缓冲包装用明胶-淀粉泡沫的性能研究

目的以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备具有缓冲效果的生物质可降解泡沫材料,为缓冲包装用生物质泡沫提供一种新的选择。方法通过对不同明胶-淀粉质量比、固含量、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)用量进行实验研究,并进行结构表征及静态压缩性能测定对泡沫材料进行综合评价。结果得到了明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料的最优条件,固含量(用质量分数表示)为20%,表面活性剂质量分数为0.75%,明胶-淀粉质量比为70∶30。在此最优条件下的明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料发泡倍率为5.14倍,表观密度为0.064 g/cm³,弹性模量为36.64 kPa,50%抗压强度为2.49 kPa。结论以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备的复合泡沫材料具有表观密度低、缓冲性能较好的特点。单因素实验结果表明,预胶化淀粉对泡沫的力学性能有增强作用。     

双马来酰亚胺泡沫的微观形貌与结构控制研究

以偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)为发泡剂制备了改性双马来酰亚胺(BMI)泡沫,用扫描电镜(SEM)对泡沫的微观形貌进行观察,研究泡沫的发泡过程及不同条件下泡沫的泡孔结构,包括密度、孔径、单位体积的泡孔数目、发泡倍率等。结果表明:改性的BMI泡沫是一种闭孔结构泡沫,其构型为排泄型十二面体。可通过发泡体系的黏度、温度和发泡剂含量控制BMI泡沫的结构,随发泡体系黏度的增加,泡沫密度,成核密度N0和单位体积的泡孔数目Nf增加,泡孔直径减小,均匀性变好。泡沫密度随发泡剂AC含量提高而降低,当AC含量超过7%(质量分数)时,泡沫密度反而上升。随发泡温度提高,泡沫密度降低,孔径增大,泡沫成型稳定性变差。     

低温发泡制备酚醛泡沫材料及其表征

采用40℃低温发泡的方法制备酚醛泡沫,研究了发泡剂、表面活性剂和固化剂对泡沫的表观密度和压缩强度的影响,讨论了低温发泡对泡沫力学性能、导热性能、泡孔形态、阻燃性能、微观结构和热稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,40℃低温发泡对酚醛泡沫的阻燃性和热稳定性影响较小,泡沫的韧性和脆性得到了明显改善,泡孔孔径更小、分布更加均匀。     

表面活性剂对炭素泡沫结构与性能的影响

以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和Span-40表面活性剂为添加剂,AR沥青为原料,制备炭素泡沫材料,测定了材料的体积密度、显气孔率、压缩强度、常温热导率以及微晶结构参数,研究了添加表面活性剂后AR沥青的流变性能和炭素泡沫材料孔胞结构的变化.结果表明,表面活性剂使炭素泡沫的平均孔径变小,孔径分布趋于均匀,韧带的层片织构排列更为规整、致密.添加SDBS的炭素泡沫,孔壁较薄,开孔率较高,具有较低的体积密度(0.36 g/cm3)、较高的显气孔率(83.35%)、较小的层片间距d002(0.3366 nm)、较高的常温热导率(55.96 W/m·K)和比热导率(155.44(W/m·K)/(g/cm3)).添加span-40对炭素泡沫的体积密度、显气孔率和热导率的影响较小,但是使石墨化度提高,使其具有较高的压缩强度(2.39 MPa).     

石墨烯纳米片/密胺复合泡沫性能增强机制研究

目的 探究三聚氰胺与甲醛原料比例、发泡剂正戊烷含量、乳化剂OP-10含量和固化剂甲酸含量对密胺泡沫发泡过程的影响及作用机理,并制备石墨烯纳米片/密胺复合泡沫材料,改善密胺泡沫力学性能,提高密胺泡沫材料热稳定性以及阻燃性。方法 通过调整原料比例、改变不同助剂的掺量探究发泡工艺对泡沫结构的影响,并研究石墨烯纳米片对复合泡沫性能的增强机制。对样品进行力学性能测试,并通过扫描电子显微镜和热重分析仪对泡沫微观结构和热力学性能进行分析。结果 当三聚氰胺与甲醛物质的量之比为1︰3~1︰4时,预聚体交联度高,结构完整;当正戊烷质量分数为33%时,能够为预聚体提供足够的成核点;当甲酸质量分数为8%时,固化速度适宜;当OP-10质量分数为4%~6%时,有效降低了界面张力。添加石墨烯纳米片使复合泡沫最高压缩强度达到23.86 kPa,最高残碳率上升为8.24%,热导率仅上升0.006 W/(m.K),保持了良好的保温隔热性能。结论 甲醛与三聚氰胺的物质的量之比会影响预聚体交联程度;正戊烷因其低沸点而促进了泡沫成核;甲酸通过为基体提供更多的交联点加速了固化速度;OP-10在发泡过程中通过调整与发泡剂的相容性以及作为表面活性剂发挥了作用。石墨烯纳米片的添加提高了复合泡沫的力学性能,在保持低密度和低热导率的同时进一步增强了其热稳定性及其阻燃能力。     

剪切增稠胶/聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的制备与力学性能

以聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)为体系基础,向体系中添加聚合物剪切增稠胶(STG),采用一步法成功制备了STG/PUF复合材料。研究分析了异氰酸酯指数(R值)以及STG含量对STG/PUF复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明,STG的加入会使泡沫的泡孔变大,发泡困难,但是会在一定范围内增加复合材料的压缩强度,并且会显著提高泡沫的静态吸能量,制备的STG/PUF样品(R值为0.75,STG质量分数为10%)的静态吸能量约为PUF的13倍。另外,随着R值的增加,PUF的密度先减小后增大,硬度逐渐增大,当异氰酸酯含量过高时,会导致泡沫脆性增加,降低其力学性能。当R值为0.75、STG质量分数为10%时,复合材料的力学性能最优。     

酚醛泡沫力学性能及其密度-力学性能模型研究

以多聚甲醛代替甲醛溶液制备高固含可发性酚醛树脂,在70℃发泡制备酚醛泡沫材料,研究了表面活性剂、固化剂和发泡剂对泡沫的密度、力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,在表面活性剂添加量为12%,固化剂添加量为30%,发泡剂添加量为5%时,制备的泡沫性能较优。通过Gibson-Ashby提出的泡沫塑料的力学性能与密度的关系模型,创建酚醛泡沫密度-力学性能模型,结果表明泡沫力学性能与密度呈现良好的指数关系,且间接拟合和直接拟合2种方法得出的模型指数基本相符。     

泡沫冻胶调剖体系的优选及性能评价

优选了泡沫冻胶调驱体系,研究了聚合物、交联剂的用量及温度、pH值、矿化度对泡沫冻胶体系的影响。结果表明,泡沫冻胶体系的组成为0.2%(质量分数,下同)、相对分子质量2000万的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺,0.15%~0.2%交联剂,0.2%表面活性剂发泡剂。在60℃、pH=7、矿化度6000 mg/L条件下,泡沫冻胶体系的黏度达到最大值,成胶强度最大;当黏度达到最大值之前,泡沫冻胶的黏度随着温度的升高、pH和矿化度的增加而增大;当黏度超过最大值后,泡沫冻胶的黏度随着温度的升高、pH和矿化度的增加逐渐降低。     

泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料制备及力学性能分析

目的研究泡沫铝相对密度、聚氨酯含量、聚氨酯硬段质量分数(硬段在热塑性聚氨酯弹性体橡胶中所占的质量分数)对泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料力学性能的影响。方法自行制备泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料,对制备的泡沫铝-聚氨酯样品进行准静态压缩实验。结果通过准静态压缩实验,得出了不同泡沫铝的相对密度、聚氨酯含量、聚氨酯硬段质量分数分别对应的应力应变曲线。当聚氨酯硬段质量分数和聚氨酯含量一定时,泡沫铝相对密度从5.4%提升到6.1%,泡沫铝-聚氨酯屈服强度增加了12.8%,流变应力增加了29.8%。当聚氨酯硬段质量分数和泡沫铝相对密度一定时,聚氨酯含量从9.21 g提升到13.19g,泡沫铝-聚氨酯屈服强度增加了32.6%,流变应力增加了10.9%。当聚氨酯含量和泡沫铝相对密度一定时,聚氨酯硬段质量分数从15%提升到25%,泡沫铝-聚氨酯屈服强度增加了95%,流变应力增加了55.5%。结论不同的泡沫铝相对密度、聚氨酯含量、聚氨酯硬段质量分数与泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料的力学性能成正相关的关系,泡沫铝相对密度、聚氨酯含量、聚氨酯硬段质量分数与泡沫铝-聚氨酯复合材料的缓冲吸能特性成正相关的关系。     

热膨胀微球增强剪切增稠胶/聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的力学性能

使用热膨胀微球和水为发泡剂制备剪切增稠胶增强聚氨酯泡沫.采用正交实验法选取了制备剪切增稠胶/聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的最佳工艺.研究了热膨胀微球含量对剪切增稠胶/聚氨酯泡沫的密度、压缩强度、静态吸能量等力学性能的影响.研究结果表明,130℃下剪切增稠胶质量分数为15％,异氰酸酯指数为0.9,热膨胀微球质量分数为3％时制备的泡沫性能最佳.另外,热膨胀微球的加入会使体系的黏度发生变化,影响发泡效果.添加热膨胀微球不仅使泡沫的密度减小,而且使泡沫的压缩强度和静态吸能量增大.利用热膨胀微球可制备出轻质的吸能材料.     

Thermal conductivity anisotropy in polypropylene foams prepared by supercritical CO2 dissolution

Different relative density polypropylene foams were prepared by means of two foaming processes: chemical foaming by compression moulding and physical foaming by high pressure CO₂ dissolution. By controlling the foaming parameters, such as blowing agent concentration, foaming temperature, pressure drop and pressure drop rate, it was possible to regulate the cellular structure, foams showing from markedly isotropic-like cellular structures to ones with highly-elongated cells in the vertical foam growth direction (honeycomb-like cell orientation). The thermal conductivity was measured using the transient plane source method. Using this technique, it was possible to measure the global conductivity and the thermal conductivity in both the axial and radial directions of a given sample. Results show that the global thermal conductivity of foams was mainly regulated by their relative density. In addition, the honeycomb-like cell orientation of the CO₂ dissolution foams resulted in considerably higher values in axial direction when compared to radial, demonstrating that there was a direct influence of cellular structure on the thermal conduction behaviour of these foams, enabling the development of new polypropylene foams with direction-dependent thermal properties.     

Comparison of a low molecular weight and a macromolecular surfactant as foaming agents for injectable self setting hydroxyapatite foams: Polysorbate 80 versus gelatine

Hydroxyapatite foams are potential synthetic bone grafting materials or scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. A novel method to obtain injectable hydroxyapatite foams consists in foaming the liquid phase of a calcium phosphate cement. In this process, the cement powder is incorporated into a liquid foam, which acts as a template for macroporosity. After setting, the cement hardens maintaining the macroporous structure of the foam. In this study a low molecular weight surfactant, Polysorbate 80, and a protein, gelatine, were compared as foaming agents of a calcium phosphate cement. The foamability of Polysorbate 80 was greater than that of gelatine, resulting in higher macroporosity in the set hydroxyapatite foam and higher macropore interconnectivity. Gelatine produced less interconnected foams, especially at high concentrations, due to a higher liquid foam stability. However it increased the injectability and cohesion of the foamed paste, and enhanced osteoblastic-like cell adhesion, all of them important properties for bone grafting materials.     

Fabrication and investigation of influence of CaCO3 as foaming agent on Al-SiCp foam

Closed cell aluminum foams have been used in various disciplines of engineering. Aluminum foams provide high strength with the advantage of low weight. In the current research, CaCO₃ is used as a foaming agent for producing closed-cell aluminum foams. For the fabrication of homogenous foam, optimization of process parameters was done. The effect of SiC as a thickening agent on structural property of foams viz. density and porosity have been inspected. Foams with density 0.40–0.86 g/cm³ were produced. The produced foams were studied under axial compression tests for evaluating mechanical properties. It can be inferred from the results that by adding 3 wt.% CaCO₃, the uniform viscosity of melt was achieved and a homogeneous foam structure is achieved with optimum porosity. Also, 5 wt.% addition of CaCO₃ in melt and stirring speed at 1400 rpm tend to increase porosity and decrease cell wall thickness. The optimum values for thickening agent SiC, foaming agent CaCO₃ at stirring speed 1400 rpm were found out to be 15 wt.%, 3 wt.%. The effect of relative density, the addition of thickening and foaming agent is studied.     

Preparation and properties of hollow glass bead filled silicone rubber foams with low thermal conductivity

Silicone rubber foams filled with various content and different particle size of hollow glass bead (HGB) were prepared by compression molding. It was revealed that compared with silica filled silicone rubber foams, HGB filled materials achieved higher foaming extent, lower thermal conductivity, and lower hardness, which can be significant for thermal insulation materials. For HGB filled materials, the morphology indicated the average cell size decreased with higher HGB content and larger particle size of HGB. The density, thermal conductivity, hardness and tensile strength increased with higher HGB content and larger particle size of HGB.     

Characterization of rigid polyurethane foams containing microencapsulated Rubitherm? RT27. Part I

Rigid polyurethane foams (RPU foams) and phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used in buildings for thermal insulation and thermal storage, respectively. The combination of both materials could increase energy savings, leading to more energy efficient housing. In this work, PU foams were produced incorporating different percentages of microcapsules containing Rubitherm^? RT27. Microcapsules added to the foam had a high influence on the foaming process and also on the foam properties. It was observed that the increase of foam microcapsules content decreases the final foam height but increases its density and thermal energy storage (TES) capacity. On the other hand, an increase of the foam microcapsules content up to 5 wt% led to decrease the reduced compressive strength (RS) and modulus (RE) in 7 and 25%, respectively. Higher contents had a sharply negative impact on mechanical properties.     

高密度石墨泡沫及其石蜡复合材料的热物理性能(英文)

以中间相沥青和添加中间相炭微球的沥青为原料,调整发泡压力和发泡温度制备沥青泡沫,经1273K炭化和2973K石墨化,制备了高密度石墨泡沫。为了进一步提高石墨泡沫的密度,采用573 K的沥青反复浸渍炭化未添加中间相炭微球的沥青在1273K下所制的泡沫炭,再经2973K石墨化获得增密度后的石墨泡沫。而后制备了相应石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料。研究了石墨泡沫热物理性能的影响因素和石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料的热行为。研究表明:沥青组分、发泡温度和发泡压力决定了石墨泡沫的结构和热物理性能,而石墨泡沫的热导率决定了复合材料的热行为。与石蜡相比,石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料的热扩散系数提高了768至1588倍。石墨泡沫/石蜡复合材料的潜热与石蜡的质量分数成正比。该复合材料是快速响应电子散热材料的良好选择。     

Aspects of the reproducibility of mechanical properties in Al based foams

Al foams have been manufactured via a PM route and compression tested. Testing has shown that density-properties relationships can be constructed which are then valid for the prediction of mechanical response for a sample of given density. The scatter in the density can also be used to predict, with reasonable confidence, the scatter in properties. Testing has shown that little or no difference in processing time can give rise to foams with significantly different densities and hence an undesirable, but nevertheless quantifiable and predictable, scatter in mechanical properties. This demonstrates the sensitivity of the very rapid foaming process and highlights the requirement for improving foam stability. The mechanical response of foams with similar densities is, however, reproducible suggesting that this is a more suitable way in which to control the process rather than by fixing the foaming time.     

基于常温干燥法的纤维素基泡沫制备及性能分析

传统的石油基泡沫难以降解,因而带来环境污染和安全问题。纤维素基泡沫借助其可生物降解的天然特性,逐渐成为研究热点。然而,目前的成型技术在很大程度上依赖于干燥条件（如冷冻干燥和超临界干燥）,存在干燥耗时长、成本高的问题,因而难以实现泡沫的规模化生产。为解决此问题,提出一种常温干燥制备可再生纤维素基泡沫的新方法。以纸浆纤维为主料、纳米纤维素为黏结剂、聚乙烯醇作为纤维分散剂和泡沫助剂,经过充分混合、发泡、排水和干燥后,制成纤维素基泡沫。最后,测试泡沫密度、孔隙率,分析导热性能、力学性能。结果表明：制备的纤维素基泡沫具有密度低（(0.015±0.002)~(0.028±0.004) g/cm3）、孔隙率高（>98%）、热导率低（(0.060±0.003)~(0.069±0.003) W/(m·K)）等特点。纤维素基泡沫在80%应变下的最大应力值为59.366 kPa,比其他文献报道的类似纳米纤维素基泡沫高37.1%。未来,纤维素基泡沫有望替代石油基泡沫,在冷链运输过程中对产品进行缓冲保护和隔热保温。     

Characterization of rigid polyurethane foams containing microencapsulated Rubitherm<Superscript>®</Superscript> RT27: catalyst effect. Part II

Catalyst Tegoamin 33 has been used for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams containing microencapsulated Rubitherm^® RT27 and having a high mechanical resistance. These materials could be employed in buildings for thermal insulation and thermal energy storage (TES). The fillers content influence on the foaming process and also the foam properties was evaluated. It was observed that a foam containing up to a 18 wt% of microcapsules can be manufactured, improving the TES capacity while maintaining the mechanical properties of the neat foam. Besides, it was observed that the mechanical resistance of foams synthesized using catalyst Tegoamin 33 are higher than those obtained when catalyst Tegoamin BDE was employed, with the mechanical resistance of the foam containing 21 wt% being higher than those of foams synthesized with catalyst BDE containing only 11 wt% of fillers while maintaining the advantages of an improvement in TES capacity. A general model of reaction curve of n tank-in-series of a same time constant was used to fit the rising curves. This model allowed to predict the final volume of the synthesized foam. Finally, TES capacities and mechanical properties of the synthesized foams were in the range of those reported in literature. Moreover, foam densities satisfied the restriction established by the Spanish regulation for building applications.