干化葡萄酒酿造中不同干化处理对白藜芦醇的影响

研究以宁夏贺兰山东麓赤霞珠葡萄为原料酿制干化葡萄酒时3种不同干化处理方法(日光下晒制、日光下隔离紫外线晒制、阴制)对葡萄及葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的影响,以及干化处理时天气的温度、紫外线强度及葡萄水分损失对白藜芦醇含量的影响。采用高相液相色谱法(HPLC)测定葡萄及葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量。结果表明:以未处理的鲜葡萄做对照,3种干化方法都可以提高葡萄以及用它们酿制的葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量。相比未处理的鲜葡萄,3种干化方法使葡萄中的白藜芦醇含量分别提高了206.17%、187.65%、138.27%,所酿制的干化葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量分别提高了139.46%、116.22%、75.30%,干化过程中温度对白藜芦醇含量影响较大,日光下紫外线及葡萄水分含量对白藜芦醇含量影响较小。     

葡萄品种、产区及酿造工艺对酒中白藜芦醇的影响

用高效液相色谱方法研究了葡萄品种、葡萄产区和不同酿造工艺对干红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的影响.结果表明:梅鹿辄葡萄酒中白藜芦醇总量比赤霞珠葡萄酒高30.7%～34%,其中反式白藜芦醇含量显著高于赤霞珠葡萄酒,达到60%～70%;西部宁夏产区的葡萄酒白藜芦醇总量比东部天津蓟县产区的葡萄酒高10.9%;使用佳尼美德发酵罐比立式罐发酵的葡萄酒白藜芦醇总量高4.9%.     

葡萄白藜芦醇的功能及生物合成调控研究进展

白藜芦醇是葡萄和葡萄酒中的一种重要功能性化合物,其含量多少不仅极大影响着果实和葡萄酒的品质,而且和植株本身在生长发育阶段适应性强弱有着密切相关性。本文对葡萄中白藜芦醇的研究进行文献综述,包括白藜芦醇的结构与分布特征、白藜芦醇在人体内和葡萄体内的活性与功能研究、提取与检测方法、葡萄中白藜芦醇的含量及其遗传规律、葡萄白藜芦醇的诱导表达调控等方面,并进一步对未来如何高效选育高白藜芦醇含量葡萄品种及结合生物技术手段就其工业化改良提了一点建议。     

葡萄品种、产区及酿造工艺对酒中白藜芦醇的影响

用高效液相色谱方法研究了葡萄品种、葡萄产区和不同酿造工艺对干红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的影响。结果表明：梅鹿辄葡萄酒中白藜芦醇总量比赤霞珠葡萄酒高30．7％～34％,其中反式白藜芦醇含量显著高于赤霞珠葡萄酒,达到60％～70％;西部宁夏产区的葡萄酒白藜芦醇总量比东部天津蓟县产区的葡萄酒高10．9％;使用佳尼美德发酵罐比立式罐发酵的葡萄酒白藜芦醇总量高4．9％。     

毛葡萄及酿酒皮渣中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量分析

探索广西野生毛葡萄中功能成分白藜芦醇含量分布,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对毛葡萄果皮、葡萄籽、葡萄汁、葡萄酒及酿酒葡萄皮渣、酿酒葡萄籽中的白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量进行测定。结果表明,除葡萄汁外,毛葡萄、葡萄酒及酿酒皮渣中均存在不同含量的白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷,且相同部位白藜芦醇苷含量均高于白藜芦醇。酿酒皮渣中白藜芦醇及白藜芦醇苷的含量最高,具备工业化提取的经济价值,为毛葡萄酿酒废弃物的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

葡萄素的生物活性研究

葡萄素（Viniferin）是葡萄与葡萄酒中重要功能性成分白藜芦醇（Resveratrol）聚合后的一类天然多酚。近年来的研究发现,葡萄素和白藜芦醇一样具有抗菌、抗炎、抗癌等多种生物活性,并且其活性和稳定性都高于白藜芦醇。因而在植物抗病、人体生理药理活性领域倍受关注。本文对葡萄与葡萄酒中几种主要葡萄素的生物活性、分布和检测等方面的研究进展做简要介绍。     

干红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量与分布

对影响葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的因素进行了系统的研究.结果表明:葡萄浆果中的白藜芦醇主要分布在果皮上;发酵温度及酵母菌、乳酸菌种类对葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量有一定的影响,而果胶酶对其几乎没有影响;产地、年份等生态条件的差异导致了葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的差异;国产干红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量差异明显.     

葡萄酒中的白藜芦醇及其衍生物

介绍了葡萄酒中有益健康的成分白藜芦醇及其衍生物,对影响葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的因素,如：酿造工艺、酿酒葡萄品种、病害侵染、产地等重要因素进行了综述。     

葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量及其检测方法研究进展

介绍了葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的影响因素,如葡萄酒种类、葡萄品种和产地、浸渍工艺、过滤方法和贮藏条件,并就葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的五种检测方法等方面的研究现状和进展情况进行了综述。     

葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量及其影响因素

白藜芦醇是一种天然植物抗毒素,对人体具有很多保健作用,它广泛地存在于葡萄属植物中,并且在葡萄酒中含量相对丰富。本文主要介绍了葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量及其影响因素     

Temperatures and ages of boxed beef packed and distributed in Canada

Boxes of beef were examined when product was packed and when boxes were loaded out of five packing plants, when boxes were loaded into and loaded out of seven refrigerated warehouses, and when boxes were received and opened at 21 retail stores. At each stage of handling at each facility, the boxes to be examined were selected at random. For each selected box, the temperature of product at the centre of the box was measured, and the date of packing and the plant of origin were noted. When cuts were packed, the minimum, median and maximum temperatures were about 2, 6 and 18 °C, respectively. Temperatures were successively lower when boxes were loaded out of packing plants, into warehouses and out of warehouses. When loaded out of warehouses, the minimum, median and maximum temperatures were about −2, 1 and 8 °C, respectively. The ranges of temperatures were similar, but the median temperatures were about 2 or 1.5 °C, respectively, when boxes were received at or were opened at retail stores. At packing plants and warehouses, the temperatures of manufacturing and ground beef were lower than those of cuts, but at the retail store the temperatures of all types of product were similar. When boxes were opened at retail stores, the minimum, median and maximum ages of cuts were about 2, 20 and 130 days, respectively; and the corresponding ages for manufacturing and ground beef were 2, 7 and 56 days, respectively. The data indicate that boxed beef is generally cooled to and maintained at temperatures within the range sought by the meat industry. However, cooling to chiller temperatures of product that is packed while warm can take several days; and some product is held for times that are excessive in view of the temperatures of boxed beef.     

Sensitivity of Methods of Variance Component Estimation to Culling Type of Selection

Two pseudoexpectation methods of variance component estimation were examined for selection bias from culling and were compared with Henderson's simple method and restricted maximum likelihood. Milk yield data were simulated for 100 herds, 50 sires, and approximately 2000 cows per replicate. Heritability was .25, and repeatability was .50. Each cow had two records. Twenty replicates were made. Two data sets were created; one was unselected and included both records of the cow, and the second excluded second records of cows with first records below the herd mean. Sire, cow, and error variances were estimated according to a mixed model that included fixed herd, parity, and random sire, cow, and error effects. Estimates of sire, cow, and error variances and heritability and repeatability were unbiased and were similar for all methods for unselected data. For selected data, sire and cow variances were overestimated and error variances were underestimated with Henderson's simple method and the pseudoexpectation methods. Accordingly, heritabilities and repeatabilities were overestimated. Biases were greatest for Henderson's simple method and differences between the two pseudoexpectation methods were small. With restricted maximum likelihood, sire variances were unbiased but error variances were slightly overestimated and cow variances underestimated. Use of restricted maximum likelihood is preferred with selected data.     

新疆乳品中乳酸菌的多样性及耐药性分析

从新疆北部地区采集的样品中分离出103株乳酸菌并进行生理生化表型鉴定,对这些乳酸菌进行16S rRNA基因序列测序,构建系统发育树发现分离的乳酸菌主要为5个属分别为乳杆菌属、肠球菌属、乳球菌属、魏斯式菌属、明串珠菌属。采用纸片扩散法（K-B）研究不同属中不同乳酸菌对8种常见抗生素的耐药性分析。耐药性研究表明,分别有6株对链霉素、新霉素有耐药性,5株对红霉素有耐药性,7株对卡那霉素有耐药性,8株全部对萘啶酸具有耐药性,4株对万古霉素、四环素具有耐药性,2株对头孢唑肟存在耐药性。     

水性聚氨酯涂饰剂的性能分析

对几种水性聚氨酯涂饰剂的性能进行了多方面的测定分析，包括聚氨酯涂饰剂的含固量和pH值、聚氨酯涂饰剂膜的感观和机械性能、聚氨酯涂饰剂运用于涂饰中时涂层的性能。通过测定分析了解了这些聚氨酯涂饰剂的优缺点，以及它们用于皮革涂饰工艺中时所适用的涂饰种类。     

豆类纤维素和蛋白质对豆淀粉理化性质影响研究

选取豌豆、红豆和绿豆三种样品豆,并分别制备豆全粉、除纤维素豆粉、豆淀粉三种样品,研究它们溶胀度、可溶指数、直链淀粉含量、糊化性、质构性等性质。结果表明,三种样品豆的豆全粉、除纤维素豆粉、豆淀粉的粘度差异较大,其中以豆淀粉粘度最高,除纤维素豆粉次之,豆全粉粘度最低;豆淀粉硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性高于豆全粉和除纤维素豆粉;随温度升高,三种样品豆的豆全粉、除纤维素豆粉、豆淀粉溶胀度和可溶指数均呈现递增趋势,其中豆全粉可溶指数明显高于除纤维素豆粉和豆淀粉;在较高温度下,豆淀粉溶胀度要高于除纤维素豆粉和豆全粉。     

芦苇叶类黄酮高效液相色谱分析

目的：分析芦苇叶类黄酮的组分。方法：制备芦苇叶类黄酮提取浓缩过程中形成的析出物和浓缩液再经大孔树脂纯化后产生的初纯物,优化两种样品中类黄酮苷转化为苷元的水解条件,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定两种样品和其水解样品类黄酮的组分。结果：析出物和初纯物的总黄酮含量分别为57.1%和18.5%,酸浓度1.4mol/L、温度80～90℃条件下水解4h可获得相对最好的水解效果;HPLC测定表明,析出物含32种组分,其中7种得到确定,初纯物含22种组分,其中5种得到确定;水解析出物含28种组分,其中7种得到确定,水解初纯物含25种组分,其中7种得到确定。结论：芦苇叶含有芦丁、野黄芩苷、橙皮苷、木犀草素、槲皮素、芹菜素、山奈酚、异鼠李素(或橙皮素)、异甘草素和黄芩素,其中芹菜素含量最高,还有许多未确定的类黄酮。     

Outcome of clinical mastitis in dairy heifers assessed by reexamination of cases one month after treatment

Heifers that were treated for clinical mastitis prior to parturition or within 14 d postpartum were reexamined approximately 1 mo after treatment. Clinical examination of the heifers and microbiological examination of quarter milk samples were carried out on both occasions. Of the 1000 heifers included in the study, 10.9% were culled within 28 d after treatment. Udder damage caused by mastitis was the only or main reason for culling in 96% of those heifers. In comparison, 4.5% of nonmastitic heifers from the same herds were culled within 30 d postpartum. Twenty-five percent of those heifers that were not culled at d 28 after treatment had at least one nonfunctional quarter at that time. One thousand one hundred twenty-two quarters that were clinically affected at the time of treatment were reexamined; 22% were nonfunctional, 14% were still affected by clinical mastitis, 12% had subclinical mastitis, 5% had a latent infection with coagulase-positive staphylococci or Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and 46% were bacteriologically negative and had a normal cell count at the time of reexamination. High percentages of nonfunctional quarters were observed among those quarters that were infected with Arcanobacterium pyogenes or with coagulase-positive staphylococci at treatment. When all quarters that were clinically affected at treatment were considered, 40% of quarters were cured and were still in lactation at reexamination. Quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci had a higher cure rate than quarters infected with other organisms. At reexamination, clinical signs of thelitis were observed in many of those quarters that were nonfunctional following the episode of clinical mastitis and also in 25% of lactating quarters in which clinical mastitis persisted.     

河南省保健食品中污染物调查

目的了解保健食品中重金属、微生物及农药污染情况。方法样品为2008—2013年由保健食品生产、经营企业送检和监督部门抽检的产品共1 962份,采用GB/T 5009、GB 5009、GB/T 4789、GB 4789规定的方法,对2008—2013年河南省保健食品中的重金属、微生物、农药残留进行检测及分析。结果 6年间铅、砷、汞总超标率分别为6.67%(120/1 800)、6.12%(110/1 798)和1.32%(13/988),铅、砷年度超标率呈下降趋势,汞年度超标率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。菌落总数、霉菌及酵母菌总超标率分别为5.25%、3.55%和0.32%,其年度超标率均呈下降趋势,大肠菌群年度超标率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。铅、砷、汞、大肠菌群及霉菌超标主要集中于植物及动物类保健食品;铅、砷、汞、菌落总数、大肠菌群及霉菌超标率均以丸剂最高;植物类、动物类及营养素补充剂类保健食品的铅含量均值分别为0.71、0.74和0.31 mg/kg,砷含量均值分别为0.41、0.39和0.12 mg/kg,汞含量均值分别为0.07、0.04和0.03 mg/kg。致病菌未检出。检测377份样品的六六六、滴滴涕,均未超标。结论重金属污染较重,但超标率趋于下降,微生物存在不同程度污染但有所好转,植物类、动物类及丸剂保健食品风险较大;六六六、滴滴涕污染较低。     

水牛乳中可培养乳酸菌多样性分析

采用传统分离培养方法,从三品杂交生水牛奶混合样品中,分离出105株乳酸菌,通过形态、生理生化、API细菌鉴定系统及16S rDNA基因序列分析方法对各菌株属种进行鉴定。16S rRNA序列分析结果显示,105株菌共分为5个属8个种,呈现较为丰富的乳酸菌多样性,具体数量分布为乳酸乳球菌21株,植物乳杆菌19株,格氏乳球菌17株,乳明串珠菌13株,食窦魏斯氏菌11株,肠膜明串珠菌8株,类肠膜魏斯氏菌6株,嗜热链球菌5株,糊精乳杆菌5株。由此可知,水牛乳中可培养乳酸菌优势菌群的主次关系为：乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）＞植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantaru）＞格氏乳球菌（Lactococcus garvieae）＞乳明串珠菌（Leuconostoc lactis）＞食窦魏斯氏菌（Weissella cibaria）,此为后续开发水牛乳中优势乳酸菌资源提供了良好的理论基础。     

我国主要烟草青枯病病圃青枯菌系统发育分析

为探究我国主要植烟区烟草青枯病鉴定病圃中青枯菌的系统发育,采用演化型分类框架下的序列变种分类方法,对从各烟株和土壤样品中分离得到的100株青枯菌进行系统发育分析。结果表明,所有菌株可归为4个分支,分别为序列变种15、17、34、54。其中,云南文山州广南县病圃中的菌株为序列变种17和54,福建泰宁县的菌株为序列变种34,福建三明市三元区的菌株为序列变种15和34,广东白云区的菌株为序列变种15和17,广东南雄市的菌株为序列变种15、17和34,安徽宣城市宣州区的菌株为序列变种34和54,贵州福泉的菌株为序列变种17,重庆彭水的菌株为序列变种17。本研究发现同一病圃中存在多个序列变种,某些病圃同一地块中烟株与土壤分离所得菌株序列变种不一致。