建筑屋面太阳能被动蒸发冷却研究

提出利用多孔含湿材料太阳能被动蒸发冷却建筑屋面的新方法，建立了多孔含湿材料利用太阳能被动蒸发的热质耦合传递数学模型，通过理论分析，数值计算和实验测试，揭示了热过程规律，结果表明，利用太阳能被动蒸发多孔含湿材料水分降温方法是可行的。     

被动蒸发冷却墙体换热性能的研究

采用数值模拟的方法分析由含湿多孔陶瓷管组成的被动蒸发冷却墙体(PECWs)的换热性能。研究不同排列方式对空气温度及水蒸气质量分数的影响,研究得出:在含湿多孔陶瓷管处于叉排布置情况下,流经其表面的空气温度变化和相对湿度变化较大,而且蒸发冷却效果更佳。     

太阳辐照下湿份分层土壤中热湿传输的数值模拟

考虑温度对土壤湿分迁移的影响，建立描述存在干饱和层时的土壤热湿传递的数学模型，并就自然环境和恒定太阳辐照下两种情况进行数值模拟，获得不同环境条件下土壤中温度和湿分分布以及水分蒸发的动态特性，分析干饱和土壤层对土壤热湿迁移与水分蒸发以及温度对土壤湿分传输的影响。     

自然环境下湿分分层土壤中热湿迁移规律的研究

建立描述存在干饱和层时的土壤热湿传递的数学模型并进行数值模拟，获得自然环境下土壤中温度、湿分分布以及水分蒸发的动态特性，分析干饱和土壤层对土壤热湿迁移及水分蒸发的影响。数值模拟获得实验支持。     

多孔介质蒸发制冷板应用于建筑墙体的性能分析

把含湿多孔介质置于建筑墙体结构中,在室外环境的作用下,多孔介质外表面和内部的水分蒸发吸热,为房间提供部分冷量。文章表述将含湿多孔介质置于建筑北墙中,在建立多孔介质热湿平衡的基础上,采用描述非饱和多孔介质热质迁移的数学模型,分析了室外环境参数及多孔床层结构对床层内温度分布、蒸发量场及水蒸气迁移的影响,为多孔介质应用于建筑结构的推广和应用提供理论指导。     

湿压缩压气机及压缩系统性能的理论研究

详细介绍了在压缩系统中液滴蒸发速率的计算方法，通过这种方法得出了蒸发速率与压比、进口温度的关系；并且建立了理想和实际湿压缩的数学模型，在此基础上应用上述液滴蒸发速率的计算方法分别得出压缩终温、压缩功随喷水百分比及效率的变化关系。     

含湿毛细多孔介质湿区相变传热传质干燥三方程模型

含湿毛细多孔介质的干燥过程是复杂的相变传热传质过程。该过程涉及渗流、扩散、传热、毛细效应和相变等机理，建立了含湿毛细多孔介质湿区干燥过程相变传热传质数学模型，采用全隐式有限差分方法对一维模型进行了数值计算。得到了含湿毛细多孔介质湿区干燥过程中的液相饱和度、温度和混合气体压力的变化，并分析了该计算结果。     

湿帘空调原理及应用探讨

一、湿帘降温原理湿帘空调系统是利用水蒸发时吸收空气中的显热转化成水蒸汽的汽化潜热而降低空气温度的。水分蒸发的多少与空气中的水蒸汽分压及空气温度有关。当空气中的水蒸汽含量达到一定值后,将达到饱和而不能再进一步增大。这个饱和水蒸汽含量的大小与空气的温度有关。空气的温度越高,相应的饱和水蒸汽含量也越大。因此,空气越干燥、温度越高,采用湿帘空调系统可获得的温降幅度也越大。     

含湿沙导热系数的测试与实验研究

采用Hot Disk热常数分析仪(TPS 2500)对不同含湿率沙子的有效导热系数进行测量和实验研究.研究发现,非饱和含湿堆积沙的有效导热系数随含湿率的增加而增大.低含湿率(体积含湿率低于25%)情况下,堆积沙的有效导热系数难以准确测得,其主要原因是测试过程中,由于加热影响,贴近探头附近的水分因蒸发扩散而逐渐减少,探头周围试样构成不能保持恒定,导致测试环境持续发生变化.     

降膜蒸发冷却复合传热传质研究

建立了描述叉流式降膜蒸发传热传质过程的数学模型,对气相微分中利用积分法求解,导出确定气液界面温湿度的数学表达式。计算与实验结果对比基本一致。对叉流式降膜蒸发冷却进行深入分析表明,该冷却手段可使处理空气的最低温度接近或达到空气的湿泡温度,得到叉流式蒸发冷却脱身人气流温湿度分布曲面及气液界面温度分布曲面,表明典型工况下,叉流直接蒸发冷却器可使处理空气温度１０℃左右。     

不同环境条件下土壤温度日变化的计算模拟

应用多孔介质中传热传质的数学模型，对夏天和冬天，环境风速分别为4m／s和1m／s以及环境相对湿度分别为35％和85％这3种情况下高为500mm，半径为250mm的圆柱土壤床中温度的日变化进行了比较。根据数值模拟的结果绘出土壤中不同深度处温度的日变化曲线表明：(1)土壤中各点的温度随气温和土壤表面获得的辐射能的周期性变化而呈周期性变化；(2)随着深度的增加，土壤温度受气温和太阳辐射的影内变小，温度变化的滞后效应越来越明显；(3)在夏天，一天的大部分时间土壤表层的温度高于深层的温度，冬天则恰恰相反；(4)风速对土壤表层的温度影内较大。风速越大，土壤温度降低得越多；(5)干燥气候下，由于土壤水分的蒸发制冷作用，一天中土壤各点的温度低于湿润气候下相应各点的温度，土壤表层尤为明显。     

Numerical analysis of shock induced separation delay by air humidity

In this paper numerical calculations of the dry and humid air flows in the nozzle are presented. The dry air flow (adiabatic flow) and the humid air flow (flow with homogeneous condensation, diabatic flow) are modeled with the use of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The comparison of these two types of flow is carried out. The influence of the air humidity on the shock wave location and its interaction with the boundary layer is examined. Obtained numerical results present a first numerical approach of the condensation and evaporation process in transonic flow of humid air. The phenomena considered here are very complex and complicated and need further in-depth numerical analysis.     

澜沧江流域干旱气候变化特征及影响因素分析

基于澜沧江流域10个气象站1961～2010年逐日气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith模型计算了年、月湿润指数,并对其进行了标准化,统计了极端干旱事件发生的频率,进而采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法分析了澜沧江流域干旱气候变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,从上游向中下游多年平均湿润指数逐渐增加,上游和中游的湿润指数呈增加趋势、下游呈下降趋势;自20世纪60年代至今,澜沧江流域经历了相对冷干-冷湿-冷干-暖湿-暖干五个阶段,暖干化趋势较为明显,其中冬季和春季为暖干化趋势最明显的季节;年降水量、湿润指数均在波动中呈下降趋势,气温和潜在蒸发量呈明显增加趋势,年降水量、湿润指数、气温和潜在蒸发量的变化倾向率分别为2.095mm/(10a)、0.006/(10a)、0.276℃/(10a)、6.231mm/(10a);澜沧江流域极端干旱事件频率在波动中呈减少趋势,下游呈上升趋势(上升速率为0.010 3次/a),20世纪60年代和21世纪初为澜沧江流域极端干旱事件频发的年代;降水量和日照时数为影响澜沧江流域极端干旱事件的主要气象要素。     

Experimental and numerical evaluation of a solar passive cooling system under hot and humid climatic conditions

The thermal performance of a solar passive cooling system (SPCS) under a hot and humid climate is experimentally and numerically evaluated. The experimental data were obtained from two full scale cells, with identical walls, but different roof configurations. One cell has a highly-insulated roof and the other has an SPCS incorporated consisting of a thermal mass (water), which is cooled by evaporation and long wave nocturnal radiation. The study was conducted taking into account the local climatic conditions of Maracaibo, a topical city located in Venezuela. The numerical evaluation was accomplished using the computational code ‘EVITA’ which is based on the finite volume approach with high order bounded treatment of the convective terms. A PISO-like solution algorithm is used to solve the transient form of the continuity, momentum and energy equations. It has been demonstrated experimentally and numerically that under a hot and humid climate, it is possible to keep the indoor temperature below the outdoor temperature, using a passive cooling technique of a roof pond. The numerical results obtained using the model have demonstrated that the computational code used is a suitable cost-efficient alternative for the thermal performance evaluation of SPCS.     

U型深埋管固井层对埋管换热性能影响的研究

结合西安市某个U型深埋管工程,建立三维全尺寸数值计算模型并进行模型验证。在此基础上,模拟分析不同导热系数的埋管固井层对埋管换热能力的影响。结果表明,固井层导热系数在小于及接近岩土层导热系数的范围内增加时,埋管换热强度随之增加明显;固井层导热系数对埋管换热的影响程度与周围竖向各层岩土导热系数的大小相关,而与地层竖向的温度分布无明显关系。     

太阳辐射影响下的城市户外热环境评价指标

根据室内热舒适指标PMV，建立了评价城市户外热环境的舒适性指标，该指标在室内能与PMv很好的吻合，在户外能反映太阳辐射的影响，可与热应力指标wBGT一起作户外全范围的热环境质量评价，对城市环境的规划与设计有重要的指导意义。     

基于动态透平效率的有机朗肯循环性能分析及优化

常规有机朗肯循环(ORC)中透平效率多假设为定值,而实际上透平效率因工质种类和运行参数的不同而有较大差异。因此,采用向心透平效率计算模型,将动态透平效率与ORC系统耦合,分析透平效率随蒸发温度与冷凝温度的变化规律,比较固定透平效率与动态透平效率ORC系统热效率的差异。综合考虑热力性与经济性,采用多目标优化算法,对固定透平效率与动态透平效率ORC系统进行工质筛选及参数优化,并对优化结果进行分析比较。结果表明:透平效率随蒸发温度的下降或者冷凝温度升高而增大;不同工质及不同蒸发冷凝温度条件下,透平效率差异较大,最大达0.148。固定透平效率ORC系统与动态透平效率ORC系统的热效率随蒸发温度的变化规律有较大差异,尤其在高蒸发温度区间更为明显。对于固定透平效率ORC系统,R245ca和R236ea为最佳工质;而对于动态透平效率ORC系统,R114为最佳工质。在引入动态透平效率前后,各工质的最佳蒸发温度与最佳冷凝温度也有较大变化。     

Transient natural convection in enclosures filled with humid air,including wall evaporation and condensation

Transient natural convection combined heat and mass transfer in enclosures filled with humid air, including evaporation from or condensation to the walls, which are subjected to time varying prescribed temperatures, is studied numerically. Emphasis is given to the two-dimensional enclosures of circular cross-section, emulating horizontal containers or ducts filled with humid air. Starting from uniform temperature and concentration distributions, wall temperature decrease with time leads to some water condensation at the walls, and wall temperature increase with time leads to evaporation of some liquid water from the walls if it exists there. During the final period of both situations temperature ceases changing, and a final steady-state regime is reached. Situation of prescribed time-periodic wall temperature is also considered, and a periodic solution is obtained after some few periods of operation. Results reveal the flow structure and also the temperature and concentration time evolutions in the enclosure. Special attention is given to the time evolution of the overall Nusselt and Sherwood numbers over the walls, and also to the time and space evolutions of the condensate layer over the walls.     

Evaporation of water by free or mixed convection into humid air and superheated steam

This paper concerns a numerical analysis of the evaporation of water in pure air, humid air and superheated steam in an externally insulated channel. Results were obtained for mixed and free convection driven by combined thermal and mass buoyancy forces. For natural convection case, the analysis is restricted to situation in which combined buoyancy forces act in the downward direction. The results show that below a certain temperature of the free stream, water evaporation rate decreases as the humidity of air increases and above it this relation reverses. This temperature “inversion point temperature” was treated in previous experimental and numerical studies in the case of forced convection. In this work, particular attention is paid to study the effect of the ambient conditions on evaporation rate of water and the inversion temperature phenomenon in the condition of free and mixed convection.     

直埋闭式地源热泵回填土性能研究

回填土的性能对直埋式地源热泵的设计有一定的影响．对直埋闭式地源热泵用回填土的性能参数中的密度、含水率、饱和度以及导热系数进行了数学定义，并指出影响导热系数的主要因素是密度和含水率。用平板探针原理的室内试验的方法研究了各种物质组成情况、时间以及不同温度对导热系数的影响，并对试验的结果进行了详细的分析，得出了随各种影响因素而变化的曲线。试验结果表明，膨润土不适合单独用于回填材料，需与水泥配合并推荐使用非饱和态。导热系数随水灰比的减小而增加。掺人大颗粒的骨料是提高导热系数的有效途径，砂含量的增加使导热系数往往呈线性增长。当水灰比为0．45且砂的置换率为80％时回填材料具有较满意的导热性能，值得推荐使用。