玉米干法酒精生产过程中真菌毒素降解技术的探讨

玉米中的真菌毒素在酒精生产过程中富集到了DDGS饲料中,对动物的健康构成了严重的威胁。主要对真菌毒素降解技术的原理及其在酒精生产过程中的应用进行探讨,以期为酒精生产企业提供降解真菌毒素的思路。     

真菌毒素性质及免疫原制备方法的研究进展

真菌毒素是一些真菌在生长过程中所产生的毒性很强的次级代谢产物,通过食品或饲料危害动物和人类的健康及安全。能充分认识真菌毒素性质,准确快速的检测真菌毒素是控制其危害的最有效手段,现阶段酶联免疫(ELISA)检测方法已经成为真菌毒素快速检测的主要趋势,本文对一些主要真菌毒素的性质、种类、危害以及真菌毒素的ELISA 检测方法中重要环节--免疫原制备方法的研究做一综述。     

乳酸菌对真菌毒素的减毒研究进展

真菌毒素是由多种真菌产生的有毒次生代谢产物，它们对食品和饲料的污染已经给人和动物的健康造成了潜在的危害。乳酸菌作为去除真菌毒素的一种替代策略，在大规模、低成本的食品减毒方面显示出良好的潜力。本文总结了食品中几种主要真菌毒素的特征，从乳酸菌对真菌毒素产生的抑制、体外吸附、体内毒性缓解等方面概述相关国内外研究进展，并关注乳酸菌减毒在食品体系中的应用，以期为乳酸菌在食品和饲料中作为真菌毒素天然清除剂的应用提供理论参考。     

农产品中真菌毒素检测方法研究进展

真菌毒素是由特定真菌在适宜条件下产生的有毒小分子次级代谢产物,农产品在生长、加工和储运过程中均存在被真菌毒素污染的可能性,被真菌毒素污染的农产品会严重危害动物和人类的健康。因此建立精确、高效的真菌毒素检测方法对于农产品中真菌毒素的防控和监测具有重要意义。本文主要介绍了真菌毒素的产生和危害,综述了近5年农产品中真菌毒素检测方法(仪器分析法、免疫学分析方法和光谱分析法)的研究进展,分析了这些检测方法的优缺点,并展望了农产品中真菌毒素在未来的发展趋势,为农产品中真菌毒素检测的相关研究和安全监管提供参考和启发。     

真菌毒素吸附剂开发及吸附效果评价方法研究进展

国家高度重视节粮减损工作,强调采取多项措施降低粮食损失。真菌毒素污染造成了粮油和饲料资源的损失,并严重威胁人类和畜禽健康。采用物理、化学和生物法可以脱除真菌毒素,提高饲料资源的利用价值,其中吸附剂吸附是通过吸附剂和真菌毒素稳定结合成复合体的脱毒方式。对传统吸附剂的多重改性、新型吸附材料的开发显著提升了脱毒效果。综述真菌毒素吸附剂的种类及其在粮油饲料中使用效果的评价方法,简要介绍了铝硅酸盐类、碳材料、有机高分子、生物吸附剂和新型吸附材料等真菌毒素吸附剂的改性方法,重点介绍了体外法、人工胃肠液体外模拟和动物试验在真菌毒素吸附剂有效性和安全性评价中的应用,可以为新型高效真菌毒素吸附剂的开发、科学应用及其吸附机制解析提供参考。     

真菌毒素免疫检测技术的研究进展

<正>真菌毒素的特性及起源真菌毒素,又称霉菌毒素,是指霉菌在其所污染食品中产生的有毒代谢产物,可通过进食进入人或动物体内,引起人或动物的急性或慢性中毒,进而损害机体的肝脏、肾脏、神经组织等。致癌性是真菌毒素对机体最严重和最普遍的危害。真菌毒素可在农作物生长或收获时形成,也会因贮存条件的不适宜而产生。湿度或温度高的环境通常有利于粮食和饲料中霉菌的生长及其毒素的产生。真菌毒素最早于1960年被     

天然植物成分防控农产品中真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌生长过程中产生的次生代谢产物,其对农产品的污染直接威胁人类和动物的生命健康。真菌毒素的预防和脱除是实现食品和饲料工业高质量发展亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前研究者采用了多种策略来防控真菌毒素污染避免健康问题和经济损失,包括抑制真菌生长及真菌毒素生成、去除和降解污染农产品中的真菌毒素、降低真菌毒素生物活性等。利用天然植物成分（Natural plant compounds,NPC）防控真菌毒素污染表现出稳定性强、安全性好和抑制效率高等优势,业已成为研究新趋势。本文综述了近年来NPC防控农产品中真菌毒素污染的不同策略,讨论了相应的作用机制,分析了现阶段采用NPC防控真菌毒素的优势和不足,并展望了在食品工业的应用前景,为开发新的真菌毒素防控试剂提供科学参考。     

真菌毒素快速检测技术

<正>真菌毒素,又称霉菌毒素,是真菌在食品或饲料里生长所产生的代谢产物,对人类和动物都有害。真菌毒素可通过饮食进入人或动物体内,引起人或动物的急性或慢性中毒,进而损害机体,造成肝脏、肾脏及神经组织等的伤害。真菌毒素主要包括黄曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮赭曲霉毒素等。1960年,英国10万多只火鸡因食用被黄曲霉毒素污染的饲料而死亡,此事件发生后,真菌毒素才逐渐引起人们的重视。受全球气候变暖、干旱等因素的影响,食用和饲用农产品受真菌毒素污染的现象日趋严重,世界各地对于真菌毒     

粮食及其制品中真菌毒素的检测方法

<正>真菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒次级代谢物,它广泛存在于粮油食品和饲料中,对人类和动物有害。一种真菌可能产生多种毒素,多种真菌可能产生同一种毒素。通常粮食或饲料中的真菌毒素并非单独存在,可能以一种或数种毒素为主,当不同毒素同时存在时,真菌毒素的毒性有累加效应(如黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮等),但并非是相加或相乘的关系。真菌毒素的毒性变化     

真菌毒素与人类疾病

真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料里生长所产生的二次代谢产物,对人和动物都有极大危害。常见的真菌毒素包括玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、黄曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族毒素等等,以下介绍几种常见真菌毒素的危害。     

Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial ribosomal genes from fresh and stored animal feeds

Feed quality can be influenced by both the microbial population levels and types of organisms that become associated with the feed matrices during processing and storage. Evaluation of microbial quality of animal feeds is difficult, because feeds generally contain a diverse bacterial population that can fluctuate widely depending on a variety of factors. Microbial diversity may be investigated in animal feed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rDNA primers. In this study a bacterial isolation step involving centrifugation was combined with several DNA extraction techniques, and PCR amplicons were visualised on electrophoresis gels. Seven different animal feeds and two commonly used feed ingredients, either fresh or stored for approximately 14 months at ?20 °C, were chosen (18 feed sources in total) to represent a variety of different matrices, concentrations of macronutrients such as protein and fat, and particle sizes. DNA extraction involving polyethylene glycol 8000 appeared to be the most reliable protocol for the extraction of community DNA for PCR analysis of feeds. The majority of the feeds (14 out of 18 animal feeds and feed ingredients) examined in this study yielded at least one PCR‐positive replicate (1.1 kb band on gel), whereas no amplified products could be obtained from either of the other two DNA extraction protocols. Although some protocol refinement may be necessary for individual feeds, this approach has the potential to be a reliable method for monitoring microbial diversity changes in feeds and for rapid, simultaneous detection of a wide variety of micro‐organisms in animal feeds during processing and storage. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

糖蜜在配合饲料中的添加

对糖蜜在配合饲料中的添加方法进行了讨论,并就几个关键技术提出了建议,以期能在糖蜜使用过程中有所帮助。     

食品和饲料中三聚氰胺检测方法研究进展

三聚氰胺是一种三嗪类含氮杂环有机化合物。由于其较高的含氮量而被添加于食品和饲料中,对动物和人体造成了一定的危害。本文综述了近期的食品和饲料中三聚氰胺检测的样品前处理技术和分析方法,主要包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱- 质谱法、液相色谱- 质谱法和酶联免疫法等。     

Cloth-based hybridization array system for expanded identification of the animal species origin of derived materials in feeds

A cloth-based hybridization array system (CHAS) previously developed for the detection of animal species for which prohibited materials have been specified (cattle, sheep, goat, elk, and deer) has been expanded to include the detection of animal species for which there are no prohibitions (pig and horse) in Canadian and American animal feeds. Animal species were identified by amplification of mitochondrial DNA sequences by PCR and subsequent hybridization of the amplicons with an array of species-specific oligonucleotide capture probes immobilized on a polyester cloth support, followed by an immunoenzymatic assay of the bound PCR products. The CHAS permitted sensitive and specific detection of meat meals from different animal species blended in a grain-based feed and should provide a useful adjunct to microscopic examination for the identification of prohibited materials in animal feeds.     

The composition of animal feeds

This paper postulates that, as the competition between animal and human feed is now a cause for socio-political concern, it is likely that there will be a return to the situation in which the animal feed industry utilises raw materials surplus to, or non-competitive with, human food. A brief discussion on each of the most important nutrients follows, outlining their importance in animal feeds before explaining the role of “fillers” in animal feeds. Least cost formulation is then explained, before an attempt is made at a raw material classification where the point is made that a dietary formulation depends more upon the specification of the required nutrients than it does on identifying individually selected raw materials. However, materials will be accepted or rejected according to their “economic value”.     

Determination of olaquindox,carbadox and cyadox in animal feeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox are chemically synthesised antibacterial and growth-promoting agents for animals. At high doses they may exert mutagenicity and hepatic and adrenal toxicities in animals. Regrettably, these substances are frequently abused or misused when added into animal feeds. Thus, developing a sensitive and reliable method for simultaneous determination of olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox in different kinds of animal feeds is crucially important for food safety monitoring. In this paper we optimised instrumental conditions, extraction solvents, solid phase extraction cartridges, and pH of the loading solvents on the Oasis HLB cartridge. Under the optimal conditions, mean recoveries ranged from 74.1 to 111%, and intra-day and inter-day variations were lower than 14.6% and 10.8%, respectively. The limits of quantification for olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox were 0.05 mg kg^?1, 0.10 mg kg^?1, and 0.025 mg kg^?1, respectively. The proposed method uses ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and is sensitive and reliable for the simultaneous determination of olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox in three kinds of animal feeds (specifically, mixed feed, concentrated feed, and additive premixed feed). This method has good precision, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility, and thus it can be used for convenient and accurate determination of olaquindox, carbadox, and cyadox in different kinds of animal feeds.     

Histidine dipeptides HPLC-based test for the detection of mammalian origin proteins in feeds for ruminants

The present work is focused on the use of the relative amounts of carnosine and anserine for detecting the presence of proteins of mammalian origin in feeds for ruminants. The methodology is cheap and simple and may serve for the rapid screening of feeds. Animal protein additions to feeds as low as 0.5% can be easily detected based on the cation exchange HPLC determination of the carnosine and/or anserine dipeptides. Furthermore, the molar ratio of these dipeptides was found to be characteristic of the animal species and could be used to discriminate between mammalian and non-mammalian species eventually added to feeds. Feeds having carnosine/anserine molar ratios higher than 0.3 were strongly suspected of containing banned mammalian proteins. Those suspicious feeds might be later confirmed by more specific techniques. The exact source of feeds containing mixtures of animal proteins from different species could not be identified by this method even though the method was able to detect its mammalian origin.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的毒性及生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于受污染的农作物和饲料中,不仅给农业经济造成重大损失,也给人类和动物健康带来潜在威胁。传统控制脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法主要有物理法和化学法,但上述两种方法都具有局限性。近年来,利用微生物生物转化方法进行脱毒展现出良好的应用前景。本文概述了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的化学性质、毒性作用以及生物脱毒方面的研究进展,为研究生物学方法控制粮食与饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量提供参考。     

Novel approaches in measuring the antioxidative potential of animal feeds: the FRAP and DPPH methods

Two methods were adapted and optimized for evaluating the antioxidative potential of animal feeds. In the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the neutralization of the stable radical DPPH^• by antioxidants present in animal feeds was measured. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was used to measure the reducing capacity of feeds. To optimize both methods regarding to the type of solvent, the time of extraction and the volume of solvent needed, a commercial pig feed was used. Of the different solvents used, methanol showed superior results to chloroform, water, ethanol, acetone and chloroform–methanol (1:1, v/v). The time of extraction was also examined. The antioxidative potential of the extract of a first extraction step did not change with extraction time after 3 h of extraction. The need for a second extraction step was also investigated, but this could be reduced to a wash step. In a last phase, the volume of the extraction solvent was optimized. It seemed that 25 mL of methanol was sufficient to give a repeatable extraction yield from 2 g of feed. Both methods gave reproducible results with a high recovery for the tested feed. Therefore, it can be concluded that using methanol as the extraction solvent, the DPPH and FRAP methods are useful techniques for monitoring the total antioxidative potential of animal feeds. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

动物源性食品及生物材料中克伦特罗测定方法的研究进展

克伦特罗是一种非法的饲料药物添加剂，含有其残留的食品可引起食物中毒。为给我国检测食品中盐酸克伦特罗提供借鉴，从样品提取、净化、检测方法及其测定的发展趋势等方面综述了国内外献中动物性食品及生物材料中的克伦特罗残留测定方法。