SF_6/N_2混合气体用于GIS可能性探讨

本文给出SF_6/N_2和SF_6/CO_2混合气体的相对耐电强度的实验数据。实验表明,电极表面粗糙但无突出物时,SF_6/N_2优于SF_6/CO_2。50/50的SF_6/N_2混合气体的相对耐电强度可按0.9估算。     

局部电场畸变对SF_6/N_2和SF_6/CO_2混合气体耐电强度的影响

本文用半椭球凸出物模型计算了在SF_6/N_2和SF_6/CO_2中电极表面粗糙度对耐电强度的影响。计算表明:在电场畸变严重时,两种混合气体的击穿强度均高于纯SF_6,且SF_6/CO_2优于SF_6/N_2。这一结论并为实验结果所证实。     

利用优异值预测SF_6装置的绝缘强度

本文的实验和计算结果表明,应用SF_6气体的优异值M,不仅能方便地预测电极表面粗糙情况下SF_6气体或混合气体的击穿门槛E_0/P,而且可以预测具有光洁表面电极的非均匀电场间隙的绝缘强度。     

不同电极结构下SF_(6)气体临界击穿场强计算北大核心CSCD

SF_(6)气体在电力绝缘设备中的应用已经非常广泛,计算多种电极结构下SF_(6)气体临界击穿场强对于研究SF_(6)气体放电击穿特性具有重要意义。文中针对SF_(6)气体在多种电极结构下的放电击穿过程开展了详细的理论研究与计算分析。首先,基于已有的SF_(6)气体击穿过程进行理论总结并加以完善;然后,引入阶段先导发展模型,针对稍不均匀电场条件下SF_(6)气体放电击穿过程进行建模,将放电击穿分为3个主要过程:首电子产生阶段、流注初始阶段及先导发展至击穿阶段;最后,结合气体物性参数建立多种电极结构下SF_(6)气体折合临界击穿场强计算综合模型,计算得到SF_(6)气体在多种电极结构下的临界击穿场强。研究表明:相同压强情况下,交流电压下的临界击穿场强要比雷电冲击电压下的折合临界击穿场强低。雷电冲击电压下临界击穿场强极性随电极结构和压强条件的变化而改变。并且,受电极曲率较大处局部放电所产生空间电荷的影响,随着压强的增大和突出物尖端的加长,正极性雷电冲击电压下的临界击穿场强趋向施加交流电压下的临界击穿场强。     

低压强下六氟化硫的电击穿特性

本文提出了研究低压强SF_6电击穿特性的必要性,通过实验研究了国产SF_6气体在表压0.2～2kg/cm~2范围内不同间隙、不同电极形状等条件下的击穿电压与压强的关系。实验所得数据、公式和结论均可供低压强下运行的SF_6绝缘电气设备绝缘结构计算时使用。     

C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体对局部不均匀电场的敏感特性

电亲和性气体的放电电压对不均匀电场分布较敏感,高压电气设备电极表面存在的表面粗糙度效应会凸显,从而降低气体绝缘性能。C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体是一种有潜力的SF_6替代气体,有必要研究C_4F_7N/CO_2对不均匀电场分布的敏感特性。该文从理论上分析电极表面粗糙引起的局部电场畸变,计算电场畸变程度对C_4F_7N/CO_2绝缘性能的影响,提出采用优异值来评估C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体对不均匀电场的耐受能力。与SF_6气体对比,发现C_4F_7N/CO_2的优异值随C4F7N含量的降低而增大;当C4F7N体积分数低于20%时,C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体的优异值比SF_6气体的优异值大。为验证计算结果,制作粗糙电极放电模型进行C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体和SF_6气体的放电试验,获得了C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体和SF_6气体的优异值,与计算结果接近。若采用C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体的设备具有与采用SF_6气体相同的绝缘性能时,分析表明当C4F7N体积分数为4%～20%范围时,SF_6气体绝缘设备中电极表面粗糙度控制值6.3μm的标准适用于C_4F_7N/CO_2混合气体设备。     

电极表面粗糙度对SF_6、SF_6/N_2及SF_6/CO_2绝缘特性的影响

本文采用机加工形成的不同粗糙度的电极,研究SF_6,SF_6/N_2及SF_6/CO_2的绝缘特性,并与计算结果进行比较。     

机加工形成的导体表面粗糙度对SF_6气体击穿影响的研究

本文研究了机加工形成的电极表面粗糙度对SF_6气体绝缘性能的影响;提出了对SF_6气体绝缘电器中导体表面加工要求的看法。文章还将作者的试硷结果与Pedersen模型的理论曲线进行了比较。     

直流电压下SF_6气体中电极覆膜对金属微粒启举的影响机理

为研究直流电场下SF_6气体中低压电极覆膜对金属微粒启举的影响机理,搭建了实验平台并使用高速摄像机记录运动轨迹。实验结果表明,随着SF_6气体压力的增大,微粒启举场强升高,且启举后到达高压电极的时间缩短。基于图像处理获得了微粒的瞬时位移,结合运动力学方程和最小二乘法提出了启举时电荷量的计算方法,微粒电荷量的计算分析表明启举时的电荷量减小。建立了覆膜后金属微粒周围电场分布的理论模型,电场分析表明金属微粒与薄膜间的电场明显增大及表面电荷密度分布的改变,使得金属微粒受到向下的极化作用力。研究认为:电荷量减小和极化作用力向下综合导致金属微粒的启举场强提高;覆膜后局部放电是金属微粒的带电机理;SF_6气体压力增大使得金属微粒发生局部放电的起始场强升高,导致极化作用力增大,需要更高场强发生启举。     

机加工电极表面粗糙度对SF_6击穿强度的影响

本文利用小面积机加工电极,在放电老练前后对各种粗糙度的电极进行冲击放电电压试.电极老练后,表面粗糙度Rmax和SF_6气压P变化时都取得了与Pedersen理论曲线一致的实验结果,从而首次以实际机加工电极证实了Pedersen有关粗糙度理论的正确性,并对以往大面积机加工电极实验结果偏离Pedersen理论曲线之原因作了解释.     

Effect of electrode surface roughness on breakdown conditioning under non-uniform electric field in vacuum

Breakdown (BD) characteristics in vacuum are strongly dependent on the electrode surface conditions, such as surface roughness. However, there is little known concerning the details of the relationship between the surface roughness and BD conditioning effect. In practical application, it is important to clarify how the surface roughness affects the breakdown conditioning characteristics, especially for the non-uniform field configuration. This paper discusses the effect of surface roughness on breakdown conditioning characteristics under non-uniform electric field in vacuum under applications of negative standard lightning impulse voltage. For this purpose, we examined the BD conditioning of a rod-to-plane electrode made of SUS304 and Cu-Cr. The surface roughness of R_a is controlled from 0.3 to 2.5 mum. Experimental results revealed that the enhancement of surface roughness of electrodes increases the number of BD to complete the conditioning effect. We explained the results from the observed results of the electrode surface. Consequently, we could clarify the effect of surface roughness on the conditioning effect under non-uniform electric field in vacuum quantitatively.     

Electrode roughness effects on the breakdown of air-insulatedapparatus

The dielectric breakdown of air insulating systems is believed to be sensitive to local irregularity of the electric field which may result from the presence of defects such as contaminants adhering to electrode surfaces and surface roughness. Normally metal machining methods are used to eliminate such electrode surfaces irregularities. However, system aging and harsh operating conditions create and sustain such rough surface conditions which may, in turn, lead to the failure of insulation under the resulting enhanced electric stresses. Electrode surface roughness causes a large reduction in the breakdown strengths of gas insulated apparatus. Surface roughness leads to the existence of localized microscopic regions with local field intensities larger than the average field in the gas near the electrodes. This paper models the insulation breakdown mechanism in the presence of such surface roughness, or protrusions, taking into account their random nature which lends the problem to probabilistic treatment. In order to generalize the surface roughness effect on the dielectric withstand of air-insulated systems, surface roughness is simulated by using a random event generator. The perturbations which these protrusions inflict on the field distribution in a nearly-uniform field gap are assessed. The corresponding breakdown voltages are estimated for different patterns of surface roughness. The results are statistically formulated     

Relationship between electrode surface roughness and impulse breakdown voltage in vacuum gap of Cu and Cu-Cr electrodes

The relationship between the impulse breakdown voltage of vacuum gaps and electrode surface roughness was investigated for the purpose of controlling the surface roughness on HV conductors. The roughness of mechanically polished Cu and Cu-Cr electrodes was measured with a roughness meter, and the relationship between the breakdown voltage and surface roughness was obtained for plate-to-plate gaps. The discharge-conditioning effect increased with reduction in the surface roughness. The breakdown voltage depended not only on the roughness of the cathode but also on the anode surfaces. Reducing the surface roughness was found not to be an effective way to increase the breakdown voltage for non-uniform field gaps after discharge conditioning.     

Effect of electrode surface roughness on electrical breakdown in high voltage apparatus

This paper considers the statistical theory of electrical breakdowns in high voltage (HV) devices. The extended probability distribution of breakdown is deduced for nonuniform gaps. The breakdown of high voltage apparatus is sensitive to local irregularity of the electric field which may result from the presence of defects such as surface roughness. The surface roughness leads to existence of localized microscopic projection with local electric field strength at the projection top larger than the average field at the electrode surface. The link between parameters determining the probability of electrical breakdown and the parameters determining microscopic geometry of electrode surface is obtained. In this paper a simplified breakdown model is used as a basis for statistical treatment. According to the model the breakdown proceeds if the electric field strength at the projection top exceeds the critical value. The method of dielectric strength calculation for HV devices using a simplified model of breakdown is presented. The paper gives an example of calculation of the breakdown voltage for vacuum switch TVS-43. Results of calculations are compared with available experimental data and Weibull distribution     

Investigation of top electrode for PZT thick films based MEMS sensors

In this work processing of screen printed piezoelectric PZT thick films on silicon substrates is investigated for use in future MEMS devices. E-beam evaporated Al and Pt are patterned on PZT as a top electrode using a lift-off process with a line width down to 3 μm. Three test structures are used to investigate the optimal thickness of the top electrode, the degradation of the piezoelectric properties of the PZT film in absence of a diffusion barrier layer and finally how to fabricate electrical interconnects down the edge of the PZT thick film. The roughness of the PZT is found to have a strong influence on the conductance of the top electrode influencing the optimal top electrode thickness. A 100 nm thick top electrode on the PZT thick film with a surface roughness of 273 nm has a 4.5 times higher resistance compared to a similar wire on a planar SiO₂ surface which has a surface roughness of less than 10 nm. It is found that the piezoelectric properties of the PZT thick film are degraded up to 1,000 μm away from a region of the PZT thick film that is exposed directly to the silicon substrate without a diffusion barrier layer. Finally, ferroelectric hysteresis loops are used to verify that the piezoelectric properties of the PZT thick film are unchanged after the processing of the top electrode.     

电极表面粗糙度和复盖层对SF_6击穿强度的影响

本文根据实验结果和对文献数据的分析,提出一个分别考虑气压和电极表面粗糙度影响的经验公式.     

The influence of electrode macroscopic curvature upon surface roughness effects in compressed SF6

Contents Previous theoretical studies of electrode surface roughness effects in compressed SF₆ have not included the macroscopic curvature of the electrode in the analyses. The omission of this parameter can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the existence of a lower limit to the effect of surface roughness upon insulation strength. This aspect is examined through the application of an intersecting sphere model to the breakdown of compressed SF₆. The results indicate that, in a practical system, no lower limit exists and consequently electrode surface roughness will always lead to a reduction in the insulation strength.

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Die Einwirkung der makroskopischen Elektrodenkrümmung auf Oberflächenrauhigkeitseffekte in komprimiertem SF₆

Übersicht Bei den bisherigen theoretischen Untersuchungen der Oberflächenrauhigkeitseffektc in komprimiertem SF₆ wurde die makroskopische Krümmung der Elektroden nicht berücksichtigt. Die Vernachlässigung dieses Parameters kann zu falschen Schlußfolgerungen über die Existenz einer unteren Schranke für die Einwirkung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit auf die Isolationsfestigkeit leiten. Das Problem wird hier untersucht durch Anwendung eines aus sich schneidenden Kugeln bestehenden Modells auf den Durchschlag in komprimiertem SF₆. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, daß es keine untere Schranke bei praktischen Systemen gibt; daraus folgt, daß die Oberflächenrauhigkeit immer eine Reduktion der Isolationsfestigkeit bewirkt.

     

Study on the Characteristics of the Gas Switch Electrode Erosion

Gas spark switch is one of the key parts in pulsed power technology.Electrode erosion has great influence on the switch performance and lifetime.In this paper,a field distortion gas switch is selected for the experiment and a great deal of discharging experiments have been conducted in different test conditions.The forming process of etch pit as well as its influencing factors is discussed briefly and surface roughness coefficient(SRC) of the electrode is put forward to evaluate the state of electrode erosion.Experimental results show that current peak plays an important role in electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are the same,and electric charge and oscillation frequency of discharge current also have great effect on the electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are different.With the increase of discharge times,SRC decreases slowly at first and then decreases quickly after three thousand of discharge times.     

电负性混合气体绝缘取代SF_6的可能性

电负性混合气体耐电强度的常用计算式,只适用于实验室中小面积的光滑电极。分析表明,SF_6混合气体对电极表面缺陷不象纯SF_6那样敏感。实验和分析均表明,在SF_6中添加少量的其他电负性气体和适当的缓冲气体,可以获得价廉的高耐电强度的混合气体。但适用于工业装置的理想缓冲气体还有待进一步寻找。