施用钢渣对水稻土pH、水溶态硅动态及水稻产量的影响

测定了盆栽水稻生育期土壤淋滤液pH和水溶态硅浓度 ,探讨了其变化规律。结果表明 ,与对照相比施用钢渣提高了土壤 pH ,且这种影响随钢渣施用量的增加和粒度变细而加强。在水稻生育期内各处理土壤水溶态硅都经历了一个先上升达到高峰 ,然后逐渐下降 ,最终趋于稳定的过程 ;施用钢渣各处理土壤水溶态硅浓度在插秧后 3～ 4周内低于对照 ,以后则高于对照 ,这种情况随钢渣施用量的增加或粒度变细而更为显著。试验结果还表明 ,施用钢渣可以明显提高水稻产量。     

重庆茶园土壤酸化及肥力特征的研究

本文主要运用数理统计的方法对重庆茶园土壤的酸化特性和肥力特征作了一系列的相关分析,结果表明茶园土壤在不同pH值区段内的化学性质随pH值的变化差异明显,特别是当土壤pH值处于4.5～5.0区段时,对于酸化过程的抑制能力明显减弱,其盐基离子的脱除速度也显著增加,交换性阳离子中致酸离子比例增大,而当土壤pH值处于5.0以上区段时,对于酸化过程的抑制能力则明显增强,盐基脱除速度也迅速下降,交换性阳离子中致酸离子比例下降.随着土壤有机质含量的增加,其致酸离子的含量也在增加,这也就促进了土壤盐基的迅速脱除,导致土壤进一步酸化.另外,茶园土壤中的肥力特征在各pH区段也表现出较为明显的差异.在整个茶园土壤中,磷、钾、锌等植物生长所必需的元素均有不同程度的缺失,而以磷、钾的缺失尤其严重,这充分说明土壤酸化程度加剧对茶树生长十分不利.     

西藏高原设施蔬菜土壤特性调查研究

对西藏高原大棚蔬菜土壤进行了分析研究。结果表明,与相邻露地土壤相比,其有机质、全磷、全氮、速效磷、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全镁等含量均有增加,全钾、速效钾、全钙等含量均有减少;土壤pH值下降,有酸化的趋势;微量元素铁、硼、锌、钼等全量均有增加的趋势。塑料大棚土壤硝态氮发生了积累。土壤有机质、硝态氮、全铁、全硼、全锌、全镁、全钼等含量有随塑料大棚种植年限的延长而增加的趋势;土壤全钙量随塑料大棚种植年限的延长而减少,这是大棚土壤结构性变差的主要原因;土壤全锰量、全铜量无明显的变化规律;土壤pH值随塑料大棚种植年限的延长而下降,出现了土壤酸化现象。因此,西藏高原设施蔬菜土壤管理应注重有机肥的施用,控制氮肥的施用量和施肥时期,合理轮作倒茬,适当施用石灰,调节土壤酸度,根据蔬菜生长情况,适当施用钾肥,改变传统观念—西藏土壤不缺钾;注意灌水方法。     

小流域范围土壤锰、铝形态分布及其相关性研究

分别在湖南的郴州和长沙选定两小流域(SZY和LKS),从小流域规模分析了酸雨频降区两小流域土壤的主要理化特性和土壤锰铝形态及其分布,并讨论了锰铝各形态和土壤有机质,土壤pH值之间的相关性。结果表明:在小流域SZY土壤中,各种形态的锰铝含量均高于小流域LKS土壤中对应形态的锰铝含量;在同一剖面,各种形态的锰铝含量有表土高于底土的趋势。在两小流域土壤中,除无定形锰(Mnox)外各种形态的锰铝均与土壤有机质呈正相关。铝的溶出与土壤有机质和土壤pH值有关。酸沉降能影响毒性元素铝形态的转化和淋溶。活性铝、锰形态可能富集在土壤表层或植物根际等富含有机质的区域,酸沉降或其它环境条件可能促进铝、锰形态在土壤表层或植物根际的转化和溶出,从而导致毒害。     

土壤有机态Cd转(活)化的影响因子及其综合作用

为实现重金属污染土壤的修复 ,本文讨论了土壤有机态Cd转 (活 )化的影响因子及其综合作用。根据统计学的判别分析发现 :EM菌为其主导影响因子 ,而非以往形态转化研究中所说的pH ,其作用机制可能主要是生物降解 ;就影响因子的综合作用效果而言 ,在有机态Cd向活化态Cd转化中 ,有效的处理组合是随着土壤 pH的改变而变化的 :pH 6.5时 ,以EM菌 1%、C/N 2 0为最佳。pH 7.0时 ,以EM菌 1%、C/N =3 5为最宜。pH 7.5时 ,EM菌 3 %、C/N =3 5才最适 ;本研究条件下有机态Cd减少和活性态Cd增加的协同转化率为 11.5 %。本研究为重金属污染土壤的修复提供了重要的理论依据     

砂质土壤磷素的组成特点与释放规律研究

砂质土壤磷素主要以可提取态形式积累,有很高的释放潜力。该类土壤磷素的释放受土壤pH、土水作用时间和土壤溶液化学组成等的影响。土壤酸化、土壤溶液中Na 浓度的提高及土壤与水的作用时间增加可促进土壤磷素的释放。用淋洗方法和平衡提取等2种方法对土壤磷素的释放评价表明,淋洗方法测得的P量较小,可代表土壤短期内P释放强度;而平衡提取法提取的P数量较大,可代表土壤P长期释放的容量。     

模拟酸雨对荔枝果园土壤磷素等温吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用等温吸附试验方法研究了模拟酸雨对荔枝果园土壤磷的吸附与解吸特性的影响。试验结果表明,不同处理间土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)为pH2.5>pH4.5>CK=pH6.5,其中pH2.5的酸雨淋溶处理对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)与其它处理间差异显著;土壤吸附磷的解吸量(Xd)分别与相应的吸附量(X)和原平衡溶液浓度(C)呈显著的指数相关和线性相关,随着土壤对吸附量的增加,土壤磷的解吸量呈指数增长。     

壳聚糖对土壤理化性状的影响

壳聚糖对土壤理化性状有较大的影响。当土壤中施入壳聚糖酸溶液后,土壤的团粒结构和渗透系数随壳聚糖施用量的增加而增加,而容重、CEC和pH则减小;在EC值上表现为先下降后上升的趋势。当壳聚糖施用量达到0.45‰[对干土平均质量(W/W)]后,土壤物理性状的变化趋于稳定。3种壳聚糖酸溶液处理的土壤物理性状的变化趋势一致,无明显差异。在壳聚糖酸溶液中,酸作为溶剂本身对土壤物理性状的影响不大。壳聚糖酸溶液对土壤化学性状的影响过程较复杂,表现出是由壳聚糖和酸对土壤共同作用的结果。溶剂酸是影响土壤pH主要因素,其酸性越强,壳聚糖酸溶液的酸性就越强,处理后土壤的pH就越小。土壤CEC、EC同时受壳聚糖用量和溶剂酸种类的影响。     

长期酸化对红壤中活性固相铝库大小及亏损程度的影响

用连续分级提取和反复多次酸提取方法研究了长期土壤酸化对红壤固相铝库中铝含量及亏损程度的影响。研究结果表明:嵊县红壤的活性铝库大于永春红壤和屯溪红壤;因永春红壤和屯溪红壤的酸化程度大于嵊县红壤,前两者的有机铝库和无机铝库都比嵊县红壤的亏损,因此反复酸提取过程中铝的释放量也比嵊县红壤少;当高强度酸输入土壤后,弱键合的有机络合态铝可快速活化并亏损,剩余铝库因活性小而释放速率减小,但长期酸化过程中,动力学控制的低活性铝库的活化可能对铝的溶解量仍有重要贡献。     

酸雨对黄棕壤的致酸作用与对小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化水平的影响

通过模拟酸雨淋洗土壤,造成了土壤酸化和盐基流失。将小麦幼苗栽培于由酸雨致酸的土壤上,导致小麦幼苗的膜脂过氧化水平提高。其中致酸土壤对根系膜脂过氧化水平的影响大于对叶片膜脂过氧化水平的影响。     

模拟酸雨组成对棉花根际土壤水解酶活性的影响

本文模拟酸雨离子组成,运用恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,考察了外源酸对棉花根际土壤脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:低酸度对脲酶、中性磷酸酶产生一定的激活效应,进而转为抑制;而在[H ]0～55mmol/kg范围内,外源酸对转化酶与酸性磷酸酶活性表现为明显的激活效应。三种水解酶活性随培养时间的延长均表现为激活-抑制的变化规律。相关分析表明,脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性与[H ]呈极显著负相关;而转化酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与[H ]正相关。     

土壤含水量增墒、退墒预测模型的研建与应用

在天然旱地植被系统中,土壤水大小与大气水、地表水和蒸散量等因素关系密切,且存在水量平衡关系。依据水量平衡关系和实测水文资料,以连续无雨日数为影响因子,创建土壤含水量与连续无雨日数相关关系,该关系式即为单站无雨退墒预测模型;以降水为影响因子,创建土壤含水量增量与降水量相关关系,该关系式即为有雨增墒预测模型,实现短期内土壤含水量动态变化预测。预测模型已应用到2016年吉林省中西部墒情分析评价工作中,应用结果表明:该模型理论依据充分,符合天然旱地植被系统中的水量平衡关系;建模简单,应用便捷,可进行短期土壤含水量增墒、退墒预测,预测结果能够科学反映土壤含水量动态变化规律。     

Monitoring infiltration rates in semiarid soils using airborne hyperspectral technology

Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The physical crust that forms on the soil surface during rain events is one of the major causes of increased run-off and reduced water infiltration into the soil profile. Based on previous studies that showed significant correlation between crusted soil and soil reflectance properties, we performed a systematic study over Loess soil from Israel, in order to map the infiltration rate from a remote distance, using Hyperspectral (or Imaging Spectroscopy, IS) technology. First, we simulated rain events under laboratory conditions, using the selected soil and varying rain energy treatments. After measuring the reflectance properties of the crusted soils, we developed a spectral parameter for assessment of crust status. The parameter, Normalized Spectral Area (NSA), uses the area under a ratio spectrum across the VIS-NIR spectral region (calculated from the ratio of the crusted (treated) soil spectrum to the non-crusted soil spectrum). The correlation between the NSA and infiltration rate values provided a significant calibration equation. Based on these results, we conducted an airborne campaign, employing the AISA imaging scanner adjusted to 30-channel data in the VIS-NIR, and established control plots (crusted and non-crusted soil) on the ground, to examine the NSA parameter for mapping the infiltration properties of Loess soils. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the two datasets (laboratory and air), suggesting that infiltration rates can be estimated remotely. Further research is necessary to expand the analysis to other areas and conditions (e.g. diverse CaCO₃ and moisture content of soil). The paper shows that spectral reflectance information in the VIS-NIR region can be used to assess soil infiltration affected by the soil crust, in both laboratory and air domains. It is strongly suggested that future study in this regard use the full optical range (VIS-NIR-SWIR-TIR), as well as a spectral library of crusted soils collected in or within the rain simulator environment.     

Technical note The effect of rate of decay of rain path profile on microwave communication

The attenuation of radio waves due to rain can be predicted with a good degree of accuracy, provided the rain rate characteristics over the entire path of propagation are known. The attenuation due to rain is usually deduced on the basis of point rain rate, which can lead to inaccuracy in the estimation of attenuation. We use the concept of rate of decay of rain path profile to estimate the attenuation due to rain. The attenuation has been deduced at 11GHz and 13.4 GHz for 56 elevation angle by using the theory of decay rate of rain path profile, its controlling factor, gamma, and rain rate distribution over Delhi, a tropical station in India. The theoretically-estimated attenuation is compared with observed values, as well as with values obtained using the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) method. The CCIR model is found to overestimate the attenuation.     

模拟酸雨不同水平下杜英和山核桃的高光谱特点

通过模拟酸雨大棚试验,测定了3个酸雨梯度下4个时期杜英和山核桃高光谱反射率以及对应的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD相对值),并利用反高斯模型拟合红边光谱曲线,构建红边位置λp及红边宽度等光谱特征参量。结果表明:在pH较低的酸雨处理下杜英的叶绿素含量有一定的升高,而山核桃则是呈现下降的趋势;在可见光区,杜英在pH5.6处理下的平均光谱反射率要高于pH2.5的处理;而山核桃在pH5.6处理下的平均光谱反射率普遍要低于pH2.5的处理;杜英红光区域叶绿素吸收最小反射率值R0在pH5.6的处理要低于pH2.5的处理,山核桃相反;杜英的λp值表明其反射率光谱曲线发生了"红移"现象,而山核桃则产生了"蓝移"。这表明或可建立叶片的光谱反射率同酸雨危害程度之间的定量或定性关系。     

一种单幅图像雨滴去除的方法

在雨天条件下,由于雨滴对成像系统的不良影响,将会导致获取的图像质量下降, 不利于对图像信息进一步处理。针对该问题,首先根据内部生成机制有关理论将雨天图像分解 为粗糙子图与细节子图;然后,采用基于形态学分量分析的稀疏分解方法将细节子图划分为有 雨部分和无雨部分;最后,利用粗糙子图与无雨部分进行重构得到去雨后的图像。实验结果表 明,该方法能够有效去除图像中的雨线,并较好地保留场景的细节信息。     

Spectral properties and hydraulic conductance of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact

In this study, a controlled spectral investigation of the properties of structural crust, using infiltration rate as an indicator, was carried out, on a grumusol (typic chromoxerets) soil. The scope of this paper is to investigate the spectral relationship between structural crust and the infiltration rate and some related properties of a grumusol soil. Structural crust is a thin compact layer generated on the soil's surface after rainstorm events due to raindrop energy. The crust, which is a result of physical segregation and rearrangement of soil particles, affects some of the soil's physical properties, such as infiltration, run-off and soil erosion. A set of soil samples was subjected in the laboratory to increased levels of cumulative energy from a simulated rainstorm, while measuring the infiltration rate. The result was a set of soil samples with increased levels of crusting and correspondingly reduced infiltration rates. After drying the soil samples, their spectral parameters across the SWIR region (1.2 w m-2.4 w m) were studied in the laboratory. Empirical relations were found between the infiltration rate and reflectance values (either in raw or in first derivative domains). A spectral ratio manipulation, using a fog type rain treatment (characterized as having no rain energy) as reference, confirmed that, within the spectrum, changes in both albedo and absorption enabled the crust to be detected using reflectance radiation. This is basically because fine (mostly clay) mineral enrichment processes occurred at the surface of the crusted soil. These minerals (montmorillonite, calcite) are spectrally active across the selected spectral region. Although further study is required to fully account for other soils, rainstorm energies and water qualities, this technique suggests great potential as a tool for rapid, non-destructive, in situ assessment of crusted soil properties.     

马唐对Pb污染土壤的修复作用

研究了农田杂草马唐(Digitaria sanguinaisl)对于Pb污染土壤的修复效果。通过45d的盆栽试验研究观测了马唐在Pb污染下的生长情况和富集能力、土壤重金属Pb浓度与土壤酶活性的关系,以及经马唐修复后土壤酶活性恢复情况。结果表明:Pb污染对马唐的生长有明显的抑制作用;五种土壤酶活性均随土壤Pb浓度的增加而降低,回归分析表明土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤Pb浓度极显著相关,可表示出土壤受Pb污染程度;Pb污染土壤经过马唐修复后,过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性得到恢复,可根据它们的活性恢复状况判断马唐的修复效果。