Automated flexion crease identification using internal image seams

Palmar flexion crease recognition is a palmprint identification method for verifying biometric identity. This paper proposes a method of automated flexion crease recognition that can be used to identify palmar flexion creases in online palmprint images. A modified image seams algorithm is used to extract the flexion creases, and a matching algorithm, based on kd-tree nearest neighbour searching, is used to calculate the similarity between them. Experimental results show that in 1000 images from 100 palms, when compared to manually identified flexion creases, a genuine acceptance rate of 100% can be achieved, with a false acceptance rate of 0.0045%.     

PalmHashing: a novel approach for dual-factor authentication

Many systems require a reliable personal authentication infrastructure to recognise the identity of a claimant before granting access to him/her. Conventional secure measures include the possession of an identity card or special knowledge like password and personal identification numbers (PINs). These methods are insecure as they can be lost, forgotten and potentially be shared among a group of co-workers for a long time without change. The fact that biometric authentication is convenient and non-refutable makes it a popular approach for a personal identification system. Nevertheless, biometric methods suffer from some inherent limitations and security threats. A more practical approach is to combine two-factor or more authenticators to achieve a higher level of security. This paper proposes a novel dual-factor authenticator based on the iterated inner product between tokenised pseudo-random numbers and user-specific palmprint features. This process generates a set of user-specific compact code called PalmHash, which is highly tolerant of data offset. There is no deterministic way to get the user-specific code without having both PalmHash and the user palmprint feature. This offers strong protection against biometric fabrication. Furthermore, the proposed PalmHashing technique is able to produce zero equal error rate (EER) and yields clean separation of the genuine and imposter populations. Hence, the false acceptance rate (FAR) can be eliminated without suffering from the increased occurrence of the false rejection rate (FRR).This revised version was published online in August 2004 with corrections to the section numbers.     

A hybrid biometric identification framework for high security applications

Research on biometrics for high security applications has not attracted as much attention as civilian or forensic applications. Limited research and deficient analysis so far has led to a lack of general solutions and leaves this as a challenging issue. This work provides a systematic analysis and identification of the problems to be solved in order to meet the performance requirements for high security applications, a double low problem. A hybrid ensemble framework is proposed to solve this problem. Setting an adequately high threshold for each matcher can guarantee a zero false acceptance rate (FAR) and then use the hybrid ensemble framework makes the false reject rate (FRR) as low as possible. Three experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness and generalization of the framework. First, two fingerprint verification algorithms are fused. In this test only 10.55% of fingerprints are falsely rejected with zero false acceptance rate, this is significantly lower than other state of the art methods. Second, in face verification, the framework also results in a large reduction in incorrect classification. Finally, assessing the performance of the framework on a combination of face and gait verification using a heterogeneous database show this framework can achieve both 0% false rejection and 0% false acceptance simultaneously.     

基于LGBP与Bloom滤波器的可撤销掌纹模板生成方法

为了实现对用户生物特征信息的有效保护,提高掌纹身份认证系统的安全性,提出一种掌纹可撤销模板生成方法。首先通过Gabor滤波器获得掌纹数据不同方向、不同尺度的幅值特征,对其提取局部均匀模式LBP特征,然后将二值化的特征直方图序列使用Bloom滤波器进行多对一映射,最后进行不可逆变换,得到可撤销掌纹模板。理论分析和实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以有效保护掌纹特征,而且在密钥丢失时,也具有较高的识别率。     

基于子空间特征融合的两级掌纹识别算法

针对单一PCA或PCA只能提取掌纹的线性或非线性特征,单一分类器的掌纹识别率低缺陷,提出一种子空间特征融合的两级掌纹识别方法（PCA-KPCA-SVM）。首先采用子空间特征提取方法PCA、KPCA分别提取掌纹图像线性和非线性特征,然后基于融合特征总类间距离最大准则,计算出最佳的融合系数,得到PCA、KPCA的融合掌纹特征,最后将融合特征输入到欧式距离分类器进行掌纹识别,如果拒绝识别,则输入支持向量机进行二次识别。采用Polyu掌纹图像库进行测试实验,结果表明,相对于对比算法,PCA-KPCA-SVM提高了掌纹识别率,有效降低了掌纹的误识率和拒识率。     

Online palmprint identification

Biometrics-based personal identification is regarded as an effective method for automatically recognizing, with a high confidence, a person's identity. This paper presents a new biometric approach to online personal identification using palmprint technology. In contrast to the existing methods, our online palmprint identification system employs low-resolution palmprint images to achieve effective personal identification. The system consists of two parts: a novel device for online palmprint image acquisition and an efficient algorithm for fast palmprint recognition. A robust image coordinate system is defined to facilitate image alignment for feature extraction. In addition, a 2D Gabor phase encoding scheme is proposed for palmprint feature extraction and representation. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.     

主成分分析法在掌纹图像识别中的应用

掌纹识别技术是生物特征识别领域的又一新兴技术,在网络安全、身份鉴别等方面有广阔的应用前景。将主成分分析法应用于掌纹图像的特征提取,阐释了传统主成分分析与加权主成分分析在处理掌纹图像时的差异,并在不同数据库上对两种方法进行了实验,结果表明传统主成分分析比加权主成分分析有更高的识别率以及加权主成分分析能够削弱光照对识别结果的影响。     

基于Gabor滤波器与LDP掌纹可撤销模板生成方法

针对掌纹身份认证中存在着识别率和安全性较差的问题,提出一种基于多方向的Gabor滤波和局部方向模式（Local Directional Pattern,LDP）的自适应阈值特征编码方法mLGDP,在此基础上,进一步提出一种基于多方向Gabor滤波和LDP方法的自适应阈值差值特征编码方法mDLGDP,并将这两种方法的特征相融合,有效增强了原有掌纹模板间的多样性和识别率。通过对图像的特征编码进行分块处理,提取特征向量并二值化,再采用Bloom滤波器实现多对一映射和对掌纹图像的位置置乱,将得到置乱结果矩阵和用户密钥通过卷积运算进行不可逆变换,最终获得掌纹图像的可撤销模板。理论分析和实验表明,即使在密钥丢失时,分别使用两种改进方法依然可以保持较高的识别率,当使用两种特征相融合的方法时,识别率能够得到有效提高,且具有更好的安全性。     

Personal authentication using multiple palmprint representation

Although several palmprint representations have been proposed for personal authentication, there is little agreement on which palmprint representation can provide best representation for reliable authentication. In this paper, we characterize user's identity through the simultaneous use of three major palmprint representations and achieve better performance than either one individually. This paper also investigates comparative performance between Gabor, line and appearance based palmprint representations and using their score and decision level fusion. The combination of various representations may not always lead to higher performance as the features from the same image may be correlated. Therefore we also propose product of sum rule which achieves better performance than any other fixed combination rules. Our experimental results on the database of 100 users achieve 34.56% improvement in performance (equal error rate) as compared to the case when features from single palmprint representation are employed. The proposed usage of multiple palmprint representations, especially on the peg-free and non-contact imaging setup, achieves promising results and demonstrates its usefulness.     

传统NIDS漏报和误报起因及改进技术

传统的网络入侵检测系统大都采用模式匹配的方法进行入侵检测,有着非常高的漏报率和误报率。本文通过对模式匹配算法检测过程的描述,对其产生漏报和误报的原因进行了分析。针对模式匹配算法带来的高漏报率和误报率,引入了协议分析的方法。协议分析方法通过辨别数据包的协议类型,然后使用相应的数据分析程序进行检测。这种方法可以大幅度地降低漏报率和误报率,大大地提高了入侵检测系统的效率。     

Score level fusion of voting strategy of geometric hashing and SURF for an efficient palmprint-based identification

This paper proposes an efficient indexing scheme for palmprint-based identification system. The proposed system uses geometric hashing of SURF key-points to index the palmprint into hash table and makes score level fusion of voting strategy based on geometric hashing and SURF score to identify the live palmprint. All ordered pairs of SURF key-points of the palmprint are scaled and mapped to a predefined coordinate system and all other points are similarity transformed. The new location after transformation serves as the index of the hash table. During identification, all ordered pairs of key-points of live palmprint are scaled and mapped to the coordinate system while remaining points are similarity transformed. A vote is casted to all images in the corresponding bins. Images having votes more than certain threshold are considered as candidate images of the live palmprint. SURF features of the live palmprint and the candidate images are compared for matching. Matching scores which are based on SURF key-points and vote of the corresponding candidate image are fused using weighted sum rule. The candidate image with the highest fused score is considered as the best match. The system is tested on IITK, CASIA and PolyU datasets. It has been observed that penetration rate of the proposed system is less than 30% for 0% bin miss rate (BMR) and has the identification accuracy of more than 97% for all three datasets. Further, the system is evaluated for robustness on downscaled and rotated. It has been found that the identification accuracy of the system for top best match is more than 90% for images downscaled up to 49% and accuracy is more than 85% when images are rotated at any angle.     

Soft authentication and behavior analysis using a chair with sensors attached: hipprint authentication

An authentication system using a chair with sensors attached is described. Pressure distribution (hipprint) measured by network-connected sensors on the chair is used for identifying the person sitting on the chair. Hipprint information is not sufficient for maintaining a high level of security but is sufficient for providing personalized services such as automatic log-in at home or in a small office. In experiments, we obtained correct identification rates of 99.6% for five people and 93.2% for ten people. A false rejection rate of 9.2% and a false acceptance rate of 1.9% were achieved using another group of 20 people. The results also showed that changes in hipprints can be used to estimate what the person sitting on the chair is doing, for example, using a mouse or leaning back.     

基于自适应迭代松弛的立体点对匹配鲁棒算法

图像匹配是立体视觉的重要部分,也是双目立体测量系统必须解决和最难解决的问题。为了对图像进行鲁棒性匹配,提出了一种基于自适应迭代松弛的立体点对匹配方法。该方法首先利用视差梯度约束来构造匹配支持度函数;然后通过松弛方法优化该函数来完成立体点对的匹配。由于利用了动态更新松弛匹配过程参数的方法,因此有效地降低了误匹配率和误剔除率。在此基础上还提出了对松弛过程结束后的匹配结果,再次使用视差梯度约束来进行进一步检验的策略,该策略能够以一定幅度的误剔除率提升为代价,大幅度降低了误匹配率,从而可满足许多要求严格限制误匹配率的应用。实验结果证明,该新算法是有效的,并已经用于一个双目立体测量原型系统当中。     

Group-specific face verification using soft biometrics

Soft biometrics have been recently proposed for improving the verification performance of biometric recognition systems. Examples of soft biometrics are skin, eyes, hair colour, height, and ethnicity. Some of them are often cheaper than “hard”, standard biometrics (e.g., face and fingerprints) to extract. They exhibit a low discriminant power for recognizing persons, but can add some evidences about the personal identity, and can be useful for a particular set of users. In particular, it is possible to argue that users with a certain high discriminant soft biometric can be better recognized. Identifying such users could be useful in exploiting soft biometrics at the best, as deriving an appropriate methodology for embedding soft-biometric information into the score computed by the main biometric.In this paper, we propose a group-specific algorithm to exploit soft-biometric information in a biometric verification system. Our proposal is exemplified using hair colour and ethnicity as soft biometrics and face as biometric. Hair colour and information about ethnicity can be easily extracted from face images, and used only for a small number of users with highly discriminant hair colour or ethnicity. We show by experiments that for those users, hair colour or ethnicity strongly contributes to reduce the false rejection rate without a significant impact on the false acceptance rate, whilst the performance does not change for other users.     

基于二维Fisher线性判别的掌纹识别方法

在Fisher线性判别(FLD)中,类内离散矩阵总是奇异的。为了解决矩阵的奇异性问题,应用一种新的二维Fisher线性判别(2DFLD)直接进行矩阵投影。对于PolyU掌纹图像库,分别用PCA, PCA+FLD和2DFLD提取特征掌纹子空间,将待识别图像投影到低维子空间上,用余弦距离进行掌纹匹配。实验结果表明,与PCA相比,PCA+FLD的识别率最多提高1.18%。2DFLD识别率最高达到99.34%,比PCA+FLD提高7.61%,特征提取仅耗时0.047 s。     

基于改进DTW算法的手写签名识别系统设计

在线手写签名验证是一种基于生物特征的身份认证技术。为提高签名验证的效率,该文介绍了一种改进的在线签名识别算法。它优化了传统的动态时间弯折算法结构,提出了对最佳匹配路径的动态规划方法并将其应用于在线签名识别系统中。在模板较多时对匹配距离将适当限制,从而减少了系统运算量,提高了模板匹配速率。随着待识别模板数目的增多,该算法的效率优势更加明显。试验结果表明,该改进算法的运算效率高,误拒率和误纳率较低。     

Palmprint Verification for Controlling Access to Shared Computing Resources

You can build an effective palmprint verification system using a combination of mostly off-the-shelf components and techniques. Access security is an important aspect of pervasive computing systems. It offers the system developer and end users a certain degree of trust in the use of shared computing resources. Biometrics verification offers many advantages over the username-plus-password approach for access control. Users don't have to memorize any codes or passwords, and biometric systems are more reliable because biometric characteristics can't easily be duplicated, lost, or stolen. Researchers have studied such biometric characteristics as faces, fingerprints, irises, voices, and palmprints.Facial appearance and features change with age. Fingerprints can be affected by surface abrasions or otherwise compromised. Capturing iris images is relatively difficult, and iris scans can be intrusive. Voices are susceptible to noise corruption and can be easily copied and manipulated. Palmprints are potentially a good choice for biometric applications because they're invariant with a person, easy to capture, and difficult to duplicate. They offer greater security than fingerprints because palm veins are more complex than finger veins. However, compared to other biometric characteristics, they have perhaps seen less research. This provides a big opportunity for advancing palmprint technology and applications. We've developed an effective prototype palmprint verification system using a combination of mostly off-the-shelf (and therefore tried and tested) components and techniques. Such an approach should make palmprint verification an appealing proposition.     

基于掌纹、人脸在特征层融合的身份识别算法

首先利用小波变换增强掌纹、人脸图像;然后利用一种新的子空间分析方法——对角离散余弦变换和二维主元判别分析(Diagonal,Discrete Cosine Transform and Two-Dimensional Principle Component Analysis,Dia-DCT+2DPCA)相结合的算法提出了一种掌纹、人脸特征融合的识别方法;最后运用最小距离分类器进行识别。实验结果表明,该文提出的掌纹、人脸特征融合方法实现了特征层融合,有效地提高了身份识别的正确识别率。     

二维EMD分解提高PCA掌纹识别率

为了提高常用于在线掌纹识别的PCA方法的识别率,提出融合BEMD技术的PCA掌纹识别方法.二维EMD技术能够在频率域内实现图像的多层分解,在不同频段内对图像进行处理.掌纹图像的低频部分容易受到背景等因素的影响,所以实验中提取、利用掌纹高频信息,去除低频信息,充分利用掌纹中的个人特征信息,抑制干扰,提高识别率.基于香港理工大学掌纹数据库的仿真结果显示,这种方法的识别率远高于传统PCA方法,体现了一定的理论研究意义和实用价值.     

卷积神经网络在掌纹识别中的性能评估

目的 掌纹识别技术作为一种新兴的生物特征识别技术越来越受到广泛重视。深度学习是近10年来人工智能领域取得的重要突破。但是,基于深度学习的掌纹识别相关研究还比较初步,尤其缺乏深入的分析和讨论,且已有的工作使用的都是比较简单的神经网络模型。为此,本文使用多种卷积神经网络对掌纹识别进行性能评估。方法 选取比较典型的8种卷积神经网络模型,在5个掌纹数据库上针对不同网络模型、学习率、网络层数、训练数据量等进行性能评估,展开实验,并与经典的传统掌纹识别方法进行比较。结果 在不同卷积神经网络识别性能评估方面,ResNet和DenseNet超越了其他网络,并在PolyU M_B库上实现了100%的识别率。针对不同学习率、网络层数、训练数据量的实验发现,5×10^-5为比较合适的识别率;网络层数并非越深越好,VGG-16与VGG-19的识别率相当,ResNet层数由18层逐渐增加到50层,识别率则逐渐降低;参与网络训练的数据量总体来说越多越好。对比传统的非深度学习方法,卷积神经网络在识别效果方面还存在一定差距。结论 实验结果表明,对于掌纹识别,卷积神经网络也能获得较好的识别效果,但由于训练数据量不充分等原因,与传统算法的识别性能还有差距。基于卷积神经网络的掌纹识别研究还需要进一步深入开展。