Characteristics of mechanical alloyed Ni-Al powder for sintering

Mechanical alloying was employed to obtain high-activity Ni-AI powder. The effects of mechanical alloying on the microstructure and characteristics of milled powder with a normal composition of Ni-22.89 at.% AI-0.5 at.% B were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results show that a solution Ni （AI） was obtained after milling. During mechanical alloying, the milled powder obtains extra surface energy and crystalline energy because the crystallite size becomes free and the lattice strain increases with the milling time prolonging. Furthermore, about 0.5 mol% oxide in the particles were formed after milling, and this kind of dis- persed oxide is effective to improve the properties of the sintered alloy by dispersion strengthening. It is confirmed that Ni3AI alloy with outstanding properties has been prepared with mechanical alloyed powders.     

钢基表面激光熔覆Fe3Al的组织结构

以纯Fe3Al粉为原料，采用预置方式在钢基体表面激光溶覆Fe3Al金属间化合物。利用金相显微镜、扫锚电镜与X衍射试验方法对熔覆合金层、合金层与钢基体的结合界面等进行了显微组织与相结构的分析。试验结果获得了致密、无肉眼可见气孔、夹杂、熔覆表面有一定起伏的合金层，合金层与基体间完全冶金结合；熔覆合金层由单相Fe3Al构成，覆层组织为粗大的柱状晶团，柱状晶团内包含大量极细小的板条状Fe3Al晶粒，一些相邻的板条晶之间具有基本相同的晶体学取向。熔覆合金层显微硬度约为500HV。     

钛(TA2)及钛合金(TC4)表面等离子渗Nb研究

采用双层辉光离子渗金属技术进行钛（TA2）及钛合金（TC4）的等离子渗Nb表面改性研究。分析了合金化条件对渗层Nb含量及厚度的影响，在此基础上得到优化的典型工艺条件。研究发现，在1000℃进行合金化时，放电气压对渗层表面Nb含量有显著的影响，在本试验选取的气压范围（20～80Pa）之内，气压为65Pa时可以得到最佳质量的渗层。对此典型条件下渗层的组织形貌及成分分布特征进行了观察与分析，测试了渗层的显微硬度并用划痕法评价了渗层结合强度。结果表明，渗层表面Nb含量可达70％左右，向内逐渐降低，呈梯度分布特征。渗层与基体结合良好，硬度显著提高。     

Influence of alloying elements on the corrosion resistance of rolled zinc sheet

The influence of alloying elements on the corrosion behaviour of rolled zinc sheet in aqueous media has been investigated by means of electrochemical techniques. All the changes in corrosion behaviour seen in this study could be attributed to modification of the formation or the stability of the passivating oxide film on the zinc surface. A low concentration of copper (0.6 wt.%) inhibited the formation of the passivating film and reduced the stability of the film. Conversely, a low concentration of chromium (0.5 wt.%) accelerated the passivation process and raised the stability of the film. The passivation and corrosion behaviour shown by a commercially produced ternary alloy containing copper and titanium additions was almost the same as the behaviour shown by a model binary alloy containing only copper. All the results obtained in this study were consistent with the hypothesis that alloying elements alter the electron-conducting and/or ion-conducting properties of the passivating oxide film.     

热处理对TiC_p/Fe复合材料组织和性能的影响

研究了热处理对液态等温反应合成的TiCp/Fe复合材料的组织和性能的影响。指出热处理可以使在凝固过程中产生的少量TiFe2 和Fe3 C等相溶解消失 ,并得到一定数量的细小的二次TiC增强相。热处理过程能完全改变复合材料的基体组织。通过不同的热处理工艺 ,可以获得具有不同基体组织的复合材料 ,合金元素钼可有助于基体组织的调整。热处理过程对复合材料的性能也有较大的影响 ,二次TiC对基体的强化作用使复合材料的抗拉强度上升和冲击值下降     

高铬铸铁筛板研究

对高铬铸铁合金化和热处理工艺的研究结果表明，选用Ｃｒ／Ｃ比为７左右的Ｃｒ２０型高铬铸铁，在添加适量的Ｍｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ，并经合适的热处理后，可获得在马氏体基体上分布着较为均匀的Ｍ７Ｃ３型碳化物，使材料达到良好的强韧性配合，耐磨性明显提高，使用寿命明显高于原用筛板，达到与进口筛板相当的寿命，具有明显的经济效益。     

合金元素对新型Co-Al-W合金热腐蚀行为的影响

研究了由γ'-Co₃(Al,W)相沉淀强化的新型钴基Co-Al-W 高温合金在800℃、75% Na₂SO₄+25% NaCl熔盐中的热腐蚀动力学及合金元素Mo、Nb、Ta和Ti对合金热腐蚀行为的影响。研究发现,2Mo、2Nb、 2Ta和2Ti合金比9.8W合金具有更好的抗热腐蚀能力,Mo和Ti对提高合金耐热腐蚀能力的效果比Ta和Nb显著。加入合金元素的合金热腐蚀膜由三层组成,即主要由Co氧化物CoO和Co₃O₄组成的腐蚀膜外层,由合金元素、Al、 Co及W复杂氧化物组成的中间过渡层和由Al、Co氧化物组成的腐蚀膜内层。随着腐蚀时间的增加,中间过渡层厚度逐渐增加,热腐蚀膜内、外层厚度变化不大,但内层致密性逐渐增加。     

Studies on the oxidation behavior of Inconel 625 between 873 and 1523 K

The oxidation behavior of Inconel 625 during the early stages (<150 min) has been studied at oxygen pressures (P_{O 2}) of 0.12 kPa (0.9 torr) and 101.3 kPa (760 torr) in the temperature range of 1323 K to 1523 K by using TGA and between 873 and 1523 K by using XPS, AES, and EDS. The TGA results correlated well with those obtained by surface analysis of the oxide films. The results of XPS and AES analysis suggested that two distinctly different oxidation mechanisms operate, depending on the temperature of oxidation. Enrichment of the oxide films with respect to Cr₂O₃ occurs above 873 K, the degree of enrichment peaking at about 1200 K such that the oxide films formed at temperatures close to this consist almost exclusively of Cr₂O₃. At temperatures above 1300 K, the oxides of two minor alloying components, Nb and Ti, have been found to be present in the oxide films in significant proportions. The results have been discussed on the basis of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the competing oxide phases and the diffusivities of the alloying elements in Inconel 625.     

The effect of mechanical alloying on SiC distribution and the properties of 6061 aluminum composite

6061 Aluminum alloy reinforced with 8 vol.% SiC particulate composite was produced by P/M processing. Mechanical alloying (MA) technique was used to mill the blended powder under argon. The results of MA processing have been investigated with SEM, EDS, OM, XRD. The results show that relatively homogeneous distribution of SiCp reinforcement in the matrix could be obtained by mechanical alloying technique after 5 h. MA processing has some disadvantages, such as low compressibility of the powder and gas contamination, both of which affect the integrity of sintering. A degassing procedure is suggested to improve the compressibility and sintering.     

Synthesis and characteristics of W–Ti alloy dispersed with Y2Ti2O7 oxides

Tungsten based ODS alloys are the focus of attention in developing plasma-facing materials for future fusion devices. The stable Y₂Ti₂O₇ dispersed oxide phase has recently attracted considerable interest due to good lattice coherence with the matrix and refinement of the oxide particles. In this present work, the Y₂Ti₂O₇ oxide phase has been successfully synthesized. New W–Ti model alloys with different amounts of the dispersed oxide particles fabricated by mechanical alloying were investigated. The effect of Y₂Ti₂O₇ on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the model alloys has been examined. The results show that an appropriate amount of Y₂Ti₂O₇ in the tungsten matrix exhibits homogeneous microstructure with a uniform distribution of Ti-rich oxide particles, resulting in an increase in hardness and elastic modulus of the alloys. Oxidation of the materials and formation of complex Ti–Y–O oxides during ball milling and sintering are also discussed.     

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of atomized Al-xFe-yCr alloys

Relation between the microstucture and mechanical property of Al-xFe-yCr alloy, with various types, volume fractions and sizes of dispersoids, has been studied. The alloys contain high concentrations of transition elements (Cr, Fe) which form thermally stable precipitates in the aluminium matrix High temperature tensile tests were performed to investigate the possibility of elevated temperature applications. Oxidation of powder surface during atomizing strengthens the bulk extrudates by providing the obstacle layer. The oxide layer is very chemically and thermally stable and prevent the coarsening of the intermediate compounds X-ray diffraction shows that the volume fraction of the a-Al matrix and the intermetallic compounds in the extrudates are changed depending on the composition of alloying elements. The extrudates exhibit a fine microstructures     

金属基复合材料界面反应控制研究进展

金属基复合材料可以通过基体合金成分改变、增强体的形态和种类选择及工艺控制等要素获得不同的材料特性,因而具有很强的可设计性。在金属基复合材料性能设计中,界面状态的控制是核心内容。归纳了作者近几年在金属基复合材料界面控制研究方面的研究工作,包括利用工艺技术方法控制Cf／Al有害界面反应,获得TiB2／Al自润滑界面;利用基体合金化方法控制SiC／Al和Cf／Al有害界面反应,获得W／Cu固溶体界面等方面的理论与实践。研究表明,采用材料制备工艺和基体合金化等方法控制界面反应热力学和动力学过程可以实现抑制有害界面产生及获得有益界面,而且是十分简捷、有效和低成本的方法。     

High temperature oxidation of an oxide-dispersion strengthened NiAl

The oxidation behavior of an oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) NiAl has been studied between 900 and 1100°C in air. The dispersoids of mostly Al₂O₃ in fine-grained β-NiAl were incorporated by mechanical alloying (MA) in an argon atmosphere and hot pressing. It was found that excessive amounts of dispersoids and voids within the matrix had serious negative effects on the oxidation resistance of β-NiAl, by allowing for a more rapid formation of oxide scales and by providing fast diffusion paths for oxygen. Below the thin surface oxide scales consisted of -Al₂O₃, NiAl₂O₄ and Ni₂O₃, an internal oxidation zone was formed deep into the matrix. No metastable transient aluminas were formed during oxidation. The oxide ridge structure began to evolve after oxidation at 1100°C at the oxide–gas interface.     

The speciation of Si and other alloying elements in the oxide surface film of galvanically corroded weld fusion zone of laser welded AA6061 aluminium alloy

It has recently been proposed that on galvanic corrosion of laser weldments of AA6061 aluminium alloy the temporal increase in galvanic corrosion resulted from either the build up of intermetallic phases in the surface oxide layer and/or a significant increase in the surface area of the cathodic weld fusion zone due to the porous nature of the surface layer. This proposition has motivated a comprehensive surface analytical study of the incorporation of alloying elements into the oxide surface film, which is composed predominately of alumina. Si is found to be present as silicate and silicides. The Gibbs free energy of formation, per cation, of silicate is more negative than that for alumina and hence silicate formation is thermodynamically, relatively, favourable. In contrast the Gibbs free energy for oxide formation, per cation, for the other alloying elements is less negative and hence relatively unfavourable compared to the formation of alumina. We propose therefore that Fe, Cu and Cr are present in the metallic form, possibly as silicides, within the oxide surface layer. Magnesium is found to be depleted relative to the weld fusion zone presumably due to dissolution within the electrolyte.     

CO2 High Temperature Corrosion and Its Prevention of Chromia Forming Fe-base Alloys

High temperature corrosion of chromia forming Fe-base alloys by CO_2 produces not only oxidation but also carburisation. The corrosion kinetics in CO_2-rich gas is found to be increased compared with that in air or oxygen. As a result, higher alloy chromium levels are required to achieve protective chromia formation in CO_2. Corrosion reaction mechanisms in CO_2 are examined and the internal carburisation of alloys in low carbon activity CO_2 gases are analysed based on the variation of p_(O_2) at the interface of oxide and metal. Carbon penetration through chromia oxide scale has been revealed by atom probe tomography. The strategies to resist CO_2 corrosion are reviewed by alloying of Si and/or Mn, forming additional diffusion barrier layers, and by adding sulphur to modify oxide grain boundaries to reduce carbon diffusion along the grain boundaries.     

An analysis of strengthening mechanisms in a mechanically alloyed,oxide dispersion strengthened iron aluminide intermetallic

An iron aluminide alloy of base composition Fe-40Al has been prepared by mechanical alloying and processed using a variety of powder consolidation methods and heat treatments to produce a range of grain sizes and oxide dispersoid sizes. The strengths of these materials have been determined at room temperature and related to the various aspects of microstructure. Fine dispersoid particles may pin grain boundaries and help determine the fine grain size and contribute very significantly to the material strength. Grain size strengthening is shown to be a rather small component of the material strength, with the matrix strength being rather high for this intermetallic. The influence of other factors such as texture and the direction of application of stress (tension or compression) are also briefly discussed.     

The effect of dispersed nitrides on the oxidation of ferritic alloys

Using gas-metal equilibration, a nitrogen martensite case can be produced on mild steel which tempers rapidly at 500°C forming incoherent Fe₄N precipitates dispersed in a ferritic matrix. Under oxidizing conditions the finely distributed nitrides provide sites for oxide nucleation resulting in a fine-grained oxide layer. The dispersed nitrides also act as vacancy sinks for inwardly diffusing cation vacancies during the subsequent growth of the oxide scale, thus giving improved metal-oxide adherence. An oxide forming reaction occurs at the metal/oxide interface as well as the oxide/gas interface resulting in a duplex oxide layer and further enhancing metal-oxide adherence. Similar results are found with nitrided FeX alloys (where X is a substitutional alloying element—Cr, Ti or Mo). Nitriding of these alloys produces a dispersion of nitrides in a ferritic matrix, which subsequently influences the oxidation mechanisms. An analogy can be drawn with the influence of subsurface dispersions of incoherent stable oxide particles on the oxidation of superalloys.     

Effect of aging on oxidation behavior of aluminum-albite composites at high temperatures

The oxidation behavior of an aluminum composite reinforced with albite particles of 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.% at 500 to 800 K has been investigated. Within the experimental temperature range, a parabolic weight change/area was observed with activation energy. The weight change/area as a function of oxidation time becomes linear after an initial period. On oxidation, formation of an oxide scale was found whose morphology depends on temperature, cooling rate, and subscale formation at the interface between the matrix and reinforcement. Detailed analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the oxide scales were not homogenous throughout, but exhibited several layers, which differ in microstructure and composition with an increase in thickness. The presence of albite particulate reinforcement significantly affects the oxidation behavior. The interface oxidization kinetics was found to be higher than that in the other regions. The oxidation products were both metallic oxides and their respective alloying element oxides. The exposure time of specimens to oxidation was 1000 min, chosen to study oxidation behavior at different temperatures. The aging of both matrix and composite specimens improves oxidation resistance due to the residual stress-relaxation phenomena accompanying these specimens.     

CEMS、AES和XPS研究361钢中Mo在抗高温高压水应力腐蚀中的作用

用内转换电子穆斯堡尔谱(CEMS)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)和X-光电子能谱(XPS)研究比较了316和321两种奥氏体不锈钢在含Cl~-2000ppm,含O_28～9ppm高温水中应力腐蚀开裂前后的氧化膜结构及其元素分布,发现合金氧化膜层组成和结构与其抗应力腐蚀性间有一定的对应关系。合金元素Mo在一定条件下与介质作用形成Fe_2(MoO_4)_3相。Mo能控制铁的氧化物相,降低Cr的过钝化溶解速率以及抑制Cl-向膜穿透,起着延长应力腐蚀孕育期的作用。所得结果为阐明含Mo的316钢较不含Mo的321钢有较高的抗应力腐蚀性、以及两者有不同的SCC断口形貌提洪论据。文中还根据合金热力学的作用进一步作了讨论。