,并研究了加载条件的变化对换能器输出性能的影响规律.测试结果表明:弯曲型换能器在有限位移下,低频率加载时的发电性能和工作稳定性强于冲击型换能器.最后,根据对比结果提出了一种弯曲型换能器的有效封装结构.     

两种由薄片式压电元件构成的换能器对比测试

为简化压电换能器制作工艺和减小结构尺寸,利用薄片式压电元件良好的力电转换特性,根据压电换能器结构不同的能量转换方式,设计并制备了冲击型和弯曲型两种换能器.通过建立对比试验,分析了两种结构的工作原理以及换能器的发电性能,并研究了加载条件的变化对换能器输出性能的影响规律.测试结果表明:弯曲型换能器在有限位移下,低频率加载时的发电性能和工作稳定性强于冲击型换能器.最后,根据对比结果提出了一种弯曲型换能器的有效封装结构.     

铸坯内部缺陷的超声无损检测与表征

铸坯作为钢铁生产的中间产品,其内部质量对下游产品质量有重要的影响。传统铸坯质量检测多采用金相法和金属原位分析等方法对表面缺陷进行检测,而无法检测内部缺陷。针对工业生产中对铸坯内部质量控制的需求,提出了基于分层聚焦扫查的超声显微无损检测方法。首先,利用超声检测设备对试样进行分层聚焦扫查,得到试样厚度方向上多张超声图像,然后,对所得超声图像进行三维重构,并分析重构结果,得到铸坯内部缺陷尺寸、数量、空间分布等特征,进而得到铸坯致密度、均匀度等评价指标。利用新方法评价不同压下量处理的42CrMo钢铸坯,发现压下量为16 mm时,对铸坯质量改善最为明显,辅以金属原位分析的结果,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Pb（Mg1／3Nb2／3）O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3陶瓷在准同型相界附近的结构与性能研究

基于Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT)和PbZrO3-PbTiO3 (PZT)两个赝二元体系的准同型相界组分和线性组合规律,设计了一系列具有准同型相界组分的PMN-PT-PZ赝三元体系.采用传统的铌铁矿预合成法制备了各组分的铁电陶瓷,研究了它们的相结构及介电、压电和铁电性能.研究表明,该系列PMN-PT-PZ赝三元系铁电陶瓷都具有三方与四方相共存的准同型结构和优异的电学性能.其中,PZ含量为40%(摩尔分数)的0.16PMN-0.44PT-0.4PZ铁电陶瓷样品具有最佳的综合电性能,其室温介电常数εr为2014,压电常数d33为410 pC · N-1,机电耦合系数kp为0.58,剩余极化强度Pr为34.5 μC·cm-2,矫顽场Ec为13.4 kV·cm-1.     

表面活性剂辅助超声合成纳米氧化钨粉体

以表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为辅助剂,用超声法制备纳米氧化钨粉体,采用XRD、TEM对粉体进行表征。研究结果表明,利用钨酸钠与盐酸反应可以得到钨酸纳米粒子,粒子的尺寸在70~100 nm之间。500℃煅烧3 h后产物氧化钨粉体的粒径在50~80 nm之间。初步探讨了WO3纳米粒子的形成机理。     

原料粉末粒度对TiCN基金属陶瓷微观组织的影响

采用纳米TiNmm添加到微米TiCpm复合陶瓷粉未和纳米TiCNcm固溶体陶瓷粉未中，用无压烧结方法分别制备出TCermet A和Cermet B两种新型金属陶瓷材料。SEM研究表明，在两种材料的显微组织中，陶瓷相均呈现芯-壳结构特征，即Cermet A陶瓷相由黑色的芯和灰色的壳构成，而Cermet B陶瓷相兼有黑白两种芯和灰色的壳结构。EDS能谱分析指出，黑色的芯由纯的TiC组成，白色的芯和灰色的壳均由（Ti，W，Mo）C固溶体构成。力学性能测试得出Cermet A具有比Cermet B更高的强韧性。TEM观察表明，适量添加的纳米TiN颗粒可分布于陶瓷相品界处，起到增韧增强陶瓷基体的作用。     

金属材料超声无损检测技术应用研究

为了提高石油工业装备检测水平,促使石油生产工业健康、可持续发展,现提出一套行之有效的金属材料超声无损检测技术应用方案。首先,针对超声无损检测技术、算法与研究概况,研究了连续波透射法、共振法、脉冲反射法、脉冲透射法四种超声无损检测方法。其次,从灵活选择超声无损检测技术方法、在对的时间段内实施无损检测工作、对超声无损检测方式加以升级等方面入手,将超声无损检测技术科学地应用到石油行业金属材料中。结果表明：本文所提出的超声无损检测技术应用方案具有较高的可靠性和可行性,不仅可以精确化检测石油行业金属材料内部缺陷,还能实现对材料微观部分的精细化检查,有效地提高了金属材料把控质量。希望通过这次研究,为相关人员提供有效的借鉴和参考。     

超声结合甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧法低温制备La_2CuO_4

为了提高燃烧法制备过程中前驱体的收集率和降低烧结温度,设计了一套用于燃烧法的装置,使用此装置,采用超声结合甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧法低温制备La2CuO4复合氧化物。通过XRD衍射,IR光谱等表征手段,考察了甘氨酸与金属离子摩尔比、超声条件对降低烧结温度的影响,研究结果表明:自制用于燃烧法的装置可使燃烧后得到的La2CuO4前驱体的收集率提升到98%;在超声功率为100W,超声时间2 h条件下,调整甘氨酸与金属离子物质的量之比为2.5∶1时,在自制燃烧装置中燃烧后得到的前驱体经550℃低温烧结即可成功制备La2CuO4复合氧化物。     

焦炉煤气苯并(a)芘含量提取处理方法的探讨

阐述了对焦炉煤气中苯并(a)芘含量提取处理方法中的索氏法和超声法的两种方法,分析了两种方法测定相同含浓度苯并(a)芘含量样品测试数据差异及产生原因,用实验数据分析说明了使用超声法作为测定焦炉煤气中苯并(a)芘含量是一种最佳的处理方法。     

六辊冷轧机板形快速预报方法

 与四辊轧机的板形预报问题相比,六辊轧机的未知量更多,计算速度更慢。为此,将模型耦合法拓展到六辊轧机,建立相关的带材塑性变形模型与辊系弹性变形模型的线性方程组。考虑到板形问题的输入参数中通常并不包含空载辊缝值,根据带材出口平均厚度已知的条件提出一个新的线性方程,将空载辊缝值纳入到未知量中,提高了模型耦合法的适用性。两个计算实例表明,六辊轧机板形快速预报的模型耦合法的计算结果与松弛因子法吻合良好,但可使计算速度提高100倍左右。     

Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers: Theory and Technology

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs), introduced about a decade ago, have been shown to be a good alternative to conventional piezoelectric transducers in various aspects, such as sensitivity, transduction efficiency, and bandwidth. In this paper, we discuss the principles of capacitive transducer operation that underlie these aspects. Many of the key features of capacitive ultrasonic transducers are enabled with micromachining technology. Micromachining allows us to miniaturize device dimensions and produce capacitive transducers that perform comparably to their piezoelectric counterparts. The fabrication process is described briefly, and the performance of the CMUT transducers is evaluated by demonstrating characterization results. It is shown that the transduction efficiency as defined by the electromechanical coupling coefficient can be close to unity with proper device design and operating voltage. It is also shown that CMUTs provide large bandwidth (123% fractional bandwidth) in immersion applications which translate into high temporal and axial resolution. Finally, the feasibility of using CMUTs is demonstrated by showing imaging examples in air and in immersion.     

Development and application of ultrasonic surgical instruments

In this paper, a new approach for designing ultrasonic surgical instruments (USI) is presented. These medical instruments convert an ultrasonic signal into a mechanical vibration by utilizing a magnetostrictive method and have been found to be very useful for various medical procedures. The implemented system consists of an ultrasonic generator, a transducer, and waveguide instruments. The generator produces a high-current ultrasonic signal. The transducer converts this signal into a mechanical vibration. By use of the waveguide instrument, the vibration can be propagated and amplified. This new type of USI possesses a comprehensive ability to stop bleeding, cut bone tissues, regulate frequency automatically, control temperature, etc. The results from animal experiments and from human clinical operations show that the developed USI has the advantages in various aspects over the conventional equipment.     

An implantable piezoelectric hearing aid transducer for inner ear deafness. II: Clinical implant]

A miniature, hermetically sealed implant was development and manufactured in several clinical and technical iteration steps based on the prototype of an implantable piezo-electric hearing-aid transducer described in Part 1 of the work presented here. The transducer is made of pure titanium (medical grade 2, ASTM F67) and designed to be implanted into the mastoid cavity. Transfer of mechanical oscillations to an ossicle in the middle ear is effected by a fixed directly coupling rod of pure titanium or via suitable coupling elements. The transducer is highly tuned with a resonance frequency in the range of 7-10 kHz, depending on the dynamic mass load. Below this resonance and down to low frequencies, the frequency response of elongation is smooth with a very small ripple of less than +/- 1 dB. Unlike the prototype, an increase in vibration amplitude of around 10 dB was achieved for a comparable power consumption. Vibration amplitude at low and middle frequencies is about 60 nm with a transducer voltage of 1 V, corresponding to an equivalent sound-pressure level of around 100 dB SPL at up to 1 kHz. At higher frequencies of up to 10 kHz, the output level increases to beyond 130 dB SPL. Nonlinear distortions at maximum volume (1 V) are extremely small (THD < 0.1%) throughout the whole transfer range. Due to an extremely short attack time (50 microseconds) and short release time (approximately 2 ms), the dynamic properties of the transducer allow good transmission of audio signals with fast changes in the time domain, i.e., plosives in speech signals. Electric power consumption at full volume and broadband signals is in the region of 1 microW. Unlike electromagnetic transducers described in the literature, the low power consumption of this piezoelectric transducer allows the realization of fully implantable hearing aids for rehabilitation of moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss.     

Bayesian Network for E/M Impedance-Based Damage Identification

A Bayesian network is a probabilistic representation of the multiple cause-effect dependency relationships in a domain. It incorporates human reasoning to deal with sparse data availability and to determine the probabilities of uncertain events. In this paper, a Bayesian network is adopted to model the problem of damage location identification. The damage identification method uses the natural frequency shifts and the undamaged mode shapes of the structure to identify the damage location. The frequency shifts are extracted numerically from a finite-element (FE) model and experimentally from the electromechanical (e/m) admittance signatures of the smart piezoelectric (PZT) transducer bonded to the structure. The undamaged mode shapes are determined from the FE model of the undamaged structure. To incorporate a suitable Bayesian network model, issues of variable selection, variable dependency, probabilistic inference, and error modeling are discussed. The performance of the implemented Bayesian network is verified using both numerical and experimental data. The model is able to accurately determine the damage location, with only a subset of frequency shift data, and eliminated the model errors.     

高居里温度铁酸铋基陶瓷的研究进展

铁酸铋-钛酸钡(BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃, BF-BT) 基陶瓷由于具有高的居里温度T_C和大的自发极化强度P_s, 以及较高的压电系数d₃₃, 近年来受到了广泛关注, 且被认为是一种有潜力替代铅基压电陶瓷的无铅压电陶瓷体系. 本文主要综述近几年来国内外有关BF-BT基陶瓷的相结构和压电性能, 以及磁性能等方面的研究进展和动向, 并尝试分析了该陶瓷体系在实用化的道路上存在的迫切需要解决的问题.      

连铸坯集肤表层电磁激励超声场模拟

为研究连铸二次冷却区凝固坯壳厚度电磁超声无损检测机理,分析了连铸坯表面振痕对超声波信号的影响.利用有限元分析方法,建立螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器在连铸坯表面的电场、磁场、力场和声场的耦合模型.并以贝塞尔曲线方程模拟表面振痕,分析了表面振痕对连铸坯集肤表层的涡流、磁场、力场等分布规律的影响.实验结果验证了仿真分析中模型和仿真结果的正确性,为设计连铸过程凝固坯壳厚度电磁超声无损检测装置提供了理论参考依据.     

Effects of ultrasonic vibration on plastic deformation of AZ31 during the tensile process

An investigation on the plastic behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under ultrasonic vibration(with a frequency of 15 kHz and a maximum output of 2 kW)during the process of tension at room temperature was conducted to reveal the volume effect of the vibrated plastic deformation of AZ31.The characteristics of mechanical properties and microstructures of AZ31 under routine and vibrated tensile processes with different amplitudes were compared.It is found that ultrasonic vibration has a remarkable influence on the plastic behavior of AZ31 which can be summarized into two opposite aspects: the softening effect which reduces the flow resistance and improves the plasticity,and the hardening effect which decreases the formability.When a lower amplitude or vibration energy is applied to the tensile sample,the softening effect dominates,leading to a decrease of AZ31 deformation resistance with an increase of formability.Under the application of a high-vibrating amplitude,the hardening effect dominates,resulting in the decline of plasticity and brittle fracture of the samples.     

Integrated Optimization of Control System for Smart Cylindrical Shells Using Modified GA

In this paper, modeling of the vibration of cylindrical shell components of space structures incorporating piezoelectric sensor/actuators (S/As) for optimal vibration control is proposed and formulated. The parameters of the control system, which include the placement and sizing of the piezoelectric S/As and the feedback control gains, were considered as design variables and optimized simultaneously. The effect of the amount of piezoelectric patches was investigated as well. The criterion based on the maximization of energy dissipation was employed for the optimization of the control system. A modified real-encoded genetic algorithm (GA) dealing with various constraints has been developed and applied to search for the optimal placement and size of the piezoelectric patches as well as the optimal feedback control gains. The results of three numerical examples, which include a simply supported plate, a simply supported cylindrical shell, and a clamped-simply supported plate, demonstrated significant vibration suppression based on the optimal design of the control system. It was also found that for specific controlled vibration modes, the optimal distribution of the piezoelectric S/As should be located at the areas separated by the nodal lines to achieve the optimal control effect. This finding would be useful for the practical design of smart structures.     

大直径铝锭热顶铸造中超声施振深度的细晶机制

在直径为650 mm的铝合金热顶半连续铸造过程中施加双源超声振动系统, 研究3种超声辐射杆浸入深度对铸锭宏观凝固组织的影响.基于铝合金铸锭凝固组织形貌的检测结果以及ANSYS等有限元软件对铸造过程中声场的仿真结果, 深入探讨了超声辐射杆在不同的施振深度下对铝合金铸锭凝固组织细化机制的影响.结果表明: 随着超声辐射杆施振深度的增加, 铸锭截面组织整体进一步细化, 晶粒形状由发达的枝晶变为等轴枝晶; 由于超声辐射杆端面以及柱面存在几个固定位置处振动波峰, 在铝熔体中不同的超声施振深度下存在不同的超声空化范围, 进而导致凝固组织的细化机制也不同.      

Optimal Design of Pressurized Irrigation Subunit

A linear programming (LP) model is presented for optimal design of the pressurized irrigation system subunit. The objective function of the LP is to minimize the equivalent annual fixed cost of pipe network of the irrigation system and its annual operating energy cost. The hydraulic characteristics in the irrigation subunit are ensured by using the length, energy conservation, and pressure head constraints. The input data are the system layout, segment-wise cost and hydraulic gradients in all the alternative pipe diameters, and energy cost per unit head of pumping water through the pipeline network. The output data are: segment-wise lengths of different diameters, operating inlet pressure head, and equivalent annual cost of the pipeline network. The explicit optimal design is demonstrated with design examples on lateral and submain or manifold of pressurized irrigation systems. The effect of the equations for friction head loss calculation on optimization procedure is investigated through the design example for microirrigation manifold. The performance evaluation of the proposed model in comparison with the analytical methods, graphical methods, numerical solutions, and dynamic programming optimization model reveals the good performance of the proposed model. The verification of operating inlet pressure head obtained by the proposed model with accurate numerical step-by-step method suggested that it is mostly accurate.